Index
Advances in Industrial and Labor Relations
ISBN: 978-1-83982-133-2, eISBN: 978-1-83982-132-5
ISSN: 0742-6186
Publication date: 29 March 2021
This content is currently only available as a PDF
Citation
(2021), "Index", Lewin, D. and Gollan, P.J. (Ed.) Advances in Industrial and Labor Relations (Advances in Industrial & Labor Relations, Vol. 26), Emerald Publishing Limited, Leeds, pp. 177-184. https://doi.org/10.1108/S0742-618620210000026007
Publisher
:Emerald Publishing Limited
Copyright © 2021 by Emerald Publishing Limited
INDEX
Abood v. Detroit Board of Education, 40
Absolute authority & independence
, 9–10, 12–13, 18–22, 25, 31
Academic employment structure, 73–74
Advances in Industrial and Labor Relations (AILR), 1
Affirmative defense, 107
Against Labor
, 31–32
Akaike Information Criterion (AIC), 134–136
Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR), 126, 128–129
practice, 1, 3–4
American Arbitration Association (AAA), 3, 104
American Bookmaker, The
, 11–12
American Federation of Labor, 15, 23
American Industries (magazine), 18
American labor movement, 30
American Newspaper Publishers Association (ANPA), 19, 31–32
American plan to end of labor policy (1921–1928), 27–30
American Printer, The
, 21
Anglo-Saxon system of jurisprudence, 100
Antiunionism, 31–32
Arbitration, 3–4, 128, 131
decisions, 102
sexual harassment, 1
Arbitrator
decisions, 110–111
sourcing, 126–127
Arbitrator’s Guide, The
, 130–131
Assistant professors, 84–85
AT&T Mobility
, 111
Authority, 8, 12, 23–24, 150, 157–158
Autonomy, 153
job, 149, 157
level of, 146
local, 20
proprietor, 10
Bachelor’s institutions, 74
Bargaining laws, 44–46
Basic organizational building block, 150
BNA database, 104
Book and job printing. See Commercial printing
British Journal of Industrial Relations
, 148
Bulletin of the United Typothetae of America
, 17
Bureau of Industrial Relations (BIRs), 23
Bureau of National Affairs (BNA), 3
Capitalists, 13
Carnegie classification, 92–93
Carole Pateman, 145–146, 148
Centralized labor policy, 1–2, 18–19
Century Magazine
, 8
Charter schools, 60–61
Citizen’s Industrial Association of America (CIAA), 18
Civil Rights Act, 99–100, 127–128
Classical theory of democracy, 146–147
Cleveland convention (1922), 29
Closed Shop Branch (CSB), 23
Closed Shop Division (CSD), 22
Closed shop printing employers, 30
Code of Arbitration Procedure
, 130–131
Code of Ethics, 20
Collective bargaining (CB), 44
Collective bargaining and right-to-work (CBRTW), 2, 44
states with comprehensive, 44–46
teachers in, 57–59
Commercial printing, 10–11
employer organization in, 11
industry characteristics, 10–11
Communitarian living, 150–153
Comparable Wage Index (CWI), 44–46
Completion rates, 79
Contingent faculty, 75
employment, 76–77, 79
Conventional employee-owned enterprises, 150–153
Conventional workers cooperatives, 150–153
Cooperation, 19–20
Court-annexed mediation, 136
Courts, 128–129
Cross-price elasticities, 88–89
Cross-sectional data, 156–158
Decision involvement, 153
“Declaration of Policy”, 17, 19, 24, 29
Degree of control, 162
Democracy
multidimensional and multifaceted nature of, 148
organizational, 150, 153–154
in workplace, 147–148
Democratic enterprises, 150–153
Democratic reform enterprises, 150–153
Democratic spillover, 164
academic data sources, 173–174
cross-sectional data, 156–158
defining workplace democracy and participation, 150–155
dimensions of workplace democracy, 159–164
panel or longitudinal data, 155–156
political efficacy, 164–167
results, 150–164
review procedure, 148–149
spillover thesis, 146, 148, 163–164
weakened union, 164–165
Democratic workplace, 147–148
Dimensions of workplace democracy, 159–164
Discharge of harassers, 112–113
Discipline, 109, 111
Dispute resolution systems, 102
Distributive justice. See also Procedural justice, 102, 111–112
and sexual harassment, 101–102
District-level SASS panel data, 51
Doctoral/Research institutions, 74
Duty-to-bargain law, 44
Dynamic panel data model, 84–85, 88–90
EBSCOhost Academic Search Premier, 148
Econometric analysis, 84–90
Economic theories, 77, 87
Education Finance Statistics Center (EDFIN), 44
Employee(s)
level of, 162
participation, 153–154, 158–159
Employers’ Association of Detroit (EAD), 31–32
Employers’ associations
management diversity problems in, 13–14
in United States, CA. (1880–1920s), 14–16
Employment. See also Faculty employment
arbitration and mediation at US Firms, 127–128
relations, 1
status, 73–74
Enterprise-level decision-making, 149
Equity theory, 101
Ethical decision-making, 102
Ethnicity, 56
European Social Survey (ESS), 155
European Working Conditions Survey (EWCS), 155
Ex parte communication, 131
Extreme individualism, 15
Face-to-face participation, 149, 153
Faculty employment, 73–74
and compensation, 79
data, 79–81
dynamic panel estimation for employment levels, 95–97
econometric analysis, 84–90
in higher education, 74
literature review, 74–76
theoretical perspectives, 76–79
trends of, 81–84
Faculty life, 76–77
“Fairness”, 8–9
Federal agencies, 128–129
Federal Trade Commission (FTC), 31–32
Female teachers, 41–42
Firm(s), 127, 139
characteristics, 134
firm-based nonunion employment, 126
Flow of control-relevant information, 150–153
Formal decision-making unit, 146
Formal regression analysis, 84–85
Forty-four hour strike tests harmony and unity, 23–26
Free riding, 13
“Free-rider” problem, 40–41
Full professors, 85
Full-time
instructional faculty, 73–74
lecturers/instructors, 74–75, 85
professorial faculty, 73–75
teachers, 55
Gender harassment, 107
General Council (GC), 132
Geographic decentralization, 20
Great Depression, 30
Hierarchical regression analysis, 134–136
Higher education
faculty employment in, 73–74
institutions, 77
Higher-level participation, 163–164
Hispanic teachers, 56, 60
Hooters of America, Inc. v. Phillips
