A-Friend-of-Xitou Cardholders

, 102

Acceleration

, 179, 180

Accidental culinary tourists

, 8

Activity involvement

, 44

Aesthetic(s)

, 173–174

enjoyment of city

, 174

ethicist

, 178

sense of world

, 174

Søren Kierkegaard’s concept of

, 175–176

Aestheticization of economy

, 174–175

Affective commitment

, 134, 135

Agriculture

, 163

Amenities

, 47

AMOS

, 122

output after model modified

, 124

Analysis of variance (ANOVA)

, 10–11

Apathetic attendees

, 7–8

Apathetic attendees

, 8

Arcades Project, The (Benjamin)

, 175

Assurance, LODGSERV measure

, 60

Attitude association

, 116

Attraction

, 42

Attribute association

, 116

Australian T QUAL accreditation system

, 27

Average monthly rainfall

, 97, 98

Average monthly temperature

, 96–97

Average of variance extracted (AVE)

, 49, 65, 139–140, 154

Band

, 47

Begriffsgeschichte (history of concepts)

, 179

Benefits association

, 116

Bootstrap t-statistics test

, 140

Brand association

, 114, 115, 118, 123

impact of consumer value co-creation on

, 127

facets

, 116

Brand awareness

, 114

Brand connotation

, 114

Brand equity

, 113–115

model of impact of value creation on

, 117

Brand intentionality

, 115, 116

Brand knowledge

, 113

Brand loyalty

, 114, 115, 116, 118

impact of consumer value co-creation on

, 127–128

Brand reliability

, 115, 116

Brand strength

, 114

Brand trust

, 115, 116

impact of consumer co-creation of value on

, 125–126

Brand value

, 114

Capitalism

, 180

Capitalistic market system

, 180

CEDES taxonomy

, 18–19

Centrality to lifestyle

, 42

Chiayi City International Band Festival (CIBF)

, 44

China

continuity

, 82

cruise ports in

, 82

policy

, 84

significance of location

, 82, 83

China Cruise and Yacht Industry Association (CCYIA)

, 82

Chinese market

, 76

Clean India Mission

, 166

Climate

, 179

Cloud model

, 80

CMIN

, 122, 123

Co-creation (see also Value co-creation)

data analysis

, 47

data collection

, 47, 48

hypothesis testing

, 49–52

as mediator

, 51

methodology

, 44

practical implications

, 52–53

purpose of study

, 42–44

questionnaire design

, 44–47

research framework and hypotheses testing

, 44

sample characteristics

, 48–49

theoretical implications

, 53–54

Cognition

, 135

Cohen’s f ² effect size

, 140

Commitment

, 134

in market orientation practices

, 144

Common-method variance (CMV)

, 139

Community-based tourism

, 164

Comparative fit index (CFI)

, 122

Competitiveness analysis

cloud model

, 80

cruise port evaluation indicators

, 80–82

cruise ports in China

, 82–84

of cruise ports in eight Chinese cities

, 88

cruise tourism industry scale

, 85

development of cruise ports

, 78–79

economic impact of cruise tourism

, 77

entropy and expected values

, 87–88

environmental issues concerning cruise ports

, 79

expert’s questionnaire collection

, 84–85

experts’ assessment of Sanya as cruise port

, 86

passengers’ satisfaction of cruise ports

, 77–78

purpose of study

, 76–77

residents’ perceptions

, 79–80

Sanya cruise port’s numerical evaluation

, 86

Composite reliability (CR)

, 49

Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR)

, 80

Compulsory national quality tourism scheme

, 28

Conceptual model

, 136

Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA)

, 47, 49–50, 153–154

Connotation of brand association

, 116

Conservationists

, 16

Consumer

experience

, 114

measurement

, 114

protection scheme

, 24

Consumer-based brand equity model (CBBE model)

, 113

Consumer-based concept model

, 114

Continuance commitment

, 134–135

Convenience sampling techniques

, 62–63

Corporate social responsibility (CSR)

, 162–163

expenditure range in Section

, 135, 165–166

in India

, 164–165

Correlation analysis

, 102

Country/region

, 33

Creating shared value (CSV)

, 179

Crime

, 25

Cross-sectional survey method

, 62–63

Cruise Lines International Association (CLIA)

, 76

Cruise port

, 76

in China

, 82–84

development

, 78–79

environmental issues concerning

, 79

evaluation indicators

, 80–82

passengers’ satisfaction

, 77–78

Cruise sector

, 77

Cruise tourism

, 75–76

economic impact

, 77

Culinary experience

, 13

Culinary preference(s)

