Index
ISBN: 978-1-80262-204-1, eISBN: 978-1-80262-203-4
ISSN: 1476-2854
Publication date: 8 August 2023
Citation
(2023), "Index", Montez de Oca, J. and Thangaraj, S. (Ed.) Athletic Activism (Research in the Sociology of Sport, Vol. 17), Emerald Publishing Limited, Leeds, pp. 209-214. https://doi.org/10.1108/S1476-285420230000017012
Publisher
:Emerald Publishing Limited
Copyright © 2023 Jeffrey Montez de Oca and Stanley Thangaraj. Published under exclusive licence by Emerald Publishing Limited
INDEX
Activism (see also Eco-activism), 2, 10, 35–36, 66, 87, 124, 142
building base and soliciting support, 111
dictating demands, 112–114
escalating pressure, 114–115
and NFL wives for change, 110–115
in South Indian regional sports, 135–137
in sports, 125
Activist athletes, 25
African players, 126–127
Altruism theory, 94–95
Alzheimer’s disease, 109
American exceptionalism, 8–9
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), 109
Angry black athlete, 22–23
Anti-Black oppression, 32–33
Anti-Black racism, 107
Anti-Blackness, 35
Anti-Vietnam War movements, 5
Art, 191
Athlete migration, 131–134
Athletes, 1, 22
environmental activism among, 91–92
environmental impacts of, 89–90
“Athletes-As-Stoic” narratives, 144
Athletic/athlete activism, 90–91, 125
activism, 1–3, 9, 12, 190
Erin Go Bragh, 67–69
Long 1968 Moment, 69–72
at Olympics, 67–78
political opportunity structure, 73–76
protest during Us National Anthem, 3–9
twenty-first century athlete activism at games, 76–78
Authentic love for football, 125–126
Authoritarianism, 1
Baseball fields, 2–3
Basketball courts, 2–3, 191
conversation, 193–207
Basketball limitations, 180–184
Basketball successes, 178–180
“Bates Must Play” campaign, 23–24
Bates Seven, 24
Beijing Olympics, 66
Bisexuality, 56–57
Black athletes, 9, 19–20
Black communities, 1
Black Feminism, 9–10
Black Feminist Future, 41–42
Black feminist thought, 32–33
foundations of, 33–34
Black feminists, 33–34, 36
Black folx, 39, 42–43
Black Lives Matter (BLM), 1, 18, 37–38, 191
Black Panther Party, 71
Black Power, 22–23
Black Power Movement, 5
Blackgirlwomen, 32–34, 36, 40–41
as athlete activists, 35–42
Brittney Griner, 40–42
Calls to action messages, 100
Care labor, 137
Care/caregiver, 110
Caregiver activism, 107
Centrality of race, 168
Cheerleaders, 5
Chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE), 109
Civic Center, 3–4
Civil rights movements, 27, 75
Clash with modern sporting paradigm, 51
Club basketball teams, 173–178
attempts at gender equality, 176–177
collaborative decision-making, 174–175
commitment to affordability, 175–176
conflict of coaching styles, 177–178
Club coaches, 171–172
Coaching
basketball limitations, 180–184
basketball successes, 178–180
successes, limitations, and consequences of, 178–184
Cognitive tests, 108
Colin Kaepernick, 1–2, 19, 142
Collaborative decision-making, 174–175
Collective care, 124
activism in South Indian regional sports, 135–137
migration, economy, and football, 131–134
networks of care at time of covid, 134–135
Sudani from Nigeria (movie), 127–131
Colonialism, 2
Combahee River Collective, 41–42
Communications, 97–98
Complex identity development, 54–55
Concussion, 106
Congress of Racial Equality, 71
Constructive patriots, 4, 6–8
Contracting, 51
Counterculture movements, 5
Critical race theory, 168
Culture, 191–192
Czechoslovak National Olympic Committee, 70
Deficit models, 93
Deviance, 181
Dialectical counter-discourse, 66
Double consciousness, 32–33
Early dementia, 109
Eco Athletes, 92, 97
Eco-activism
barriers to athlete environmental activism, 90–91
effective messages, 97–100
environmental activism among athletes, 91–92
environmental activism among sport organizations, 92–93
environmental impact of sport, 88–90
escalation of commitment, 95–97
history of environmental activism in United States, 87–88
theoretical perspectives, 93–95
11th Hour Racing, 92
Environmental activism, 86
among athletes, 91–92
among sport organizations, 92–93
history of environmental activism in United States, 87–88
at sporting events, 87–88
Environmental involvement, 96
Environmental law, 85–86
Environmental movement, 87
Environmental organizations, 97
Environmental policy, 85–86
Environmental protection, 85–86
Environmental sustainability, 90–91
Environmentalism, 86
Environmentally significant behavior, 96
Equal Justice Initiative (EJI), 38–39
Escalation of commitment, 95–97
Ethnonationalism, 72
Fabricated identity development, 55–56
Fedération Internationale dé Football Association (FIFA), 50–51
Feminist scholar mentors, 168
Flag, American, 6
Foafoa, 148–149
Football, 5, 11
Gaelic League, 67–68
Gender, 51
equality, 176–177
participation, 51
George Floyd, 21–22, 40
Global Athlete, 77
Global Muslim LGBTQ+ typology, 58–59
Governance, 51, 144
Harvard–Yale football game, 87
Heaton norms (see Revised Comprehensive Norms)
Heritage, The
, 20, 25
Heroes, 7–8
Heterosexuals, 51
Hiking, 51
History, 9
Homosexuality, 51–52
Identity coping, 59
strategies, 49
Identity theory, 55, 93
Imperialism, 2
Indian Penal Code (IPC), 52
Indigenous futures, 142
Internal conflict identity, 56–57
Internalized stigma, 49
International Olympic Committee (IOC), 19, 66
International Rugby League (IRL), 146–147
Interpersonal care, 124
John Carlos, 3, 142
Just Stop Oil (climate activist organization), 87–88
Katta sevens, 126
Kerala Football Association (KFA), 125–126
Kerala Sevens Football Association, 124
Lat Critical Theory, 168
Latinos, 169
Latter-Day Saints (LDS), 5
Lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer athletes (LGBTQ+ athletes), 48
LGBTQ+ issues in sport, 52–53
LGBTQIA, 10
“Listen to athletes for a change”, 20
Lou Gehrig’s disease, 109
Malabar football fandom, 125–126
Marketing, 97–98
Martial arts, 51
Masculinity, 145
Maya Moore, 38–40
Mental health initiative, 143–144
Messages, 97–100
#MeToo movement, 76–77
Mexico City Olympic Games, 20–21
Michael Brown, 1, 3–4, 9–10
Moderate dementia, 109
Moral panic, 11
Multidimensional care, 124
Multiple consciousness, 32–33
Multiplication factor, 107–108
Muslim community, 48
Muslim gay athletes, 55
Muslim lesbians, 55–56
Muslim LGBTQ+ athletes, 48
first author’s activism, research, and reflexivity, 53–59
identity development and social activism, 59–60
implications and future studies, 59–60
Islam, Muslim LGBTQ+ community, and sport, 50–52
LGBTQ+ issues in sport, 52–53
Muslim LGBTQIA athletes, 10
Natasha Cloud, 40
Nation, 3
National anthem, 3–9
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), 24, 71
Legal Defense and Educational Fund, 71
National Basketball Association (NBA), 96, 159
National Football League (NFL), 1, 106, 142, 146
activism and NFL wives for change, 110–115
evaluating wins and losses, 116–117
race norming and settlement agreement, 107–110
National Rugby League Women (NRLW), 149–150
National Urban League, 71
National Women’s Soccer League (NWSL), 26–27
Nationalism, 9–10
New South Wales Rugby League (NSWRL), 149
New York University (NYU), 23–24
New Zealand Rugby (NZR), 143–144
News media, 2–3
NFL Concussion Settlement Player Advocacy Committee (PACNFLINFO), 116–117
NFL Players Association (NFLPA), 112
#NotNCAAProperty hashtag, 20
Olympic Games, 19
Olympic Project for Human Rights (OPHR), 19–20, 23, 25–26, 71
Olympics, 2
Olympics Games, 66
athlete activism at Olympics, 67–78
Oppression, 32–33
Pacific leadership, 155–156
Pacific-Men-As-“Hypermasculine” narratives, 144
Pacific-Men-As-“Natural/Merely Physical” narratives, 144
Pakistani eSports Muslim women athletes, 59
Pan American Games, 26–27
Paralympics, 2
Parkinson’s disease, 109
“Pasifika and Māori Players Advisory Group”, 149–150
Pasifika sports activism, 142–143
activism in service, 150–151
Foafoa, 148–149
mental health initiative, 143–144
in nonplaying roles, 149–150
player eligibility, 146–148
Talanoa on pacific activism in sports and emerging themes in Pacific, 151–160