, 126
Human capital theory, 126
ILR Review
, 148
“Income effect”, 78–79
Individual labor contracts, 19–20
Individualism, 8–9
Industrial Relations
, 148
Industrial Relations Committee (IRC), 24
Industrial relations system (IR system), 9, 15
Informal sources, 129–130
Inland Printer, The
, 11–12
“Inquisitorial” systems of justice, 100
Institution(al)
characteristics, 79, 90
employment decisions, 85
finances, 79
wealth, 78–79
Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System (IPEDS), 2–3, 74–75, 79
Inter-quartile range (iqr), 141
Interactional justice and sexual harassment, 103
Internal political efficacy, 162
International Brotherhood of Bookbinders, 31–32
International Joint Council of the Commercial and Periodical Branches of Printing Industry (IJCC), 23
International Printing Pressmen and Assistants’ Union, 31–32
International Printing Pressmen’s Union (IPP), 17
International Typographical Union (ITU), 1–2, 8, 12–13, 16–17, 31–32
Intertemporal correlation coefficients, 92–93
Iron Trades Review
, 16
Issue-contingent model, 102
Janus V. American Federation of State, County, and Municipal Employees, Council 31, 39–40
Job
autonomy, 148, 149, 153, 159, 163
decision latitude, 153
design emphasis, 150–153
discretion, 160
participation, 150
socialization, 153
Joint union–management selection, 3–4
Just cause, 103
K-12 teachers, 41–42
Labor
divisions, 21–23
markets, 12, 14
philosophy, 8–10
Labor and Employment Relations Association (LERA), 1
Labor arbitration
decisions, 3, 104
law, 126–127
Labor Divisions
, 10–11
Labor policy, 19–20
from American plan to end of, 27–30
characteristics of commercial printing industry, 10–11
demise of UTA, 30
employers’ associations in United States, 14–16
forty-four hour strike tests harmony and unity, 23–26
labor divisions, 21–23
management diversity problems in employers’ associations, 13–14
master printers organize, 11–13
striking for shorter hours, defending open shops, and internal dissension, 16–20
in UTA, 10
Labor Studies Journal
, 148
Latin American Public Opinion Project (LAPOP), 155
Legal norms in sexual harassment, 99–100
Linotype machines, 17
Local autonomy, 20
“Locus of control”, 153
of workflow variances, 150–153
Longitudinal data, 155–156
Management
behavior, 109
diversity problems in employers’ associations, 13–14
Market orientation, 15
Master printers, 11–13
Master’s institutions, 74
Me Too Movement
, 99–100
Mediation, 3–4, 128, 130
Mediator
qualification, 136
sourcing, 127, 136
Meritor Savings Bank v. Vinson
, 106, 112–113
Moot, 102, 115
Multilevel mixed-effect models, 57
Multivariate OLS regressions, 134–136
National Association of Manufacturers (NAMs), 18
National Bureau of Information, 31–32
National Center for Education Statistics (NCES), 43
National Teacher and Principal Survey (NTPS), 62
Nested models approach, 134–136
Neutrals
qualification, 131–132
quality of, 131–132
sourcing of, 128–131
New York Typothetae, 8, 11
No agreement (NA), 46
Nonacademic faculty members, 76
Nontenure track faculty, 73–74, 76
full-time, 78, 90
part-time, 2–3
Nonunion
shops, 31–32
workforce, 133
Occupational involvement, 150, 153–154
Off-diagonal coefficients, 87
Open Shop Division (OSD), 21
Open-shop movement, 28, 31–32
Ordinary Least Squares regressions (OLS regressions), 50–51, 134, 136
Organizational democracy. See also Workplace democracy, 148, 149, 150, 153–154
Organizational justice theory, 101–103
distributive justice and sexual harassment, 101–102
interactional justice and sexual harassment, 103
just cause and, 103
procedural justice and sexual harassment, 102–103
Organized employers, 14
Organized labor, 16
Own-price elasticities, 88–89
Panel
data, 155–156
models, 2–3
Parent–teacher associations (PTAs), 155
Part-time faculty, 73–75, 85
Participation, 147–148
dimensions of participation, 162
in workplace, 145–148
workplace democracy and, 150–155
“Participation in enterprise-level decision-making”, 153
Pateman’s theory, 149, 164
Paternalism, 8–9
Phone-based survey method, 132
Political
efficacy, 164–167
participation, 4–5
socialization, 153
Post-JANUS public sector
bargaining laws, 44–46
basic comparisons of agency and CBRTW states, 44–46
comparative predictors of union membership, 59
data, 43–44
descriptive statistics for districts in states, 66
descriptive statistics for teachers in states, 65
empirical strategy, 50–51
prediction for districts covered by collective bargaining agreement, 70–71
principal factors and factor differences between union and nonunion teachers, 66–68
results, 51–57
sample size by state with duty-to-bargain laws, 64
teacher attitudes and school climate, 47–49
teachers, 41–43
Postsecondary educational institutions, 79
Printers’ Ink
, 9
Printers’ League of America (PLA), 19–20
Printing for Profit
, 31–32
Private ADR provider, 128–129, 133–134
Private institutions, 90
Private third-party arbitration, 140
Procedural justice. See also Distributive justice
arbitrator decisions and, 110–111
and sexual harassment, 102–103
and summary discharge of harassers, 112–113
Professionalization theory, 76–77
Professorial faculty, 75–76
ProQuest Political Science Database, 148
ProQuest Social Science Premium Collection, 148
Qualification of workers, 131–132
Qualified arbitrator, 126–127
Quality of neutrals, 128–131
Quality of Working Life (QWL), 150–153
Quid pro quo cases, 106–107
Race, 56
Range of issues, 162
Recruitment sources, 128–129
Repeat-player effect. See Private third-party arbitration
Representative democracy, 146–147
Resource dependency theory, 77–78
Right-to-work laws (RTW laws), 41, 43–44
Robustness test, 56
School and Staffing Survey (SASS), 2, 40, 43
School climate, 47–49
School Districts Finance Survey (SDFS), 44
Scribner’s Monthly
, 8
Second-order model, 134–136
Self-determination theory, 153