, 5

factors

, 14–15

Culinary tourism

, 4, 5

Cultural heritage

, 5

Cultural tourism

, 3–4

Culture and religion factor

, 11, 17

Curve estimation

analysis

, 105, 106

procedure

, 95

Customer perceived value

, 115–117

impact of consumer value co-creation on

, 127

Customer retention

, 58

among hotels in emerging market

, 58

contributions, limitations and further research

, 69–70

hypotheses test

, 66–68

indirect effect of reliability quality

, 68

interrelationships among satisfaction, loyalty and retention

, 61

literature review

, 59

measures

, 63–64

mediating roles of customer loyalty and satisfaction

, 61–62

method

, 62, 64

reliability and validity test

, 65

sample

, 62–63, 64

service quality and retention

, 59–61

Customer value

co-creation

, 112

gain

, 115–116

loss

, 116

Customer(s)

, 60–61

customer-contact employees

, 152–153

customer–supplier dynamics

, 54

expectations

, 132

experience

, 58

loyalty and satisfaction

, 61–62

satisfaction

, 68

Degrees of freedom (DF)

, 122

Demographic characteristics

, 120, 121

Descriptive analysis (see also Competitiveness analysis)

, 47

Descriptive data analysis

, 30

Destination marketing organizations (DMOs)

, 43

Devotees

, 17

Dialog, Access, Risk-Assessment, and Transparency theory (DART theory)

, 113, 117–118

of value co-creation theory

, 115, 116

Dialog interaction

, 127

Directorate-General of Budget (DGOB)

, 100

Discriminant validity

, 154

Diversionary culinary tourists

, 6

Domestic trips

, 98, 99

E path-weighting scheme

, 139

Economic impact of cruise tourism

, 77

Ecotourism

, 94, 95, 107, 167

Emotional value

, 117

Empathy, LODGSERV measure

, 60

Empowerment

, 151

Endogenous latent variables

, 122

Endogenous Tourism Project/Rural Tourism Scheme (2003)

, 164

Entertainment dimension

, 174

Entropy

, 80–81, 85

Environmental issues concerning cruise ports

, 79

Environmental sensitivity

, 13, 16

Ethical aesthetist

, 178

Ethics

aestheticization of economy

, 174–175

through aesthetics in tourism

, 173–174

assumption and research question

, 176

Kierkegaard’s view of experience economy

, 177

responsible effort of Tivoli Gardens

, 177–178

responsible experience economy

, 178–179

Søren Kierkegaard’s concept of

, 175–176

European Tourism for Quality Schemes

, 27

Existential culinary tourists

, 6

Exogenous latent variables

, 121

Expected value

, 80–81, 85

Expedia

, 26

Experience economy

, 174–175

Kierkegaard’s view of

, 177

responsible

, 178–179

Experience seekers

, 7, 16–17

Expert

“experts” type of tourism

, 9

questionnaire collection

, 84–85

Exploration

, 13

Exploratory factor analysis (EFA)

, 10–11

Explorers

, 17–18

Feelings

, 150

Festival

, 43

Financial accounting conceptual model

, 114

Food

and beverages

, 3–4

tourists

, 8

and wine tourists

, 8

Forest park(s)

, 94

management in Taiwan

, 94

Forest recreation areas

, 100

Functional value

, 117

Gastronomy model

, 6

Ghana

, 58

Ghana’s hotel industry

, 132

contributions, limitations and research implications

, 143–144

hypotheses test

, 140–142

linking management commitment to market orientation practices

, 134–136

literature review

, 133

management commitment

, 142–143

market orientation

, 132–134

measurement

, 137–139

procedure

, 139

reliability and validity test

, 139–140

sample

, 136–137

systematic bias test

, 140

Ghanaian economy

, 132, 137

Global tourism market

, 4

Goodness-of-fit index (GFI)

, 122

Gross domestic product (GDP)

, 3–4

Hedonism

, 176

Holiday days per month

, 97

Homeport

, 76–77

Hong Kong

, 28–29, 35–36

HKTB

, 28

impact and users perception of TQS

, 27–28

literature review

, 25

methods

, 29–30

results

, 30–35

tourism quality service scheme

, 24

TQSs

, 24

UNWTO

, 26

Hong Kong Tourism Board (HKTB)

, 28

Hospitality

, 151

companies and tourism NGOs

, 168–169

industry

, 5

Hotel industry (see also Ghana’s hotel industry)