Tongan culture, patriarchy, and sport, 144–146
Patriarchal patriotism, 4
Patriarchal patriots, 6–9
Patriotism, 5–6, 190–191
Patriots, 6–7
Performance, 191–192
Performative nationalism, 25
Players for the Planet, 92
Players Tribune
, 26–27
Police brutality, 20
Policies, 85–86
Political engagement in sports, 19
Political movements, 71
Political opportunity structure, 73–76
Politics, 190
Prague Spring, 69–70
Private sporting spaces, 12
Pro-environmental behavior (PEB), 93
Pro-Pare, 148
Protect Our Winters (POW), 92, 97
Protesters, 6
Protests, 20
Providence City Council, 3–4
Race correction (see Race norming)
Race norming, 106
practice, 107–109
in settlement agreement, 109–110
Race/racism, 190–191
Racial and ethnic disparities, 167
Rationalist models, 93
Regional sports, 135–137
Religion, 51
Resistance, 34–36
Revealing identity development, 57–58
Revised Comprehensive Norms, 106
Revolt of the Black Athlete, The
, 27
Risk aversion, 51
Rugby Australia (RA), 149
Sacrifice, 147
#SayHerName, 32, 42–43
black girlwomen as athlete activists, 35–42
foundations of black feminist thought, 33–34
resistance, 34–35
Settlement Agreement, 106–107, 110
race norming in, 109–110
Sevens football, 125–126
Sevens Football Team Managers Association, 124
Sexism, 72
Sexual orientation, 51
Sharia law, 51–52
Sierra Club, 87
Skate parks, 2–3
Soccer, 2–3, 11
Social acceptance, 55–56
Social identity theory, 55–57, 93
Social justice, 12, 165–166
academic journey, 167–169
approach, 166–167
children’s early experiences, 171–173
club basketball teams, 173–178
decision to coach, 167–173
growing up, 169–171
successes, limitations, and consequences of coaching, 178–184
Social media, 92
Social movements, 67
Social psychological paradigm, 50
Sociological paradigms, 50
Solidarność, 75–76
Southern Christian Leadership Conference, 71
Southern Regional Council, 71
Speed City, 26
Sport organizations, 88
environmental activism among, 92–93
Sporting
activism, 12
goods chain stores, 2–3
Sports, 2–3, 11, 51, 86
academies, 2–3
Blackgirlwomen in, 33
environmental impact of, 88–90
fans, 88
history, 20–21
labor, 137
LGBTQ+ issues in, 52–53
State violence, 1
Struggle, 35–36
Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee, 22–23, 71
Sudani from Nigeria (movie), 127–131
Summer Olympic Games, 35–36
Surfers Against Sewage, 92
Sustainability, 10–11
Sustainable Sport Consumer Evaluation Model (SSCEM), 98
Swimming, 51
Symbolic interactionism, 55
Talanoas
, 11
gender, equity, and importance of management and governance stakeholders, 158–160
limitations of “bargaining power” and navigating “institutional barriers”, 156–158
on pacific activism in sports and emerging themes in Pacific, 151–160
respect, humility, relationality, and service, 151–156
Theory of planned behavior, 94
Tommie Smith, 20, 35–36, 70–71
Tonga rugby ban, 145
Tornado, 148–149
Transgenders, 56
Traumatic brain injuries (TBIs), 106
Twenty-first century athlete activism at games, 76–78
Twenty-four-hour sport networks, 2–3
United Arab Emirates (UAE), 50–51
United States Olympic and Paralympic Committee (USOPC), 77
United States Olympic Committee (USOC), 24, 71
United States Women’s National Team (USWNT), 21
US imperialism, 8–9
Value-action gap, 95
Value-belief-norm theory (VBN theory), 93–95
Vigilante violence, 1
“W Wears Orange, The”, initiative, 40
Whirlpool, 148–149
Wives group, 111
Women of WNBA, 37–38
Women’s National Basketball Association (WNBA), 20–21, 37, 142
Wyomia Tyus, 35–37
Youth development, 143
Calls to action messages, 100
Care labor, 137
Care/caregiver, 110
Caregiver activism, 107
Centrality of race, 168
Cheerleaders, 5
Chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE), 109
Civic Center, 3–4
Civil rights movements, 27, 75
Clash with modern sporting paradigm, 51
Club basketball teams, 173–178
attempts at gender equality, 176–177
collaborative decision-making, 174–175
commitment to affordability, 175–176
conflict of coaching styles, 177–178
Club coaches, 171–172
Coaching
basketball limitations, 180–184
basketball successes, 178–180
successes, limitations, and consequences of, 178–184
Cognitive tests, 108
Colin Kaepernick, 1–2, 19, 142
Collaborative decision-making, 174–175
Collective care, 124
activism in South Indian regional sports, 135–137
migration, economy, and football, 131–134
networks of care at time of covid, 134–135
Sudani from Nigeria (movie), 127–131
Colonialism, 2
Combahee River Collective, 41–42
Communications, 97–98
Complex identity development, 54–55
Concussion, 106
Congress of Racial Equality, 71
Constructive patriots, 4, 6–8
Contracting, 51
Counterculture movements, 5
Critical race theory, 168
Culture, 191–192
Czechoslovak National Olympic Committee, 70
Deficit models, 93
Deviance, 181
Dialectical counter-discourse, 66
Double consciousness, 32–33
Early dementia, 109
Eco Athletes, 92, 97
Eco-activism
barriers to athlete environmental activism, 90–91
effective messages, 97–100
environmental activism among athletes, 91–92
environmental activism among sport organizations, 92–93
environmental impact of sport, 88–90
escalation of commitment, 95–97
history of environmental activism in United States, 87–88
theoretical perspectives, 93–95
11th Hour Racing, 92
Environmental activism, 86
among athletes, 91–92
among sport organizations, 92–93
history of environmental activism in United States, 87–88
at sporting events, 87–88
Environmental involvement, 96
Environmental law, 85–86
Environmental movement, 87
Environmental organizations, 97
Environmental policy, 85–86
Environmental protection, 85–86
Environmental sustainability, 90–91
Environmentalism, 86
Environmentally significant behavior, 96
Equal Justice Initiative (EJI), 38–39
Escalation of commitment, 95–97
Ethnonationalism, 72
Fabricated identity development, 55–56
Fedération Internationale dé Football Association (FIFA), 50–51
Feminist scholar mentors, 168
Flag, American, 6
Foafoa, 148–149
Football, 5, 11
Gaelic League, 67–68
Gender, 51
equality, 176–177
participation, 51
George Floyd, 21–22, 40
Global Athlete, 77
Global Muslim LGBTQ+ typology, 58–59
Governance, 51, 144
Harvard–Yale football game, 87
Heaton norms (see Revised Comprehensive Norms)
Heritage, The
, 20, 25
Heroes, 7–8
Heterosexuals, 51
Hiking, 51
History, 9
Homosexuality, 51–52
Identity coping, 59
strategies, 49
Identity theory, 55, 93
Imperialism, 2
Indian Penal Code (IPC), 52
Indigenous futures, 142
Internal conflict identity, 56–57
Internalized stigma, 49
International Olympic Committee (IOC), 19, 66
International Rugby League (IRL), 146–147
Interpersonal care, 124
John Carlos, 3, 142
Just Stop Oil (climate activist organization), 87–88
Katta sevens, 126
Kerala Football Association (KFA), 125–126
Kerala Sevens Football Association, 124
Lat Critical Theory, 168
Latinos, 169
Latter-Day Saints (LDS), 5
Lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer athletes (LGBTQ+ athletes), 48
LGBTQ+ issues in sport, 52–53
LGBTQIA, 10
“Listen to athletes for a change”, 20
Lou Gehrig’s disease, 109
Malabar football fandom, 125–126
Marketing, 97–98
Martial arts, 51
Masculinity, 145
Maya Moore, 38–40
Mental health initiative, 143–144
Messages, 97–100
#MeToo movement, 76–77
Mexico City Olympic Games, 20–21
Michael Brown, 1, 3–4, 9–10
Moderate dementia, 109
Moral panic, 11
Multidimensional care, 124
Multiple consciousness, 32–33
Multiplication factor, 107–108
Muslim community, 48
Muslim gay athletes, 55
Muslim lesbians, 55–56
Muslim LGBTQ+ athletes, 48
first author’s activism, research, and reflexivity, 53–59
identity development and social activism, 59–60
implications and future studies, 59–60
Islam, Muslim LGBTQ+ community, and sport, 50–52
LGBTQ+ issues in sport, 52–53
Muslim LGBTQIA athletes, 10
Natasha Cloud, 40
Nation, 3
National anthem, 3–9
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), 24, 71