Self-governed employee-owned enterprises, 150–153
Self-governed workers cooperatives, 150–153
Sen’s concept of agent, 153
Sensitivity test, 56
Sex discrimination, 99–100
Sexual harassment (SH), 1, 105
arbitration cases, 108–109
arbitrator decisions and procedural justice, 110–111
arbitrator final decisions, 110
cases, 118–119
changes over time in treatment, 105
current study and data, 104–107
decisions, 107–108
distributive justice, 111–112
early 2000s sexual harassment cases, 120–121
early 90s sexual harassment cases, 122–123
issues to ponder, 113–115
management behavior, 109
organizational justice theory, 101–103
procedural justice and summary discharge of harassers, 112–113
rationale for 7/1/1988–6/30/1992 or “Early 90s” Period
, 106
rationale for 7/1/1999–6/30/2004 or “Early 21C” Period
, 106–107
social and legal norms, 99–100
type, 107
“Skill discretion”, 160
“Skill level” job, 160
Social norms in sexual harassment, 99–100
Social science research databases, 148
Socio-moral climate, 162
Sourcing of neutrals, 128–131
Special education teachers, 60–61
Spillover thesis, 4–5, 145–146, 148, 153–154, 163–164
St. Nicholas
, 8
Stability & order
, 9–10, 12–13, 18–22, 25, 31
Standard Cost System
, 20, 26, 31–32
State agencies, 128–129
Steelworkers Trilogy
, 126–127
Stepwise regression, 134–136
Strategic decisions, 152
“Structurally anchored organizational democracy”, 150
“Structurally anchored” participation, 150–153
Student enrollment, 77, 79
Supervisory responsibility, 150
Swilk tests, 141
Taxonomy of associations, 31–32
Teachers, 41, 43, 60
attitudes, 47–49
unions, 44, 51
Teaching, 41–42
Tenure track faculty, 73–74
Third-order model, 134–136
Third-party neutrals
data and methods, 132–134
descriptive statistics of neutral sourcing variations, 135
empirical findings, 134–136
hierarchical OLS results for mediation and arbitration usage, 137–138
literature review, 127–132
quality of neutrals, 131–132
rise of employment arbitration and mediation at US Firms, 127–128
selection procedures, 126
sourcing of neutrals, 128–131
summary statistics and coding scheme, 135
Three-Year Plan (1918–1921), 26
Trade
associations, 31
journals, 11–12
Traditional dual labor market model, 75
Traditional Kibbutzim, 150–153
Typothetae, 31–32
Typothetae Bulletin
, 8, 17, 19, 31–32
Union
collective bargaining agreements, 100
contracts, 101
membership, 148–149
mobilization, 148–149
Union-represented female teachers, 41–42
Unionization, 57
Unionized employees, 3
Unionized grievance procedures, 126–127
Unionized workplaces, 100–101
United Typotheate of America (UTA), 1–2, 8, 10, 12–13, 16, 18, 21, 31–32
demise of UTA (1929–1945), 30
UTA-ITU agreement, 21–22
Unity, 17
US Firms, employment arbitration and mediation at, 127–128
Voluntary Emergency Defense (strike) Fund, 17
Wartime labor market, 23
Web of Science, 148
Work
community, 153–154
participation, 154, 157, 160, 163
work-related decisions, 146
Workplace, 147
conflict resolution, 128
participation, 4–5, 146, 153–155
Workplace democracy, 146–148
dimensions of, 159–164
higher-level participation, 163–164
job autonomy, 159–163
and participation, 150–155
Abood v. Detroit Board of Education
, 40
Absolute authority & independence
, 9–10, 12–13, 18–22, 25, 31
Academic employment structure
, 73–74
Advances in Industrial and Labor Relations (AILR)
, 1
Affirmative defense
, 107
Against Labor
, 31–32
Akaike Information Criterion (AIC)
, 134–136
Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR)
, 126, 128–129
practice
, 1, 3–4
American Arbitration Association (AAA)
, 3, 104
American Bookmaker, The
, 11–12
American Federation of Labor
, 15, 23
American Industries (magazine)
, 18
American labor movement
, 30
American Newspaper Publishers Association (ANPA)
, 19, 31–32
American plan to end of labor policy (1921–1928)
, 27–30
American Printer, The
, 21
Anglo-Saxon system of jurisprudence
, 100
Antiunionism
, 31–32
Arbitration
, 3–4, 128, 131
decisions
, 102
sexual harassment
, 1
Arbitrator
decisions
, 110–111
sourcing
, 126–127
Arbitrator’s Guide, The
, 130–131
Assistant professors
, 84–85
AT&T Mobility
, 111
Authority
, 8, 12, 23–24, 150, 157–158
Autonomy
, 153
job
, 149, 157
level of
, 146
local
, 20
proprietor
, 10
Bachelor’s institutions
, 74
Bargaining laws
, 44–46
Basic organizational building block
, 150
BNA database
, 104
Book and job printing. See Commercial printing
British Journal of Industrial Relations
, 148
Bulletin of the United Typothetae of America
, 17
Bureau of Industrial Relations (BIRs)
, 23
Bureau of National Affairs (BNA)
, 3
Capitalists, 13
Carnegie classification, 92–93
Carole Pateman, 145–146, 148
Centralized labor policy, 1–2, 18–19
Century Magazine
, 8
Charter schools, 60–61
Citizen’s Industrial Association of America (CIAA), 18
Civil Rights Act, 99–100, 127–128
Classical theory of democracy, 146–147
Cleveland convention (1922), 29
Closed Shop Branch (CSB), 23
Closed Shop Division (CSD), 22
Closed shop printing employers, 30
Code of Arbitration Procedure
, 130–131
Code of Ethics, 20
Collective bargaining (CB), 44
Collective bargaining and right-to-work (CBRTW), 2, 44
states with comprehensive, 44–46
teachers in, 57–59
Commercial printing, 10–11
employer organization in, 11
industry characteristics, 10–11
Communitarian living, 150–153
Comparable Wage Index (CWI), 44–46
Completion rates, 79
Contingent faculty, 75
employment, 76–77, 79
Conventional employee-owned enterprises, 150–153
Conventional workers cooperatives, 150–153
Cooperation, 19–20
Court-annexed mediation, 136
Courts, 128–129
Cross-price elasticities, 88–89
Cross-sectional data, 156–158
Decision involvement, 153
“Declaration of Policy”, 17, 19, 24, 29
Degree of control, 162
Democracy
multidimensional and multifaceted nature of, 148
organizational, 150, 153–154
in workplace, 147–148
Democratic enterprises, 150–153