, 57–58

CFA

, 153–154

humor leadership in

, 150

literature review and research hypotheses

, 150–152

methods

, 152–153

standardized structural estimation

, 156

variances

, 154–155

Humor

, 149

CFA

, 153–154

leadership

, 150, 151, 153

literature review and research hypotheses

, 150–152

methods

, 152–153

standardized structural estimation

, 156

variances

, 154–155

Hypotheses test

, 66–68, 116–118, 125, 140–142

In-depth interviews

, 144

Incremental fit index (IFI)

, 122

India

Indian tourism sector

, 163

Tourism NGOs

, 166–168

India Brand Equity Foundation (IBEF)

, 163

Indian Companies Act (2013)

, 165

Innovative behavior

, 152, 153

Innovators

, 7

Input–output analysis (I–O analysis)

, 77

Intelligence dissemination

, 133, 143

Intelligence generation

, 133, 143

International tourists to South Africa

conservationists

, 16

culinary preference factors

, 14–15

devotees

, 17

experience seekers

, 16–17

explorers

, 17–18

implications

, 18–19

limitations

, 19–20

literature review

, 5–9

methodology

, 10

principal component factor analysis

, 11

purpose

, 5

questionnaire

, 10

sample

, 10

socialisers

, 18

socio-demographic and travel profile

, 12–13

statistical analysis

, 10–11

‘Interested’ group

, 9

Involvement

, 42

Job performance measurement

, 152

Kurtosis coefficient

, 121

Likert-scale

, 139

Linear regression analysis model

, 95, 102, 105

Linear regression residuals statistics

, 104

LISREL software

, 120

Local delicacies

, 47

Local products

, 44

Localisation seekers

, 7

Lodging quality index (LQI)

, 60

LODGQUAL measure

, 60

LODGSERV measure

, 60

Low merchant membership

, 36

Loyalty, customer

, 61

Mafengwo website

, 112

Mainland China, number of tourists from

, 99–100

Management commitment

, 133, 138–139, 143–144

linking to market orientation practices

, 134–136

Marching Carnival (see Band parade)

, 57–58

Market intelligence

, 132, 133–134

Market orientation

, 132–133, 144

linking management commitment to

, 134–136

practices

, 134

Market-based brand power model

, 114

MARKOR

framework of market orientation

, 143

scale

, 137

Measurement items

, 119–120

Mediating roles of customer loyalty and satisfaction

, 61–62

Model

construction

, 115–116

test

, 120–121

“Monster Village”

, 101

Monthly Gross Domestic Product (MGDP)

, 95

per capita

, 100

Multi-interest visitors

, 9

National tourism policy

, 163

Natural disaster, severity of

, 100–101

NGOs (see also Tourism NGOs)

, 166–167

Non-innovators

, 7

Nononline brand equity

, 114

Normative commitment

, 135

Normed fit index (NFI)

, 122

Novices

, 9

Off-shore tour pace

, 78

One-factor test

, 140

Online brand equity

, 114

Online travel agencies (OTA) (see also Tourism)

, 112

factor loading for observed variable

, 122

literature review

, 112–115

methodology

, 115–118

results

, 118–123

Online travel websites

, 112

Opening-up policy

, 105

Opportunistic culinary tourists

, 8

Organizational commitment

, 135

Passengers’ satisfaction of cruise ports

, 77–78

Perceived quality

, 114

Perceived value

, 114

Place attachment

, 42, 44

Place dependence

, 42

Place identity

, 42

PLS-SEM

, 139

Port(s)

of call

, 76–77

competitiveness

, 78

privatization

, 78

Potentials

, 9

Proprietary brand equity

, 114

Psychological empowerment

, 150, 151, 153, 155

Public–private partnerships

, 164

Qualitative leap

, 177

Quality of service

, 25

Quality service providers

, 28

Quality Tourism Services (QTS)

, 24–25, 32

Quality Tourism Services Association (QTSA)

, 31

Questionnaire development process

, 10

“Questionnaire Star”

, 120

Qyer website

, 112

Regression analysis

, 104

Reliability

, 121, 139–140

LODGSERV measure

, 60

quality

, 63

test

, 65

Residents’ perceptions

, 79–80

Responsible experience economy

, 178–179

Responsiveness

to intelligence

, 133

LODGSERV measure

, 60

Retention, customer

, 61

Risk

, 27–28

assessment

, 24

perception

, 25–26

risk-assessment for brand association

, 123

Root-mean-square error of approximation (RMSEA)

, 122

Rule of thumb

, 139

Rural tourism

, 163–164

project development

, 163–164

Sampling technique

, 120

Sanya’s cruise port

, 84–85

Satisfaction, customer

, 61

Satisfied spenders

, 7–8

Seasonality

, 79, 101

Second-order CFA

, 49–50

Section 135 of new Companies Act (2013)