Legal Defense and Educational Fund, 71
National Basketball Association (NBA), 96, 159
National Football League (NFL), 1, 106, 142, 146
activism and NFL wives for change, 110–115
evaluating wins and losses, 116–117
race norming and settlement agreement, 107–110
National Rugby League Women (NRLW), 149–150
National Urban League, 71
National Women’s Soccer League (NWSL), 26–27
Nationalism, 9–10
New South Wales Rugby League (NSWRL), 149
New York University (NYU), 23–24
New Zealand Rugby (NZR), 143–144
News media, 2–3
NFL Concussion Settlement Player Advocacy Committee (PACNFLINFO), 116–117
NFL Players Association (NFLPA), 112
#NotNCAAProperty hashtag, 20
Olympic Games, 19
Olympic Project for Human Rights (OPHR), 19–20, 23, 25–26, 71
Olympics, 2
Olympics Games, 66
athlete activism at Olympics, 67–78
Oppression, 32–33
Pacific leadership, 155–156
Pacific-Men-As-“Hypermasculine” narratives, 144
Pacific-Men-As-“Natural/Merely Physical” narratives, 144
Pakistani eSports Muslim women athletes, 59
Pan American Games, 26–27
Paralympics, 2
Parkinson’s disease, 109
“Pasifika and Māori Players Advisory Group”, 149–150
Pasifika sports activism, 142–143
activism in service, 150–151
Foafoa, 148–149
mental health initiative, 143–144
in nonplaying roles, 149–150
player eligibility, 146–148
Talanoa on pacific activism in sports and emerging themes in Pacific, 151–160
Tongan culture, patriarchy, and sport, 144–146
Patriarchal patriotism, 4
Patriarchal patriots, 6–9
Patriotism, 5–6, 190–191
Patriots, 6–7
Performance, 191–192
Performative nationalism, 25
Players for the Planet, 92
Players Tribune
, 26–27
Police brutality, 20
Policies, 85–86
Political engagement in sports, 19
Political movements, 71
Political opportunity structure, 73–76
Politics, 190
Prague Spring, 69–70
Private sporting spaces, 12
Pro-environmental behavior (PEB), 93
Pro-Pare, 148
Protect Our Winters (POW), 92, 97
Protesters, 6
Protests, 20
Providence City Council, 3–4
Race correction (see Race norming)
Race norming, 106
practice, 107–109
in settlement agreement, 109–110
Race/racism, 190–191
Racial and ethnic disparities, 167
Rationalist models, 93
Regional sports, 135–137
Religion, 51
Resistance, 34–36
Revealing identity development, 57–58
Revised Comprehensive Norms, 106
Revolt of the Black Athlete, The
, 27
Risk aversion, 51
Rugby Australia (RA), 149
Sacrifice, 147
#SayHerName, 32, 42–43
black girlwomen as athlete activists, 35–42
foundations of black feminist thought, 33–34
resistance, 34–35
Settlement Agreement, 106–107, 110
race norming in, 109–110
Sevens football, 125–126
Sevens Football Team Managers Association, 124
Sexism, 72
Sexual orientation, 51
Sharia law, 51–52
Sierra Club, 87
Skate parks, 2–3
Soccer, 2–3, 11
Social acceptance, 55–56
Social identity theory, 55–57, 93
Social justice, 12, 165–166
academic journey, 167–169
approach, 166–167
children’s early experiences, 171–173
club basketball teams, 173–178
decision to coach, 167–173
growing up, 169–171
successes, limitations, and consequences of coaching, 178–184
Social media, 92
Social movements, 67
Social psychological paradigm, 50
Sociological paradigms, 50
Solidarność, 75–76
Southern Christian Leadership Conference, 71
Southern Regional Council, 71
Speed City, 26
Sport organizations, 88
environmental activism among, 92–93
Sporting
activism, 12
goods chain stores, 2–3
Sports, 2–3, 11, 51, 86
academies, 2–3
Blackgirlwomen in, 33
environmental impact of, 88–90
fans, 88
history, 20–21
labor, 137
LGBTQ+ issues in, 52–53
State violence, 1
Struggle, 35–36
Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee, 22–23, 71
Sudani from Nigeria (movie), 127–131
Summer Olympic Games, 35–36
Surfers Against Sewage, 92
Sustainability, 10–11
Sustainable Sport Consumer Evaluation Model (SSCEM), 98
Swimming, 51
Symbolic interactionism, 55
Talanoas
, 11
gender, equity, and importance of management and governance stakeholders, 158–160
limitations of “bargaining power” and navigating “institutional barriers”, 156–158
on pacific activism in sports and emerging themes in Pacific, 151–160
respect, humility, relationality, and service, 151–156
Theory of planned behavior, 94
Tommie Smith, 20, 35–36, 70–71
Tonga rugby ban, 145
Tornado, 148–149
Transgenders, 56
Traumatic brain injuries (TBIs), 106
Twenty-first century athlete activism at games, 76–78
Twenty-four-hour sport networks, 2–3
United Arab Emirates (UAE), 50–51
United States Olympic and Paralympic Committee (USOPC), 77
United States Olympic Committee (USOC), 24, 71
United States Women’s National Team (USWNT), 21
US imperialism, 8–9
Value-action gap, 95
Value-belief-norm theory (VBN theory), 93–95
Vigilante violence, 1
“W Wears Orange, The”, initiative, 40
Whirlpool, 148–149
Wives group, 111
Women of WNBA, 37–38
Women’s National Basketball Association (WNBA), 20–21, 37, 142
Wyomia Tyus, 35–37
Youth development, 143
Early dementia, 109
Eco Athletes, 92, 97
Eco-activism
barriers to athlete environmental activism, 90–91
effective messages, 97–100
environmental activism among athletes, 91–92
environmental activism among sport organizations, 92–93
environmental impact of sport, 88–90
escalation of commitment, 95–97
history of environmental activism in United States, 87–88
theoretical perspectives, 93–95
11th Hour Racing, 92
Environmental activism, 86
among athletes, 91–92
among sport organizations, 92–93
history of environmental activism in United States, 87–88
at sporting events, 87–88
Environmental involvement, 96
Environmental law, 85–86
Environmental movement, 87
Environmental organizations, 97
Environmental policy, 85–86
Environmental protection, 85–86
Environmental sustainability, 90–91
Environmentalism, 86
Environmentally significant behavior, 96
Equal Justice Initiative (EJI), 38–39
Escalation of commitment, 95–97
Ethnonationalism, 72
Fabricated identity development, 55–56
Fedération Internationale dé Football Association (FIFA), 50–51
Feminist scholar mentors, 168
Flag, American, 6
Foafoa, 148–149
Football, 5, 11
Gaelic League, 67–68
Gender, 51
equality, 176–177
participation, 51
George Floyd, 21–22, 40
Global Athlete, 77
Global Muslim LGBTQ+ typology, 58–59
Governance, 51, 144
Harvard–Yale football game, 87
Heaton norms (see Revised Comprehensive Norms)
Heritage, The
, 20, 25
Heroes, 7–8
Heterosexuals, 51
Hiking, 51
History, 9
Homosexuality, 51–52
Identity coping, 59
strategies, 49
Identity theory, 55, 93
Imperialism, 2
Indian Penal Code (IPC), 52
Indigenous futures, 142
Internal conflict identity, 56–57
Internalized stigma, 49
International Olympic Committee (IOC), 19, 66
International Rugby League (IRL), 146–147
Interpersonal care, 124
John Carlos, 3, 142
Just Stop Oil (climate activist organization), 87–88
Katta sevens, 126
Kerala Football Association (KFA), 125–126
Kerala Sevens Football Association, 124
Lat Critical Theory, 168
Latinos, 169
Latter-Day Saints (LDS), 5
Lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer athletes (LGBTQ+ athletes), 48
LGBTQ+ issues in sport, 52–53
LGBTQIA, 10
“Listen to athletes for a change”, 20
Lou Gehrig’s disease, 109
Malabar football fandom, 125–126
Marketing, 97–98
Martial arts, 51
Masculinity, 145
Maya Moore, 38–40
Mental health initiative, 143–144
Messages, 97–100
#MeToo movement, 76–77
Mexico City Olympic Games, 20–21
Michael Brown, 1, 3–4, 9–10
Moderate dementia, 109
Moral panic, 11
Multidimensional care, 124
Multiple consciousness, 32–33
Multiplication factor, 107–108
Muslim community, 48
Muslim gay athletes, 55
Muslim lesbians, 55–56
Muslim LGBTQ+ athletes, 48
first author’s activism, research, and reflexivity, 53–59
identity development and social activism, 59–60
implications and future studies, 59–60
Islam, Muslim LGBTQ+ community, and sport, 50–52
LGBTQ+ issues in sport, 52–53
Muslim LGBTQIA athletes, 10
Natasha Cloud, 40
Nation, 3