Democratic reform enterprises, 150–153
Democratic spillover, 164
academic data sources, 173–174
cross-sectional data, 156–158
defining workplace democracy and participation, 150–155
dimensions of workplace democracy, 159–164
panel or longitudinal data, 155–156
political efficacy, 164–167
results, 150–164
review procedure, 148–149
spillover thesis, 146, 148, 163–164
weakened union, 164–165
Democratic workplace, 147–148
Dimensions of workplace democracy, 159–164
Discharge of harassers, 112–113
Discipline, 109, 111
Dispute resolution systems, 102
Distributive justice. See also Procedural justice, 102, 111–112
and sexual harassment, 101–102
District-level SASS panel data, 51
Doctoral/Research institutions, 74
Duty-to-bargain law, 44
Dynamic panel data model, 84–85, 88–90
EBSCOhost Academic Search Premier, 148
Econometric analysis, 84–90
Economic theories, 77, 87
Education Finance Statistics Center (EDFIN), 44
Employee(s)
level of, 162
participation, 153–154, 158–159
Employers’ Association of Detroit (EAD), 31–32
Employers’ associations
management diversity problems in, 13–14
in United States, CA. (1880–1920s), 14–16
Employment. See also Faculty employment
arbitration and mediation at US Firms, 127–128
relations, 1
status, 73–74
Enterprise-level decision-making, 149
Equity theory, 101
Ethical decision-making, 102
Ethnicity, 56
European Social Survey (ESS), 155
European Working Conditions Survey (EWCS), 155
Ex parte communication, 131
Extreme individualism, 15
Face-to-face participation, 149, 153
Faculty employment, 73–74
and compensation, 79
data, 79–81
dynamic panel estimation for employment levels, 95–97
econometric analysis, 84–90
in higher education, 74
literature review, 74–76
theoretical perspectives, 76–79
trends of, 81–84
Faculty life, 76–77
“Fairness”, 8–9
Federal agencies, 128–129
Federal Trade Commission (FTC), 31–32
Female teachers, 41–42
Firm(s), 127, 139
characteristics, 134
firm-based nonunion employment, 126
Flow of control-relevant information, 150–153
Formal decision-making unit, 146
Formal regression analysis, 84–85
Forty-four hour strike tests harmony and unity, 23–26
Free riding, 13
“Free-rider” problem, 40–41
Full professors, 85
Full-time
instructional faculty, 73–74
lecturers/instructors, 74–75, 85
professorial faculty, 73–75
teachers, 55
Gender harassment, 107
General Council (GC), 132
Geographic decentralization, 20
Great Depression, 30
Hierarchical regression analysis, 134–136
Higher education
faculty employment in, 73–74
institutions, 77
Higher-level participation, 163–164
Hispanic teachers, 56, 60
Hooters of America, Inc. v. Phillips
, 126
Human capital theory, 126
ILR Review
, 148
“Income effect”, 78–79
Individual labor contracts, 19–20
Individualism, 8–9
Industrial Relations
, 148
Industrial Relations Committee (IRC), 24
Industrial relations system (IR system), 9, 15
Informal sources, 129–130
Inland Printer, The
, 11–12
“Inquisitorial” systems of justice, 100
Institution(al)
characteristics, 79, 90
employment decisions, 85
finances, 79
wealth, 78–79
Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System (IPEDS), 2–3, 74–75, 79
Inter-quartile range (iqr), 141
Interactional justice and sexual harassment, 103
Internal political efficacy, 162
International Brotherhood of Bookbinders, 31–32
International Joint Council of the Commercial and Periodical Branches of Printing Industry (IJCC), 23
International Printing Pressmen and Assistants’ Union, 31–32
International Printing Pressmen’s Union (IPP), 17
International Typographical Union (ITU), 1–2, 8, 12–13, 16–17, 31–32
Intertemporal correlation coefficients, 92–93
Iron Trades Review
, 16
Issue-contingent model, 102
Janus V. American Federation of State, County, and Municipal Employees, Council 31, 39–40
Job
autonomy, 148, 149, 153, 159, 163
decision latitude, 153
design emphasis, 150–153
discretion, 160
participation, 150
socialization, 153
Joint union–management selection, 3–4
Just cause, 103
K-12 teachers, 41–42
Labor
divisions, 21–23
markets, 12, 14
philosophy, 8–10
Labor and Employment Relations Association (LERA), 1
Labor arbitration
decisions, 3, 104
law, 126–127
Labor Divisions
, 10–11
Labor policy, 19–20
from American plan to end of, 27–30
characteristics of commercial printing industry, 10–11
demise of UTA, 30
employers’ associations in United States, 14–16
forty-four hour strike tests harmony and unity, 23–26
labor divisions, 21–23
management diversity problems in employers’ associations, 13–14
master printers organize, 11–13
striking for shorter hours, defending open shops, and internal dissension, 16–20
in UTA, 10
Labor Studies Journal
, 148
Latin American Public Opinion Project (LAPOP), 155
Legal norms in sexual harassment, 99–100
Linotype machines, 17
Local autonomy, 20
“Locus of control”, 153
of workflow variances, 150–153
Longitudinal data, 155–156
Management
behavior, 109
diversity problems in employers’ associations, 13–14
Market orientation, 15
Master printers, 11–13
Master’s institutions, 74
Me Too Movement
, 99–100
Mediation, 3–4, 128, 130
Mediator
qualification, 136
sourcing, 127, 136
Meritor Savings Bank v. Vinson
, 106, 112–113
Moot, 102, 115
Multilevel mixed-effect models, 57
Multivariate OLS regressions, 134–136
National Association of Manufacturers (NAMs), 18
National Bureau of Information, 31–32
National Center for Education Statistics (NCES), 43
National Teacher and Principal Survey (NTPS), 62
Nested models approach, 134–136
Neutrals
qualification, 131–132
quality of, 131–132
sourcing of, 128–131
New York Typothetae, 8, 11
No agreement (NA), 46
Nonacademic faculty members, 76
Nontenure track faculty, 73–74, 76
full-time, 78, 90
part-time, 2–3
Nonunion
shops, 31–32
workforce, 133
Occupational involvement, 150, 153–154
Off-diagonal coefficients, 87
Open Shop Division (OSD), 21