, 162, 163, 165

range of CSR expenditure in

, 165–166

Sectoral tourism businesses

, 24

Segmentation

, 4

Selective epicureans

, 5–6

Self-expression

, 42

Serious epicureans

, 6

Service

delivery

, 58

organizations

, 151–152

providers

, 58

quality and retention

, 59–61

SERVQUAL model

, 59

Severity of natural disaster

, 100–101

Signalling quality

, 27

Skewness

, 121

Skill development

, 162, 163, 165, 166

SmartPLS version 3.2.3

, 139

Social behaviour theory

, 59

Social epicureans

, 6

Social exchange

, 59

theory

, 69

Social influence

, 11

Social media

, 25, 36

Socialisers

, 18

Society

, 180

Socio-economic development

, 4

Sociodemographic profile of respondents

, 48–49

Sociology

, 6

Sophisticated capitalism

, 180

South Africa

, 4

international tourists to

, 3–20

tourists to national parks in

, 4

Spearman’s rank-order correlation

, 10–11

SPSS software

, 120–121, 140

Standardized root mean square residual (SRMR)

, 66, 140

Standardized β coefficient

, 51

Statistical analysis

, 10–11

Strategic partnerships

, 168–169

Stress

, 132

Structural equation(al) model (SEM)

, 44

correction

, 121–123

results

, 126

Structural model testing hypotheses

, 50–51

Sustainability

, 179

Sustainable livelihoods

, 163–164

Sustainable methods

, 16

Systematic bias test

, 140

Taiwan

forest park management in

, 94

“visiting relatives in China” program

, 99

Tangibility quality

, 63

Tangibles, LODGSERV measure

, 60

Taste seekers

, 7

Tentative tag-a-longs

, 8

Three-component model (TCM)

, 134

Tivoli Gardens, responsible effort of

, 177–178

Tourism (see also Online travel agencies (OTA))

, 3–4, 41–42, 57–58, 75–76, 151, 174

attractions

, 47

barriers to

, 163–164

development

, 59, 80, 162

enterprises

, 24

marketers

, 5

segmentation studies

, 5

tourism-oriented NGOs

, 167

tourism-related services

, 44

Tourism growth under India’s new CSR regime

barriers to tourism development

, 163–164

CSR in India

, 164–165

hospitality companies and tourism NGOs

, 168–169

population

, 161–162

range of CSR expenditure in Section

, 135, 165–166

Section

, 135, 165

tourism NGOs in India

, 166–168

Tourism NGOs

hospitality companies and

, 168–169

in India

, 166–168

Tourism quality schemes (TQSs)

, 24, 33

impact and users perception

, 27–28

Tourist activities

, 42

Tourist arrivals

, 94

A-Friend-of-Xitou Cardholders

, 102

average monthly rainfall (affected by)

, 97

average monthly temperature (affected by)

, 96–97

correlation analysis

, 102

curve estimation analysis

, 105

data

, 96

data analyses

, 95

explanatory variables

, 96–102

linear regression analysis

, 102, 105

MGDP per capita

, 100

“Monster Village”

, 101

number of domestic trips

, 98, 99

number of holiday days per month

, 97

number of tourists from Mainland China

, 99–100

seasonality

, 101

selection of research variables

, 95–96

severity of natural disaster

, 100–101

study site

, 95

Traditional cuisine or culture

, 17–18

Trained workforce shortage

, 163

Transparency for brand association

, 123

Travel decision making

, 25–26

Travel-related services

, 77

TripAdvisor

, 26

TripAdvisor-like function

, 36

“Two-day weekend” policy

, 97

Two-step approach

, 140

Two-tier measurement model

, 114

Typhoon Herb

, 101

Typhoon Mindulle

, 101

Typhoon Morakot

, 101

Typhoon Nari

, 101

United Nations Development Program (UNDP)

, 164

United Nations World Tourism Organization (UNWTO)

, 26

User-generated content (UGC)

, 36, 112

Validity

, 121

test

, 65, 139–140

Value co-creation (see also Co-creation)

, 112

theory

, 112–113

Value creation process

, 42, 43

Variable correlation analysis

, 103

Village tourism

, 163–164

“Visiting relatives in China” program

, 99

Volunteer tourism programs

, 167

Weather

, 179

Web-based information

, 36

Wine tourists

, 8

Xitou Nature Education Area (XNEA)

, 95

tourist arrival in months

, 96