National anthem, 3–9
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), 24, 71
Legal Defense and Educational Fund, 71
National Basketball Association (NBA), 96, 159
National Football League (NFL), 1, 106, 142, 146
activism and NFL wives for change, 110–115
evaluating wins and losses, 116–117
race norming and settlement agreement, 107–110
National Rugby League Women (NRLW), 149–150
National Urban League, 71
National Women’s Soccer League (NWSL), 26–27
Nationalism, 9–10
New South Wales Rugby League (NSWRL), 149
New York University (NYU), 23–24
New Zealand Rugby (NZR), 143–144
News media, 2–3
NFL Concussion Settlement Player Advocacy Committee (PACNFLINFO), 116–117
NFL Players Association (NFLPA), 112
#NotNCAAProperty hashtag, 20
Olympic Games, 19
Olympic Project for Human Rights (OPHR), 19–20, 23, 25–26, 71
Olympics, 2
Olympics Games, 66
athlete activism at Olympics, 67–78
Oppression, 32–33
Pacific leadership, 155–156
Pacific-Men-As-“Hypermasculine” narratives, 144
Pacific-Men-As-“Natural/Merely Physical” narratives, 144
Pakistani eSports Muslim women athletes, 59
Pan American Games, 26–27
Paralympics, 2
Parkinson’s disease, 109
“Pasifika and Māori Players Advisory Group”, 149–150
Pasifika sports activism, 142–143
activism in service, 150–151
Foafoa, 148–149
mental health initiative, 143–144
in nonplaying roles, 149–150
player eligibility, 146–148
Talanoa on pacific activism in sports and emerging themes in Pacific, 151–160
Tongan culture, patriarchy, and sport, 144–146
Patriarchal patriotism, 4
Patriarchal patriots, 6–9
Patriotism, 5–6, 190–191
Patriots, 6–7
Performance, 191–192
Performative nationalism, 25
Players for the Planet, 92
Players Tribune
, 26–27
Police brutality, 20
Policies, 85–86
Political engagement in sports, 19
Political movements, 71
Political opportunity structure, 73–76
Politics, 190
Prague Spring, 69–70
Private sporting spaces, 12
Pro-environmental behavior (PEB), 93
Pro-Pare, 148
Protect Our Winters (POW), 92, 97
Protesters, 6
Protests, 20
Providence City Council, 3–4
Race correction (see Race norming)
Race norming, 106
practice, 107–109
in settlement agreement, 109–110
Race/racism, 190–191
Racial and ethnic disparities, 167
Rationalist models, 93
Regional sports, 135–137
Religion, 51
Resistance, 34–36
Revealing identity development, 57–58
Revised Comprehensive Norms, 106
Revolt of the Black Athlete, The
, 27
Risk aversion, 51
Rugby Australia (RA), 149
Sacrifice, 147
#SayHerName, 32, 42–43
black girlwomen as athlete activists, 35–42
foundations of black feminist thought, 33–34
resistance, 34–35
Settlement Agreement, 106–107, 110
race norming in, 109–110
Sevens football, 125–126
Sevens Football Team Managers Association, 124
Sexism, 72
Sexual orientation, 51
Sharia law, 51–52
Sierra Club, 87
Skate parks, 2–3
Soccer, 2–3, 11
Social acceptance, 55–56
Social identity theory, 55–57, 93
Social justice, 12, 165–166
academic journey, 167–169
approach, 166–167
children’s early experiences, 171–173
club basketball teams, 173–178
decision to coach, 167–173
growing up, 169–171
successes, limitations, and consequences of coaching, 178–184
Social media, 92
Social movements, 67
Social psychological paradigm, 50
Sociological paradigms, 50
Solidarność, 75–76
Southern Christian Leadership Conference, 71
Southern Regional Council, 71
Speed City, 26
Sport organizations, 88
environmental activism among, 92–93
Sporting
activism, 12
goods chain stores, 2–3
Sports, 2–3, 11, 51, 86
academies, 2–3
Blackgirlwomen in, 33
environmental impact of, 88–90
fans, 88
history, 20–21
labor, 137
LGBTQ+ issues in, 52–53
State violence, 1
Struggle, 35–36
Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee, 22–23, 71
Sudani from Nigeria (movie), 127–131
Summer Olympic Games, 35–36
Surfers Against Sewage, 92
Sustainability, 10–11
Sustainable Sport Consumer Evaluation Model (SSCEM), 98
Swimming, 51
Symbolic interactionism, 55
Talanoas
, 11
gender, equity, and importance of management and governance stakeholders, 158–160
limitations of “bargaining power” and navigating “institutional barriers”, 156–158
on pacific activism in sports and emerging themes in Pacific, 151–160
respect, humility, relationality, and service, 151–156
Theory of planned behavior, 94
Tommie Smith, 20, 35–36, 70–71
Tonga rugby ban, 145
Tornado, 148–149
Transgenders, 56
Traumatic brain injuries (TBIs), 106
Twenty-first century athlete activism at games, 76–78
Twenty-four-hour sport networks, 2–3
United Arab Emirates (UAE), 50–51
United States Olympic and Paralympic Committee (USOPC), 77
United States Olympic Committee (USOC), 24, 71
United States Women’s National Team (USWNT), 21
US imperialism, 8–9
Value-action gap, 95
Value-belief-norm theory (VBN theory), 93–95
Vigilante violence, 1
“W Wears Orange, The”, initiative, 40
Whirlpool, 148–149
Wives group, 111
Women of WNBA, 37–38
Women’s National Basketball Association (WNBA), 20–21, 37, 142
Wyomia Tyus, 35–37
Youth development, 143
Gaelic League, 67–68
Gender, 51
equality, 176–177
participation, 51
George Floyd, 21–22, 40
Global Athlete, 77
Global Muslim LGBTQ+ typology, 58–59
Governance, 51, 144
Harvard–Yale football game, 87
Heaton norms (see Revised Comprehensive Norms)
Heritage, The
, 20, 25
Heroes, 7–8
Heterosexuals, 51
Hiking, 51
History, 9
Homosexuality, 51–52
Identity coping, 59
strategies, 49
Identity theory, 55, 93
Imperialism, 2
Indian Penal Code (IPC), 52
Indigenous futures, 142
Internal conflict identity, 56–57
Internalized stigma, 49
International Olympic Committee (IOC), 19, 66
International Rugby League (IRL), 146–147
Interpersonal care, 124
John Carlos, 3, 142
Just Stop Oil (climate activist organization), 87–88
Katta sevens, 126
Kerala Football Association (KFA), 125–126
Kerala Sevens Football Association, 124
Lat Critical Theory, 168
Latinos, 169
Latter-Day Saints (LDS), 5
Lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer athletes (LGBTQ+ athletes), 48
LGBTQ+ issues in sport, 52–53
LGBTQIA, 10
“Listen to athletes for a change”, 20
Lou Gehrig’s disease, 109
Malabar football fandom, 125–126
Marketing, 97–98
Martial arts, 51
Masculinity, 145
Maya Moore, 38–40
Mental health initiative, 143–144
Messages, 97–100
#MeToo movement, 76–77
Mexico City Olympic Games, 20–21
Michael Brown, 1, 3–4, 9–10
Moderate dementia, 109
Moral panic, 11
Multidimensional care, 124
Multiple consciousness, 32–33
Multiplication factor, 107–108
Muslim community, 48
Muslim gay athletes, 55
Muslim lesbians, 55–56
Muslim LGBTQ+ athletes, 48
first author’s activism, research, and reflexivity, 53–59
identity development and social activism, 59–60
implications and future studies, 59–60
Islam, Muslim LGBTQ+ community, and sport, 50–52
LGBTQ+ issues in sport, 52–53
Muslim LGBTQIA athletes, 10
Natasha Cloud, 40
Nation, 3
National anthem, 3–9
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), 24, 71
Legal Defense and Educational Fund, 71
National Basketball Association (NBA), 96, 159
National Football League (NFL), 1, 106, 142, 146
activism and NFL wives for change, 110–115
evaluating wins and losses, 116–117
race norming and settlement agreement, 107–110
National Rugby League Women (NRLW), 149–150
National Urban League, 71
National Women’s Soccer League (NWSL), 26–27
Nationalism, 9–10
New South Wales Rugby League (NSWRL), 149
New York University (NYU), 23–24
New Zealand Rugby (NZR), 143–144
News media, 2–3
NFL Concussion Settlement Player Advocacy Committee (PACNFLINFO), 116–117
NFL Players Association (NFLPA), 112
#NotNCAAProperty hashtag, 20
Olympic Games, 19
Olympic Project for Human Rights (OPHR), 19–20, 23, 25–26, 71
Olympics, 2
Olympics Games, 66
athlete activism at Olympics, 67–78
Oppression, 32–33
Pacific leadership, 155–156
Pacific-Men-As-“Hypermasculine” narratives, 144
Pacific-Men-As-“Natural/Merely Physical” narratives, 144
Pakistani eSports Muslim women athletes, 59