Open-shop movement, 28, 31–32
Ordinary Least Squares regressions (OLS regressions), 50–51, 134, 136
Organizational democracy. See also Workplace democracy, 148, 149, 150, 153–154
Organizational justice theory, 101–103
distributive justice and sexual harassment, 101–102
interactional justice and sexual harassment, 103
just cause and, 103
procedural justice and sexual harassment, 102–103
Organized employers, 14
Organized labor, 16
Own-price elasticities, 88–89
Panel
data, 155–156
models, 2–3
Parent–teacher associations (PTAs), 155
Part-time faculty, 73–75, 85
Participation, 147–148
dimensions of participation, 162
in workplace, 145–148
workplace democracy and, 150–155
“Participation in enterprise-level decision-making”, 153
Pateman’s theory, 149, 164
Paternalism, 8–9
Phone-based survey method, 132
Political
efficacy, 164–167
participation, 4–5
socialization, 153
Post-JANUS public sector
bargaining laws, 44–46
basic comparisons of agency and CBRTW states, 44–46
comparative predictors of union membership, 59
data, 43–44
descriptive statistics for districts in states, 66
descriptive statistics for teachers in states, 65
empirical strategy, 50–51
prediction for districts covered by collective bargaining agreement, 70–71
principal factors and factor differences between union and nonunion teachers, 66–68
results, 51–57
sample size by state with duty-to-bargain laws, 64
teacher attitudes and school climate, 47–49
teachers, 41–43
Postsecondary educational institutions, 79
Printers’ Ink
, 9
Printers’ League of America (PLA), 19–20
Printing for Profit
, 31–32
Private ADR provider, 128–129, 133–134
Private institutions, 90
Private third-party arbitration, 140
Procedural justice. See also Distributive justice
arbitrator decisions and, 110–111
and sexual harassment, 102–103
and summary discharge of harassers, 112–113
Professionalization theory, 76–77
Professorial faculty, 75–76
ProQuest Political Science Database, 148
ProQuest Social Science Premium Collection, 148
Qualification of workers, 131–132
Qualified arbitrator, 126–127
Quality of neutrals, 128–131
Quality of Working Life (QWL), 150–153
Quid pro quo cases, 106–107
Race, 56
Range of issues, 162
Recruitment sources, 128–129
Repeat-player effect. See Private third-party arbitration
Representative democracy, 146–147
Resource dependency theory, 77–78
Right-to-work laws (RTW laws), 41, 43–44
Robustness test, 56
School and Staffing Survey (SASS), 2, 40, 43
School climate, 47–49
School Districts Finance Survey (SDFS), 44
Scribner’s Monthly
, 8
Second-order model, 134–136
Self-determination theory, 153
Self-governed employee-owned enterprises, 150–153
Self-governed workers cooperatives, 150–153
Sen’s concept of agent, 153
Sensitivity test, 56
Sex discrimination, 99–100
Sexual harassment (SH), 1, 105
arbitration cases, 108–109
arbitrator decisions and procedural justice, 110–111
arbitrator final decisions, 110
cases, 118–119
changes over time in treatment, 105
current study and data, 104–107
decisions, 107–108
distributive justice, 111–112
early 2000s sexual harassment cases, 120–121
early 90s sexual harassment cases, 122–123
issues to ponder, 113–115
management behavior, 109
organizational justice theory, 101–103
procedural justice and summary discharge of harassers, 112–113
rationale for 7/1/1988–6/30/1992 or “Early 90s” Period
, 106
rationale for 7/1/1999–6/30/2004 or “Early 21C” Period
, 106–107
social and legal norms, 99–100
type, 107
“Skill discretion”, 160
“Skill level” job, 160
Social norms in sexual harassment, 99–100
Social science research databases, 148
Socio-moral climate, 162
Sourcing of neutrals, 128–131
Special education teachers, 60–61
Spillover thesis, 4–5, 145–146, 148, 153–154, 163–164
St. Nicholas
, 8
Stability & order
, 9–10, 12–13, 18–22, 25, 31
Standard Cost System
, 20, 26, 31–32
State agencies, 128–129
Steelworkers Trilogy
, 126–127
Stepwise regression, 134–136
Strategic decisions, 152
“Structurally anchored organizational democracy”, 150
“Structurally anchored” participation, 150–153
Student enrollment, 77, 79
Supervisory responsibility, 150
Swilk tests, 141
Taxonomy of associations, 31–32
Teachers, 41, 43, 60
attitudes, 47–49
unions, 44, 51
Teaching, 41–42
Tenure track faculty, 73–74
Third-order model, 134–136
Third-party neutrals
data and methods, 132–134
descriptive statistics of neutral sourcing variations, 135
empirical findings, 134–136
hierarchical OLS results for mediation and arbitration usage, 137–138
literature review, 127–132
quality of neutrals, 131–132
rise of employment arbitration and mediation at US Firms, 127–128
selection procedures, 126
sourcing of neutrals, 128–131
summary statistics and coding scheme, 135
Three-Year Plan (1918–1921), 26
Trade
associations, 31
journals, 11–12
Traditional dual labor market model, 75
Traditional Kibbutzim, 150–153
Typothetae, 31–32
Typothetae Bulletin
, 8, 17, 19, 31–32
Union
collective bargaining agreements, 100
contracts, 101
membership, 148–149
mobilization, 148–149
Union-represented female teachers, 41–42
Unionization, 57
Unionized employees, 3
Unionized grievance procedures, 126–127
Unionized workplaces, 100–101
United Typotheate of America (UTA), 1–2, 8, 10, 12–13, 16, 18, 21, 31–32
demise of UTA (1929–1945), 30
UTA-ITU agreement, 21–22
Unity, 17
US Firms, employment arbitration and mediation at, 127–128
Voluntary Emergency Defense (strike) Fund, 17
Wartime labor market, 23
Web of Science, 148
Work
community, 153–154
participation, 154, 157, 160, 163
work-related decisions, 146
Workplace, 147
conflict resolution, 128
participation, 4–5, 146, 153–155
Workplace democracy, 146–148
dimensions of, 159–164
higher-level participation, 163–164
job autonomy, 159–163
and participation, 150–155
Capitalists
, 13
Carnegie classification
, 92–93
Carole Pateman
, 145–146, 148
Centralized labor policy
, 1–2, 18–19
Century Magazine
, 8
Charter schools
, 60–61
Citizen’s Industrial Association of America (CIAA)
, 18
Civil Rights Act
, 99–100, 127–128
Classical theory of democracy
, 146–147
Cleveland convention (1922)
, 29
Closed Shop Branch (CSB)
, 23
Closed Shop Division (CSD)
, 22
Closed shop printing employers
, 30
Code of Arbitration Procedure
, 130–131
Code of Ethics
, 20
Collective bargaining (CB)
, 44
Collective bargaining and right-to-work (CBRTW)
, 2, 44
states with comprehensive
, 44–46
teachers in
, 57–59
Commercial printing
, 10–11
employer organization in
, 11
industry characteristics
, 10–11
Communitarian living
, 150–153
Comparable Wage Index (CWI)
, 44–46
Completion rates
, 79
Contingent faculty
, 75
employment
, 76–77, 79
Conventional employee-owned enterprises
, 150–153
Conventional workers cooperatives
, 150–153
Cooperation
, 19–20
Court-annexed mediation
, 136
Courts
, 128–129
Cross-price elasticities
, 88–89
Cross-sectional data
, 156–158
Decision involvement
, 153
“Declaration of Policy”
, 17, 19, 24, 29
Degree of control
, 162
Democracy
multidimensional and multifaceted nature of
, 148
organizational
, 150, 153–154
in workplace
, 147–148
Democratic enterprises
, 150–153
Democratic reform enterprises
, 150–153
Democratic spillover
, 164
academic data sources
, 173–174
cross-sectional data
, 156–158
defining workplace democracy and participation
, 150–155
dimensions of workplace democracy
, 159–164
panel or longitudinal data
, 155–156
political efficacy
, 164–167
results
, 150–164
review procedure
, 148–149
spillover thesis
, 146, 148, 163–164
weakened union
, 164–165
Democratic workplace
, 147–148
Dimensions of workplace democracy
, 159–164
Discharge of harassers
, 112–113
Discipline
, 109, 111
Dispute resolution systems
, 102
Distributive justice. See also Procedural justice
, 102, 111–112
and sexual harassment
, 101–102
District-level SASS panel data
, 51
Doctoral/Research institutions
, 74
Duty-to-bargain law
, 44
Dynamic panel data model
, 84–85, 88–90
EBSCOhost Academic Search Premier, 148
Econometric analysis, 84–90
Economic theories, 77, 87
Education Finance Statistics Center (EDFIN), 44
Employee(s)
level of, 162
participation, 153–154, 158–159
Employers’ Association of Detroit (EAD), 31–32
Employers’ associations
management diversity problems in, 13–14
in United States, CA. (1880–1920s), 14–16
Employment. See also Faculty employment
arbitration and mediation at US Firms, 127–128
relations, 1
status, 73–74
Enterprise-level decision-making, 149
Equity theory, 101
Ethical decision-making, 102
Ethnicity, 56
European Social Survey (ESS), 155
European Working Conditions Survey (EWCS), 155
Ex parte communication, 131
Extreme individualism, 15
Face-to-face participation, 149, 153
Faculty employment, 73–74
and compensation, 79
data, 79–81
dynamic panel estimation for employment levels, 95–97
econometric analysis, 84–90
in higher education, 74
literature review, 74–76
theoretical perspectives, 76–79
trends of, 81–84
Faculty life, 76–77
“Fairness”, 8–9
Federal agencies, 128–129
Federal Trade Commission (FTC), 31–32
Female teachers, 41–42
Firm(s), 127, 139
characteristics, 134
firm-based nonunion employment, 126
Flow of control-relevant information, 150–153
Formal decision-making unit, 146
Formal regression analysis, 84–85
Forty-four hour strike tests harmony and unity, 23–26
Free riding, 13
“Free-rider” problem, 40–41
Full professors, 85
Full-time
instructional faculty, 73–74
lecturers/instructors, 74–75, 85
professorial faculty, 73–75
teachers, 55
Gender harassment, 107
General Council (GC), 132
Geographic decentralization, 20
Great Depression, 30
Hierarchical regression analysis, 134–136
Higher education
faculty employment in, 73–74
institutions, 77
Higher-level participation, 163–164
Hispanic teachers, 56, 60
Hooters of America, Inc. v. Phillips
, 126
Human capital theory, 126
ILR Review
, 148
“Income effect”, 78–79
Individual labor contracts, 19–20
Individualism, 8–9
Industrial Relations
, 148
Industrial Relations Committee (IRC), 24
Industrial relations system (IR system), 9, 15
Informal sources, 129–130
Inland Printer, The
, 11–12
“Inquisitorial” systems of justice, 100
Institution(al)
characteristics, 79, 90
employment decisions, 85
finances, 79
wealth, 78–79
Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System (IPEDS), 2–3, 74–75, 79
Inter-quartile range (iqr), 141
Interactional justice and sexual harassment, 103
Internal political efficacy, 162
International Brotherhood of Bookbinders, 31–32
International Joint Council of the Commercial and Periodical Branches of Printing Industry (IJCC), 23
International Printing Pressmen and Assistants’ Union, 31–32
International Printing Pressmen’s Union (IPP), 17
International Typographical Union (ITU), 1–2, 8, 12–13, 16–17, 31–32
Intertemporal correlation coefficients, 92–93
Iron Trades Review
, 16
Issue-contingent model, 102
Janus V. American Federation of State, County, and Municipal Employees, Council 31, 39–40
Job
autonomy, 148, 149, 153, 159, 163
decision latitude, 153
design emphasis, 150–153
discretion, 160
participation, 150
socialization, 153
Joint union–management selection, 3–4
Just cause, 103
K-12 teachers, 41–42
Labor
divisions, 21–23
markets, 12, 14
philosophy, 8–10
Labor and Employment Relations Association (LERA), 1
Labor arbitration
decisions, 3, 104
law, 126–127
Labor Divisions
, 10–11
Labor policy, 19–20
from American plan to end of, 27–30
characteristics of commercial printing industry, 10–11
demise of UTA, 30
employers’ associations in United States, 14–16
forty-four hour strike tests harmony and unity, 23–26
labor divisions, 21–23
management diversity problems in employers’ associations, 13–14
master printers organize, 11–13
striking for shorter hours, defending open shops, and internal dissension, 16–20