Pan American Games, 26–27
Paralympics, 2
Parkinson’s disease, 109
“Pasifika and Māori Players Advisory Group”, 149–150
Pasifika sports activism, 142–143
activism in service, 150–151
Foafoa, 148–149
mental health initiative, 143–144
in nonplaying roles, 149–150
player eligibility, 146–148
Talanoa on pacific activism in sports and emerging themes in Pacific, 151–160
Tongan culture, patriarchy, and sport, 144–146
Patriarchal patriotism, 4
Patriarchal patriots, 6–9
Patriotism, 5–6, 190–191
Patriots, 6–7
Performance, 191–192
Performative nationalism, 25
Players for the Planet, 92
Players Tribune
, 26–27
Police brutality, 20
Policies, 85–86
Political engagement in sports, 19
Political movements, 71
Political opportunity structure, 73–76
Politics, 190
Prague Spring, 69–70
Private sporting spaces, 12
Pro-environmental behavior (PEB), 93
Pro-Pare, 148
Protect Our Winters (POW), 92, 97
Protesters, 6
Protests, 20
Providence City Council, 3–4
Race correction (see Race norming)
Race norming, 106
practice, 107–109
in settlement agreement, 109–110
Race/racism, 190–191
Racial and ethnic disparities, 167
Rationalist models, 93
Regional sports, 135–137
Religion, 51
Resistance, 34–36
Revealing identity development, 57–58
Revised Comprehensive Norms, 106
Revolt of the Black Athlete, The
, 27
Risk aversion, 51
Rugby Australia (RA), 149
Sacrifice, 147
#SayHerName, 32, 42–43
black girlwomen as athlete activists, 35–42
foundations of black feminist thought, 33–34
resistance, 34–35
Settlement Agreement, 106–107, 110
race norming in, 109–110
Sevens football, 125–126
Sevens Football Team Managers Association, 124
Sexism, 72
Sexual orientation, 51
Sharia law, 51–52
Sierra Club, 87
Skate parks, 2–3
Soccer, 2–3, 11
Social acceptance, 55–56
Social identity theory, 55–57, 93
Social justice, 12, 165–166
academic journey, 167–169
approach, 166–167
children’s early experiences, 171–173
club basketball teams, 173–178
decision to coach, 167–173
growing up, 169–171
successes, limitations, and consequences of coaching, 178–184
Social media, 92
Social movements, 67
Social psychological paradigm, 50
Sociological paradigms, 50
Solidarność, 75–76
Southern Christian Leadership Conference, 71
Southern Regional Council, 71
Speed City, 26
Sport organizations, 88
environmental activism among, 92–93
Sporting
activism, 12
goods chain stores, 2–3
Sports, 2–3, 11, 51, 86
academies, 2–3
Blackgirlwomen in, 33
environmental impact of, 88–90
fans, 88
history, 20–21
labor, 137
LGBTQ+ issues in, 52–53
State violence, 1
Struggle, 35–36
Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee, 22–23, 71
Sudani from Nigeria (movie), 127–131
Summer Olympic Games, 35–36
Surfers Against Sewage, 92
Sustainability, 10–11
Sustainable Sport Consumer Evaluation Model (SSCEM), 98
Swimming, 51
Symbolic interactionism, 55
Talanoas
, 11
gender, equity, and importance of management and governance stakeholders, 158–160
limitations of “bargaining power” and navigating “institutional barriers”, 156–158
on pacific activism in sports and emerging themes in Pacific, 151–160
respect, humility, relationality, and service, 151–156
Theory of planned behavior, 94
Tommie Smith, 20, 35–36, 70–71
Tonga rugby ban, 145
Tornado, 148–149
Transgenders, 56
Traumatic brain injuries (TBIs), 106
Twenty-first century athlete activism at games, 76–78
Twenty-four-hour sport networks, 2–3
United Arab Emirates (UAE), 50–51
United States Olympic and Paralympic Committee (USOPC), 77
United States Olympic Committee (USOC), 24, 71
United States Women’s National Team (USWNT), 21
US imperialism, 8–9
Value-action gap, 95
Value-belief-norm theory (VBN theory), 93–95
Vigilante violence, 1
“W Wears Orange, The”, initiative, 40
Whirlpool, 148–149
Wives group, 111
Women of WNBA, 37–38
Women’s National Basketball Association (WNBA), 20–21, 37, 142
Wyomia Tyus, 35–37
Youth development, 143
Identity coping, 59
strategies, 49
Identity theory, 55, 93
Imperialism, 2
Indian Penal Code (IPC), 52
Indigenous futures, 142
Internal conflict identity, 56–57
Internalized stigma, 49
International Olympic Committee (IOC), 19, 66
International Rugby League (IRL), 146–147
Interpersonal care, 124
John Carlos, 3, 142
Just Stop Oil (climate activist organization), 87–88
Katta sevens, 126
Kerala Football Association (KFA), 125–126
Kerala Sevens Football Association, 124
Lat Critical Theory, 168
Latinos, 169
Latter-Day Saints (LDS), 5
Lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer athletes (LGBTQ+ athletes), 48
LGBTQ+ issues in sport, 52–53
LGBTQIA, 10
“Listen to athletes for a change”, 20
Lou Gehrig’s disease, 109
Malabar football fandom, 125–126
Marketing, 97–98
Martial arts, 51
Masculinity, 145
Maya Moore, 38–40
Mental health initiative, 143–144
Messages, 97–100
#MeToo movement, 76–77
Mexico City Olympic Games, 20–21
Michael Brown, 1, 3–4, 9–10
Moderate dementia, 109
Moral panic, 11
Multidimensional care, 124
Multiple consciousness, 32–33
Multiplication factor, 107–108
Muslim community, 48
Muslim gay athletes, 55
Muslim lesbians, 55–56
Muslim LGBTQ+ athletes, 48
first author’s activism, research, and reflexivity, 53–59
identity development and social activism, 59–60
implications and future studies, 59–60
Islam, Muslim LGBTQ+ community, and sport, 50–52
LGBTQ+ issues in sport, 52–53
Muslim LGBTQIA athletes, 10
Natasha Cloud, 40
Nation, 3
National anthem, 3–9
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), 24, 71
Legal Defense and Educational Fund, 71
National Basketball Association (NBA), 96, 159
National Football League (NFL), 1, 106, 142, 146
activism and NFL wives for change, 110–115
evaluating wins and losses, 116–117
race norming and settlement agreement, 107–110
National Rugby League Women (NRLW), 149–150
National Urban League, 71
National Women’s Soccer League (NWSL), 26–27
Nationalism, 9–10
New South Wales Rugby League (NSWRL), 149
New York University (NYU), 23–24
New Zealand Rugby (NZR), 143–144
News media, 2–3
NFL Concussion Settlement Player Advocacy Committee (PACNFLINFO), 116–117
NFL Players Association (NFLPA), 112
#NotNCAAProperty hashtag, 20
Olympic Games, 19
Olympic Project for Human Rights (OPHR), 19–20, 23, 25–26, 71
Olympics, 2
Olympics Games, 66
athlete activism at Olympics, 67–78
Oppression, 32–33
Pacific leadership, 155–156
Pacific-Men-As-“Hypermasculine” narratives, 144
Pacific-Men-As-“Natural/Merely Physical” narratives, 144
Pakistani eSports Muslim women athletes, 59
Pan American Games, 26–27
Paralympics, 2
Parkinson’s disease, 109
“Pasifika and Māori Players Advisory Group”, 149–150
Pasifika sports activism, 142–143
activism in service, 150–151
Foafoa, 148–149
mental health initiative, 143–144
in nonplaying roles, 149–150
player eligibility, 146–148
Talanoa on pacific activism in sports and emerging themes in Pacific, 151–160
Tongan culture, patriarchy, and sport, 144–146
Patriarchal patriotism, 4
Patriarchal patriots, 6–9
Patriotism, 5–6, 190–191
Patriots, 6–7
Performance, 191–192
Performative nationalism, 25
Players for the Planet, 92
Players Tribune
, 26–27
Police brutality, 20
Policies, 85–86
Political engagement in sports, 19
Political movements, 71
Political opportunity structure, 73–76
Politics, 190
Prague Spring, 69–70
Private sporting spaces, 12
Pro-environmental behavior (PEB), 93
Pro-Pare, 148
Protect Our Winters (POW), 92, 97
Protesters, 6
Protests, 20
Providence City Council, 3–4
Race correction (see Race norming)
Race norming, 106
practice, 107–109
in settlement agreement, 109–110
Race/racism, 190–191
Racial and ethnic disparities, 167
Rationalist models, 93
Regional sports, 135–137
Religion, 51
Resistance, 34–36
Revealing identity development, 57–58
Revised Comprehensive Norms, 106
Revolt of the Black Athlete, The
, 27
Risk aversion, 51
Rugby Australia (RA), 149
Sacrifice, 147
#SayHerName, 32, 42–43
black girlwomen as athlete activists, 35–42
foundations of black feminist thought, 33–34
resistance, 34–35
Settlement Agreement, 106–107, 110
race norming in, 109–110
Sevens football, 125–126
Sevens Football Team Managers Association, 124
Sexism, 72
Sexual orientation, 51
Sharia law, 51–52
Sierra Club, 87
Skate parks, 2–3
Soccer, 2–3, 11
Social acceptance, 55–56
Social identity theory, 55–57, 93
Social justice, 12, 165–166
academic journey, 167–169
approach, 166–167
children’s early experiences, 171–173
club basketball teams, 173–178
decision to coach, 167–173
growing up, 169–171
successes, limitations, and consequences of coaching, 178–184
Social media, 92
Social movements, 67
Social psychological paradigm, 50
Sociological paradigms, 50
Solidarność, 75–76
Southern Christian Leadership Conference, 71
Southern Regional Council, 71
Speed City, 26
Sport organizations, 88
environmental activism among, 92–93
Sporting
activism, 12
goods chain stores, 2–3
Sports, 2–3, 11, 51, 86
academies, 2–3
Blackgirlwomen in, 33
environmental impact of, 88–90
fans, 88
history, 20–21
labor, 137
LGBTQ+ issues in, 52–53
State violence, 1
Struggle, 35–36
Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee, 22–23, 71
Sudani from Nigeria (movie), 127–131
Summer Olympic Games, 35–36
Surfers Against Sewage, 92
Sustainability, 10–11
Sustainable Sport Consumer Evaluation Model (SSCEM), 98
Swimming, 51
Symbolic interactionism, 55
Talanoas
, 11
gender, equity, and importance of management and governance stakeholders, 158–160
limitations of “bargaining power” and navigating “institutional barriers”, 156–158
on pacific activism in sports and emerging themes in Pacific, 151–160
respect, humility, relationality, and service, 151–156
Theory of planned behavior, 94
Tommie Smith, 20, 35–36, 70–71
Tonga rugby ban, 145
Tornado, 148–149
Transgenders, 56
Traumatic brain injuries (TBIs), 106
Twenty-first century athlete activism at games, 76–78
Twenty-four-hour sport networks, 2–3
United Arab Emirates (UAE), 50–51
United States Olympic and Paralympic Committee (USOPC), 77
United States Olympic Committee (USOC), 24, 71
United States Women’s National Team (USWNT), 21
US imperialism, 8–9
Value-action gap, 95
Value-belief-norm theory (VBN theory), 93–95
Vigilante violence, 1
“W Wears Orange, The”, initiative, 40
Whirlpool, 148–149
Wives group, 111
Women of WNBA, 37–38
Women’s National Basketball Association (WNBA), 20–21, 37, 142
Wyomia Tyus, 35–37
Youth development, 143
Katta sevens, 126
Kerala Football Association (KFA), 125–126
Kerala Sevens Football Association, 124
Lat Critical Theory, 168
Latinos, 169
Latter-Day Saints (LDS), 5
Lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer athletes (LGBTQ+ athletes), 48
LGBTQ+ issues in sport, 52–53
LGBTQIA, 10
“Listen to athletes for a change”, 20
Lou Gehrig’s disease, 109
Malabar football fandom, 125–126
Marketing, 97–98
Martial arts, 51
Masculinity, 145
Maya Moore, 38–40
Mental health initiative, 143–144
Messages, 97–100
#MeToo movement, 76–77
Mexico City Olympic Games, 20–21
Michael Brown, 1, 3–4, 9–10
Moderate dementia, 109
Moral panic, 11
Multidimensional care, 124
Multiple consciousness, 32–33
Multiplication factor, 107–108
Muslim community, 48
Muslim gay athletes, 55
Muslim lesbians, 55–56
Muslim LGBTQ+ athletes, 48
first author’s activism, research, and reflexivity, 53–59
identity development and social activism, 59–60
implications and future studies, 59–60
Islam, Muslim LGBTQ+ community, and sport, 50–52
LGBTQ+ issues in sport, 52–53
Muslim LGBTQIA athletes, 10
Natasha Cloud, 40
Nation, 3
National anthem, 3–9
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), 24, 71
Legal Defense and Educational Fund, 71
National Basketball Association (NBA), 96, 159
National Football League (NFL), 1, 106, 142, 146
activism and NFL wives for change, 110–115
evaluating wins and losses, 116–117
race norming and settlement agreement, 107–110
National Rugby League Women (NRLW), 149–150
National Urban League, 71
National Women’s Soccer League (NWSL), 26–27
Nationalism, 9–10
New South Wales Rugby League (NSWRL), 149
New York University (NYU), 23–24
New Zealand Rugby (NZR), 143–144
News media, 2–3
NFL Concussion Settlement Player Advocacy Committee (PACNFLINFO), 116–117
NFL Players Association (NFLPA), 112
#NotNCAAProperty hashtag, 20
Olympic Games, 19
Olympic Project for Human Rights (OPHR), 19–20, 23, 25–26, 71
Olympics, 2
Olympics Games, 66
athlete activism at Olympics, 67–78
Oppression, 32–33
Pacific leadership, 155–156
Pacific-Men-As-“Hypermasculine” narratives, 144
Pacific-Men-As-“Natural/Merely Physical” narratives, 144
Pakistani eSports Muslim women athletes, 59
Pan American Games, 26–27
Paralympics, 2
Parkinson’s disease, 109
“Pasifika and Māori Players Advisory Group”, 149–150
Pasifika sports activism, 142–143
activism in service, 150–151
Foafoa, 148–149
mental health initiative, 143–144
in nonplaying roles, 149–150
player eligibility, 146–148
Talanoa on pacific activism in sports and emerging themes in Pacific, 151–160
Tongan culture, patriarchy, and sport, 144–146
Patriarchal patriotism, 4
Patriarchal patriots, 6–9
Patriotism, 5–6, 190–191
Patriots, 6–7
Performance, 191–192
Performative nationalism, 25
Players for the Planet, 92
Players Tribune
, 26–27
Police brutality, 20
Policies, 85–86
Political engagement in sports, 19
Political movements, 71
Political opportunity structure, 73–76
Politics, 190
Prague Spring, 69–70
Private sporting spaces, 12
Pro-environmental behavior (PEB), 93
Pro-Pare, 148
Protect Our Winters (POW), 92, 97
Protesters, 6
Protests, 20
Providence City Council, 3–4
Race correction (see Race norming)
Race norming, 106
practice, 107–109
in settlement agreement, 109–110
Race/racism, 190–191
Racial and ethnic disparities, 167
Rationalist models, 93
Regional sports, 135–137
Religion, 51
Resistance, 34–36
Revealing identity development, 57–58
Revised Comprehensive Norms, 106
Revolt of the Black Athlete, The
, 27
Risk aversion, 51
Rugby Australia (RA), 149
Sacrifice, 147
#SayHerName, 32, 42–43
black girlwomen as athlete activists, 35–42
foundations of black feminist thought, 33–34
resistance, 34–35
Settlement Agreement, 106–107, 110
race norming in, 109–110
Sevens football, 125–126
Sevens Football Team Managers Association, 124
Sexism, 72
Sexual orientation, 51
Sharia law, 51–52
Sierra Club, 87
Skate parks, 2–3
Soccer, 2–3, 11
Social acceptance, 55–56
Social identity theory, 55–57, 93
Social justice, 12, 165–166
academic journey, 167–169
approach, 166–167
children’s early experiences, 171–173
club basketball teams, 173–178
decision to coach, 167–173
growing up, 169–171
successes, limitations, and consequences of coaching, 178–184
Social media, 92
Social movements, 67
Social psychological paradigm, 50
Sociological paradigms, 50
Solidarność, 75–76
Southern Christian Leadership Conference, 71
Southern Regional Council, 71
Speed City, 26
Sport organizations, 88
environmental activism among, 92–93
Sporting
activism, 12
goods chain stores, 2–3
Sports, 2–3, 11, 51, 86
academies, 2–3
Blackgirlwomen in, 33
environmental impact of, 88–90
fans, 88
history, 20–21
labor, 137
LGBTQ+ issues in, 52–53
State violence, 1
Struggle, 35–36
Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee, 22–23, 71
Sudani from Nigeria (movie), 127–131
Summer Olympic Games, 35–36
Surfers Against Sewage, 92
Sustainability, 10–11
Sustainable Sport Consumer Evaluation Model (SSCEM), 98
Swimming, 51
Symbolic interactionism, 55
Talanoas
, 11
gender, equity, and importance of management and governance stakeholders, 158–160
limitations of “bargaining power” and navigating “institutional barriers”, 156–158
on pacific activism in sports and emerging themes in Pacific, 151–160
respect, humility, relationality, and service, 151–156
Theory of planned behavior, 94
Tommie Smith, 20, 35–36, 70–71
Tonga rugby ban, 145