in UTA, 10
Labor Studies Journal
, 148
Latin American Public Opinion Project (LAPOP), 155
Legal norms in sexual harassment, 99–100
Linotype machines, 17
Local autonomy, 20
“Locus of control”, 153
of workflow variances, 150–153
Longitudinal data, 155–156
Management
behavior, 109
diversity problems in employers’ associations, 13–14
Market orientation, 15
Master printers, 11–13
Master’s institutions, 74
Me Too Movement
, 99–100
Mediation, 3–4, 128, 130
Mediator
qualification, 136
sourcing, 127, 136
Meritor Savings Bank v. Vinson
, 106, 112–113
Moot, 102, 115
Multilevel mixed-effect models, 57
Multivariate OLS regressions, 134–136
National Association of Manufacturers (NAMs), 18
National Bureau of Information, 31–32
National Center for Education Statistics (NCES), 43
National Teacher and Principal Survey (NTPS), 62
Nested models approach, 134–136
Neutrals
qualification, 131–132
quality of, 131–132
sourcing of, 128–131
New York Typothetae, 8, 11
No agreement (NA), 46
Nonacademic faculty members, 76
Nontenure track faculty, 73–74, 76
full-time, 78, 90
part-time, 2–3
Nonunion
shops, 31–32
workforce, 133
Occupational involvement, 150, 153–154
Off-diagonal coefficients, 87
Open Shop Division (OSD), 21
Open-shop movement, 28, 31–32
Ordinary Least Squares regressions (OLS regressions), 50–51, 134, 136
Organizational democracy. See also Workplace democracy, 148, 149, 150, 153–154
Organizational justice theory, 101–103
distributive justice and sexual harassment, 101–102
interactional justice and sexual harassment, 103
just cause and, 103
procedural justice and sexual harassment, 102–103
Organized employers, 14
Organized labor, 16
Own-price elasticities, 88–89
Panel
data, 155–156
models, 2–3
Parent–teacher associations (PTAs), 155
Part-time faculty, 73–75, 85
Participation, 147–148
dimensions of participation, 162
in workplace, 145–148
workplace democracy and, 150–155
“Participation in enterprise-level decision-making”, 153
Pateman’s theory, 149, 164
Paternalism, 8–9
Phone-based survey method, 132
Political
efficacy, 164–167
participation, 4–5
socialization, 153
Post-JANUS public sector
bargaining laws, 44–46
basic comparisons of agency and CBRTW states, 44–46
comparative predictors of union membership, 59
data, 43–44
descriptive statistics for districts in states, 66
descriptive statistics for teachers in states, 65
empirical strategy, 50–51
prediction for districts covered by collective bargaining agreement, 70–71
principal factors and factor differences between union and nonunion teachers, 66–68
results, 51–57
sample size by state with duty-to-bargain laws, 64
teacher attitudes and school climate, 47–49
teachers, 41–43
Postsecondary educational institutions, 79
Printers’ Ink
, 9
Printers’ League of America (PLA), 19–20
Printing for Profit
, 31–32
Private ADR provider, 128–129, 133–134
Private institutions, 90
Private third-party arbitration, 140
Procedural justice. See also Distributive justice
arbitrator decisions and, 110–111
and sexual harassment, 102–103
and summary discharge of harassers, 112–113
Professionalization theory, 76–77
Professorial faculty, 75–76
ProQuest Political Science Database, 148
ProQuest Social Science Premium Collection, 148
Qualification of workers, 131–132
Qualified arbitrator, 126–127
Quality of neutrals, 128–131
Quality of Working Life (QWL), 150–153
Quid pro quo cases, 106–107
Race, 56
Range of issues, 162
Recruitment sources, 128–129
Repeat-player effect. See Private third-party arbitration
Representative democracy, 146–147
Resource dependency theory, 77–78
Right-to-work laws (RTW laws), 41, 43–44
Robustness test, 56
School and Staffing Survey (SASS), 2, 40, 43
School climate, 47–49
School Districts Finance Survey (SDFS), 44
Scribner’s Monthly
, 8
Second-order model, 134–136
Self-determination theory, 153
Self-governed employee-owned enterprises, 150–153
Self-governed workers cooperatives, 150–153
Sen’s concept of agent, 153
Sensitivity test, 56
Sex discrimination, 99–100
Sexual harassment (SH), 1, 105
arbitration cases, 108–109
arbitrator decisions and procedural justice, 110–111
arbitrator final decisions, 110
cases, 118–119
changes over time in treatment, 105
current study and data, 104–107
decisions, 107–108
distributive justice, 111–112
early 2000s sexual harassment cases, 120–121
early 90s sexual harassment cases, 122–123
issues to ponder, 113–115
management behavior, 109
organizational justice theory, 101–103
procedural justice and summary discharge of harassers, 112–113
rationale for 7/1/1988–6/30/1992 or “Early 90s” Period
, 106
rationale for 7/1/1999–6/30/2004 or “Early 21C” Period
, 106–107
social and legal norms, 99–100
type, 107
“Skill discretion”, 160
“Skill level” job, 160
Social norms in sexual harassment, 99–100
Social science research databases, 148
Socio-moral climate, 162
Sourcing of neutrals, 128–131
Special education teachers, 60–61
Spillover thesis, 4–5, 145–146, 148, 153–154, 163–164
St. Nicholas
, 8
Stability & order
, 9–10, 12–13, 18–22, 25, 31
Standard Cost System
, 20, 26, 31–32
State agencies, 128–129
Steelworkers Trilogy
, 126–127
Stepwise regression, 134–136
Strategic decisions, 152
“Structurally anchored organizational democracy”, 150
“Structurally anchored” participation, 150–153
Student enrollment, 77, 79
Supervisory responsibility, 150
Swilk tests, 141
Taxonomy of associations, 31–32
Teachers, 41, 43, 60
attitudes, 47–49
unions, 44, 51
Teaching, 41–42
Tenure track faculty, 73–74
Third-order model, 134–136
Third-party neutrals
data and methods, 132–134
descriptive statistics of neutral sourcing variations, 135
empirical findings, 134–136
hierarchical OLS results for mediation and arbitration usage, 137–138
literature review, 127–132
quality of neutrals, 131–132