Tornado, 148–149
Transgenders, 56
Traumatic brain injuries (TBIs), 106
Twenty-first century athlete activism at games, 76–78
Twenty-four-hour sport networks, 2–3
United Arab Emirates (UAE), 50–51
United States Olympic and Paralympic Committee (USOPC), 77
United States Olympic Committee (USOC), 24, 71
United States Women’s National Team (USWNT), 21
US imperialism, 8–9
Value-action gap, 95
Value-belief-norm theory (VBN theory), 93–95
Vigilante violence, 1
“W Wears Orange, The”, initiative, 40
Whirlpool, 148–149
Wives group, 111
Women of WNBA, 37–38
Women’s National Basketball Association (WNBA), 20–21, 37, 142
Wyomia Tyus, 35–37
Youth development, 143
Malabar football fandom, 125–126
Marketing, 97–98
Martial arts, 51
Masculinity, 145
Maya Moore, 38–40
Mental health initiative, 143–144
Messages, 97–100
#MeToo movement, 76–77
Mexico City Olympic Games, 20–21
Michael Brown, 1, 3–4, 9–10
Moderate dementia, 109
Moral panic, 11
Multidimensional care, 124
Multiple consciousness, 32–33
Multiplication factor, 107–108
Muslim community, 48
Muslim gay athletes, 55
Muslim lesbians, 55–56
Muslim LGBTQ+ athletes, 48
first author’s activism, research, and reflexivity, 53–59
identity development and social activism, 59–60
implications and future studies, 59–60
Islam, Muslim LGBTQ+ community, and sport, 50–52
LGBTQ+ issues in sport, 52–53
Muslim LGBTQIA athletes, 10
Natasha Cloud, 40
Nation, 3
National anthem, 3–9
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), 24, 71
Legal Defense and Educational Fund, 71
National Basketball Association (NBA), 96, 159
National Football League (NFL), 1, 106, 142, 146
activism and NFL wives for change, 110–115
evaluating wins and losses, 116–117
race norming and settlement agreement, 107–110
National Rugby League Women (NRLW), 149–150
National Urban League, 71
National Women’s Soccer League (NWSL), 26–27
Nationalism, 9–10
New South Wales Rugby League (NSWRL), 149
New York University (NYU), 23–24
New Zealand Rugby (NZR), 143–144
News media, 2–3
NFL Concussion Settlement Player Advocacy Committee (PACNFLINFO), 116–117
NFL Players Association (NFLPA), 112
#NotNCAAProperty hashtag, 20
Olympic Games, 19
Olympic Project for Human Rights (OPHR), 19–20, 23, 25–26, 71
Olympics, 2
Olympics Games, 66
athlete activism at Olympics, 67–78
Oppression, 32–33
Pacific leadership, 155–156
Pacific-Men-As-“Hypermasculine” narratives, 144
Pacific-Men-As-“Natural/Merely Physical” narratives, 144
Pakistani eSports Muslim women athletes, 59
Pan American Games, 26–27
Paralympics, 2
Parkinson’s disease, 109
“Pasifika and Māori Players Advisory Group”, 149–150
Pasifika sports activism, 142–143
activism in service, 150–151
Foafoa, 148–149
mental health initiative, 143–144
in nonplaying roles, 149–150
player eligibility, 146–148
Talanoa on pacific activism in sports and emerging themes in Pacific, 151–160
Tongan culture, patriarchy, and sport, 144–146
Patriarchal patriotism, 4
Patriarchal patriots, 6–9
Patriotism, 5–6, 190–191
Patriots, 6–7
Performance, 191–192
Performative nationalism, 25
Players for the Planet, 92
Players Tribune
, 26–27
Police brutality, 20
Policies, 85–86
Political engagement in sports, 19
Political movements, 71
Political opportunity structure, 73–76
Politics, 190
Prague Spring, 69–70
Private sporting spaces, 12
Pro-environmental behavior (PEB), 93
Pro-Pare, 148
Protect Our Winters (POW), 92, 97
Protesters, 6
Protests, 20
Providence City Council, 3–4
Race correction (see Race norming)
Race norming, 106
practice, 107–109
in settlement agreement, 109–110
Race/racism, 190–191
Racial and ethnic disparities, 167
Rationalist models, 93
Regional sports, 135–137
Religion, 51
Resistance, 34–36
Revealing identity development, 57–58
Revised Comprehensive Norms, 106
Revolt of the Black Athlete, The
, 27
Risk aversion, 51
Rugby Australia (RA), 149
Sacrifice, 147
#SayHerName, 32, 42–43
black girlwomen as athlete activists, 35–42
foundations of black feminist thought, 33–34
resistance, 34–35
Settlement Agreement, 106–107, 110
race norming in, 109–110
Sevens football, 125–126
Sevens Football Team Managers Association, 124
Sexism, 72
Sexual orientation, 51
Sharia law, 51–52
Sierra Club, 87
Skate parks, 2–3
Soccer, 2–3, 11
Social acceptance, 55–56
Social identity theory, 55–57, 93
Social justice, 12, 165–166
academic journey, 167–169
approach, 166–167
children’s early experiences, 171–173
club basketball teams, 173–178
decision to coach, 167–173
growing up, 169–171
successes, limitations, and consequences of coaching, 178–184
Social media, 92
Social movements, 67
Social psychological paradigm, 50
Sociological paradigms, 50
Solidarność, 75–76
Southern Christian Leadership Conference, 71
Southern Regional Council, 71
Speed City, 26
Sport organizations, 88
environmental activism among, 92–93
Sporting
activism, 12
goods chain stores, 2–3
Sports, 2–3, 11, 51, 86
academies, 2–3
Blackgirlwomen in, 33
environmental impact of, 88–90
fans, 88
history, 20–21
labor, 137
LGBTQ+ issues in, 52–53
State violence, 1
Struggle, 35–36
Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee, 22–23, 71
Sudani from Nigeria (movie), 127–131
Summer Olympic Games, 35–36
Surfers Against Sewage, 92
Sustainability, 10–11
Sustainable Sport Consumer Evaluation Model (SSCEM), 98
Swimming, 51
Symbolic interactionism, 55
Talanoas
, 11
gender, equity, and importance of management and governance stakeholders, 158–160
limitations of “bargaining power” and navigating “institutional barriers”, 156–158
on pacific activism in sports and emerging themes in Pacific, 151–160
respect, humility, relationality, and service, 151–156
Theory of planned behavior, 94
Tommie Smith, 20, 35–36, 70–71
Tonga rugby ban, 145
Tornado, 148–149
Transgenders, 56
Traumatic brain injuries (TBIs), 106
Twenty-first century athlete activism at games, 76–78
Twenty-four-hour sport networks, 2–3
United Arab Emirates (UAE), 50–51
United States Olympic and Paralympic Committee (USOPC), 77
United States Olympic Committee (USOC), 24, 71
United States Women’s National Team (USWNT), 21
US imperialism, 8–9
Value-action gap, 95
Value-belief-norm theory (VBN theory), 93–95
Vigilante violence, 1
“W Wears Orange, The”, initiative, 40
Whirlpool, 148–149
Wives group, 111
Women of WNBA, 37–38
Women’s National Basketball Association (WNBA), 20–21, 37, 142
Wyomia Tyus, 35–37
Youth development, 143
Olympic Games, 19
Olympic Project for Human Rights (OPHR), 19–20, 23, 25–26, 71
Olympics, 2
Olympics Games, 66
athlete activism at Olympics, 67–78
Oppression, 32–33
Pacific leadership, 155–156
Pacific-Men-As-“Hypermasculine” narratives, 144
Pacific-Men-As-“Natural/Merely Physical” narratives, 144
Pakistani eSports Muslim women athletes, 59
Pan American Games, 26–27
Paralympics, 2
Parkinson’s disease, 109
“Pasifika and Māori Players Advisory Group”, 149–150
Pasifika sports activism, 142–143
activism in service, 150–151
Foafoa, 148–149
mental health initiative, 143–144
in nonplaying roles, 149–150
player eligibility, 146–148
Talanoa on pacific activism in sports and emerging themes in Pacific, 151–160
Tongan culture, patriarchy, and sport, 144–146
Patriarchal patriotism, 4
Patriarchal patriots, 6–9
Patriotism, 5–6, 190–191
Patriots, 6–7
Performance, 191–192
Performative nationalism, 25
Players for the Planet, 92
Players Tribune
, 26–27
Police brutality, 20
Policies, 85–86
Political engagement in sports, 19
Political movements, 71
Political opportunity structure, 73–76
Politics, 190
Prague Spring, 69–70
Private sporting spaces, 12
Pro-environmental behavior (PEB), 93
Pro-Pare, 148
Protect Our Winters (POW), 92, 97
Protesters, 6
Protests, 20
Providence City Council, 3–4
Race correction (see Race norming)
Race norming, 106
practice, 107–109
in settlement agreement, 109–110
Race/racism, 190–191
Racial and ethnic disparities, 167
Rationalist models, 93
Regional sports, 135–137
Religion, 51
Resistance, 34–36
Revealing identity development, 57–58
Revised Comprehensive Norms, 106
Revolt of the Black Athlete, The
, 27
Risk aversion, 51
Rugby Australia (RA), 149
Sacrifice, 147
#SayHerName, 32, 42–43
black girlwomen as athlete activists, 35–42
foundations of black feminist thought, 33–34
resistance, 34–35
Settlement Agreement, 106–107, 110
race norming in, 109–110
Sevens football, 125–126
Sevens Football Team Managers Association, 124
Sexism, 72
Sexual orientation, 51
Sharia law, 51–52
Sierra Club, 87
Skate parks, 2–3
Soccer, 2–3, 11
Social acceptance, 55–56
Social identity theory, 55–57, 93
Social justice, 12, 165–166
academic journey, 167–169
approach, 166–167
children’s early experiences, 171–173
club basketball teams, 173–178
decision to coach, 167–173
growing up, 169–171
successes, limitations, and consequences of coaching, 178–184
Social media, 92
Social movements, 67
Social psychological paradigm, 50
Sociological paradigms, 50
Solidarność, 75–76
Southern Christian Leadership Conference, 71
Southern Regional Council, 71
Speed City, 26
Sport organizations, 88
environmental activism among, 92–93
Sporting
activism, 12
goods chain stores, 2–3
Sports, 2–3, 11, 51, 86
academies, 2–3
Blackgirlwomen in, 33
environmental impact of, 88–90
fans, 88
history, 20–21
labor, 137
LGBTQ+ issues in, 52–53
State violence, 1
Struggle, 35–36
Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee, 22–23, 71
Sudani from Nigeria (movie), 127–131
Summer Olympic Games, 35–36
Surfers Against Sewage, 92
Sustainability, 10–11
Sustainable Sport Consumer Evaluation Model (SSCEM), 98
Swimming, 51
Symbolic interactionism, 55
Talanoas
, 11
gender, equity, and importance of management and governance stakeholders, 158–160
limitations of “bargaining power” and navigating “institutional barriers”, 156–158
on pacific activism in sports and emerging themes in Pacific, 151–160
respect, humility, relationality, and service, 151–156
Theory of planned behavior, 94
Tommie Smith, 20, 35–36, 70–71
Tonga rugby ban, 145
Tornado, 148–149
Transgenders, 56
Traumatic brain injuries (TBIs), 106
Twenty-first century athlete activism at games, 76–78
Twenty-four-hour sport networks, 2–3
United Arab Emirates (UAE), 50–51
United States Olympic and Paralympic Committee (USOPC), 77
United States Olympic Committee (USOC), 24, 71
United States Women’s National Team (USWNT), 21
US imperialism, 8–9
Value-action gap, 95
Value-belief-norm theory (VBN theory), 93–95
Vigilante violence, 1
“W Wears Orange, The”, initiative, 40
Whirlpool, 148–149
Wives group, 111
Women of WNBA, 37–38
Women’s National Basketball Association (WNBA), 20–21, 37, 142
Wyomia Tyus, 35–37
Youth development, 143
Race correction (see Race norming)
Race norming, 106
practice, 107–109
in settlement agreement, 109–110
Race/racism, 190–191
Racial and ethnic disparities, 167
Rationalist models, 93
Regional sports, 135–137
Religion, 51
Resistance, 34–36
Revealing identity development, 57–58
Revised Comprehensive Norms, 106
Revolt of the Black Athlete, The
, 27
Risk aversion, 51
Rugby Australia (RA), 149
Sacrifice, 147
#SayHerName, 32, 42–43
black girlwomen as athlete activists, 35–42
foundations of black feminist thought, 33–34
resistance, 34–35
Settlement Agreement, 106–107, 110
race norming in, 109–110
Sevens football, 125–126
Sevens Football Team Managers Association, 124
Sexism, 72
Sexual orientation, 51
Sharia law, 51–52
Sierra Club, 87
Skate parks, 2–3
Soccer, 2–3, 11
Social acceptance, 55–56
Social identity theory, 55–57, 93
Social justice, 12, 165–166
academic journey, 167–169
approach, 166–167
children’s early experiences, 171–173
club basketball teams, 173–178
decision to coach, 167–173
growing up, 169–171
successes, limitations, and consequences of coaching, 178–184
Social media, 92
Social movements, 67
Social psychological paradigm, 50
Sociological paradigms, 50
Solidarność, 75–76
Southern Christian Leadership Conference, 71
Southern Regional Council, 71
Speed City, 26
Sport organizations, 88
environmental activism among, 92–93
Sporting
activism, 12
goods chain stores, 2–3
Sports, 2–3, 11, 51, 86
academies, 2–3
Blackgirlwomen in, 33
environmental impact of, 88–90
fans, 88
history, 20–21
labor, 137
LGBTQ+ issues in, 52–53
State violence, 1
Struggle, 35–36
Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee, 22–23, 71
Sudani from Nigeria (movie), 127–131
Summer Olympic Games, 35–36
Surfers Against Sewage, 92
Sustainability, 10–11
Sustainable Sport Consumer Evaluation Model (SSCEM), 98
Swimming, 51
Symbolic interactionism, 55
Talanoas
, 11
gender, equity, and importance of management and governance stakeholders, 158–160
limitations of “bargaining power” and navigating “institutional barriers”, 156–158
on pacific activism in sports and emerging themes in Pacific, 151–160
respect, humility, relationality, and service, 151–156
Theory of planned behavior, 94
Tommie Smith, 20, 35–36, 70–71
Tonga rugby ban, 145
Tornado, 148–149
Transgenders, 56
Traumatic brain injuries (TBIs), 106
Twenty-first century athlete activism at games, 76–78
Twenty-four-hour sport networks, 2–3
United Arab Emirates (UAE), 50–51
United States Olympic and Paralympic Committee (USOPC), 77
United States Olympic Committee (USOC), 24, 71
United States Women’s National Team (USWNT), 21
US imperialism, 8–9
Value-action gap, 95
Value-belief-norm theory (VBN theory), 93–95
Vigilante violence, 1
“W Wears Orange, The”, initiative, 40
Whirlpool, 148–149
Wives group, 111
Women of WNBA, 37–38
Women’s National Basketball Association (WNBA), 20–21, 37, 142
Wyomia Tyus, 35–37
Youth development, 143
Talanoas
, 11
gender, equity, and importance of management and governance stakeholders, 158–160
limitations of “bargaining power” and navigating “institutional barriers”, 156–158
on pacific activism in sports and emerging themes in Pacific, 151–160
respect, humility, relationality, and service, 151–156
Theory of planned behavior, 94
Tommie Smith, 20, 35–36, 70–71
Tonga rugby ban, 145
Tornado, 148–149
Transgenders, 56
Traumatic brain injuries (TBIs), 106
Twenty-first century athlete activism at games, 76–78
Twenty-four-hour sport networks, 2–3
United Arab Emirates (UAE), 50–51
United States Olympic and Paralympic Committee (USOPC), 77
United States Olympic Committee (USOC), 24, 71
United States Women’s National Team (USWNT), 21
US imperialism, 8–9
Value-action gap, 95
Value-belief-norm theory (VBN theory), 93–95
Vigilante violence, 1
“W Wears Orange, The”, initiative, 40
Whirlpool, 148–149
Wives group, 111
Women of WNBA, 37–38
Women’s National Basketball Association (WNBA), 20–21, 37, 142
Wyomia Tyus, 35–37
Youth development, 143
Value-action gap, 95
Value-belief-norm theory (VBN theory), 93–95
Vigilante violence, 1
“W Wears Orange, The”, initiative, 40
Whirlpool, 148–149
Wives group, 111
Women of WNBA, 37–38
Women’s National Basketball Association (WNBA), 20–21, 37, 142
Wyomia Tyus, 35–37
Youth development, 143
Youth development, 143
- Prelims
- Introduction
- Listen to Athletes for a Change: From Raised Fists to Bended Knee
- Why We Must #SayHerName: A Black Feminist Look at Athlete Activism
- Who Am ‘I’: Muslim LGBTQ+ Athlete Identity Development and Social Activism
- Protest at the Olympic Games: How Political Movements Scythe Space for Athlete-Activist Moments
- Conceptualizing and Recognizing Eco-Activism Within Sport
- All in Their Heads: Sport Activism and the Fight Against Race Norming in the NFL Concussion Settlement
- Activism as Collective Care: Football Practices in Malabar, Kerala
- Champions of the Pacific: Exploring Sport Activism Through a Pacific Lens
- Embracing and Resisting a Social Justice Approach in Coaching: An Auto-Ethnography of Club Basketball
- Three Perspectives on the Political and Aesthetic Potentials of the Basketball Court
- Index