rise of employment arbitration and mediation at US Firms, 127–128
selection procedures, 126
sourcing of neutrals, 128–131
summary statistics and coding scheme, 135
Three-Year Plan (1918–1921), 26
Trade
associations, 31
journals, 11–12
Traditional dual labor market model, 75
Traditional Kibbutzim, 150–153
Typothetae, 31–32
Typothetae Bulletin
, 8, 17, 19, 31–32
Union
collective bargaining agreements, 100
contracts, 101
membership, 148–149
mobilization, 148–149
Union-represented female teachers, 41–42
Unionization, 57
Unionized employees, 3
Unionized grievance procedures, 126–127
Unionized workplaces, 100–101
United Typotheate of America (UTA), 1–2, 8, 10, 12–13, 16, 18, 21, 31–32
demise of UTA (1929–1945), 30
UTA-ITU agreement, 21–22
Unity, 17
US Firms, employment arbitration and mediation at, 127–128
Voluntary Emergency Defense (strike) Fund, 17
Wartime labor market, 23
Web of Science, 148
Work
community, 153–154
participation, 154, 157, 160, 163
work-related decisions, 146
Workplace, 147
conflict resolution, 128
participation, 4–5, 146, 153–155
Workplace democracy, 146–148
dimensions of, 159–164
higher-level participation, 163–164
job autonomy, 159–163
and participation, 150–155
EBSCOhost Academic Search Premier
, 148
Econometric analysis
, 84–90
Economic theories
, 77, 87
Education Finance Statistics Center (EDFIN)
, 44
Employee(s)
level of
, 162
participation
, 153–154, 158–159
Employers’ Association of Detroit (EAD)
, 31–32
Employers’ associations
management diversity problems in
, 13–14
in United States, CA. (1880–1920s)
, 14–16
Employment. See also Faculty employment
arbitration and mediation at US Firms
, 127–128
relations
, 1
status
, 73–74
Enterprise-level decision-making
, 149
Equity theory
, 101
Ethical decision-making
, 102
Ethnicity
, 56
European Social Survey (ESS)
, 155
European Working Conditions Survey (EWCS)
, 155
Ex parte communication
, 131
Extreme individualism
, 15
Face-to-face participation
, 149, 153
Faculty employment
, 73–74
and compensation
, 79
data
, 79–81
dynamic panel estimation for employment levels
, 95–97
econometric analysis
, 84–90
in higher education
, 74
literature review
, 74–76
theoretical perspectives
, 76–79
trends of
, 81–84
Faculty life
, 76–77
“Fairness”
, 8–9
Federal agencies
, 128–129
Federal Trade Commission (FTC)
, 31–32
Female teachers
, 41–42
Firm(s)
, 127, 139
characteristics
, 134
firm-based nonunion employment
, 126
Flow of control-relevant information
, 150–153
Formal decision-making unit
, 146
Formal regression analysis
, 84–85
Forty-four hour strike tests harmony and unity
, 23–26
Free riding
, 13
“Free-rider” problem
, 40–41
Full professors
, 85
Full-time
instructional faculty
, 73–74
lecturers/instructors
, 74–75, 85
professorial faculty
, 73–75
teachers
, 55
Gender harassment, 107
General Council (GC), 132
Geographic decentralization, 20
Great Depression, 30
Hierarchical regression analysis, 134–136
Higher education
faculty employment in, 73–74
institutions, 77
Higher-level participation, 163–164
Hispanic teachers, 56, 60
Hooters of America, Inc. v. Phillips
, 126
Human capital theory, 126
ILR Review
, 148
“Income effect”, 78–79
Individual labor contracts, 19–20
Individualism, 8–9
Industrial Relations
, 148
Industrial Relations Committee (IRC), 24
Industrial relations system (IR system), 9, 15
Informal sources, 129–130
Inland Printer, The
, 11–12
“Inquisitorial” systems of justice, 100
Institution(al)
characteristics, 79, 90
employment decisions, 85
finances, 79
wealth, 78–79
Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System (IPEDS), 2–3, 74–75, 79
Inter-quartile range (iqr), 141
Interactional justice and sexual harassment, 103
Internal political efficacy, 162
International Brotherhood of Bookbinders, 31–32
International Joint Council of the Commercial and Periodical Branches of Printing Industry (IJCC), 23
International Printing Pressmen and Assistants’ Union, 31–32
International Printing Pressmen’s Union (IPP), 17
International Typographical Union (ITU), 1–2, 8, 12–13, 16–17, 31–32
Intertemporal correlation coefficients, 92–93
Iron Trades Review
, 16
Issue-contingent model, 102
Janus V. American Federation of State, County, and Municipal Employees, Council 31, 39–40
Job
autonomy, 148, 149, 153, 159, 163
decision latitude, 153
design emphasis, 150–153
discretion, 160
participation, 150
socialization, 153
Joint union–management selection, 3–4
Just cause, 103
K-12 teachers, 41–42
Labor
divisions, 21–23
markets, 12, 14
philosophy, 8–10
Labor and Employment Relations Association (LERA), 1
Labor arbitration
decisions, 3, 104
law, 126–127
Labor Divisions
, 10–11
Labor policy, 19–20
from American plan to end of, 27–30
characteristics of commercial printing industry, 10–11
demise of UTA, 30
employers’ associations in United States, 14–16
forty-four hour strike tests harmony and unity, 23–26
labor divisions, 21–23
management diversity problems in employers’ associations, 13–14
master printers organize, 11–13
striking for shorter hours, defending open shops, and internal dissension, 16–20
in UTA, 10
Labor Studies Journal
, 148
Latin American Public Opinion Project (LAPOP), 155
Legal norms in sexual harassment, 99–100
Linotype machines, 17
Local autonomy, 20
“Locus of control”, 153
of workflow variances, 150–153
Longitudinal data, 155–156
Management
behavior, 109
diversity problems in employers’ associations, 13–14
Market orientation, 15
Master printers, 11–13
Master’s institutions, 74
Me Too Movement
, 99–100
Mediation, 3–4, 128, 130
Mediator
qualification, 136
sourcing, 127, 136
Meritor Savings Bank v. Vinson
, 106, 112–113
Moot, 102, 115
Multilevel mixed-effect models, 57
Multivariate OLS regressions, 134–136
National Association of Manufacturers (NAMs), 18
National Bureau of Information, 31–32
National Center for Education Statistics (NCES), 43
National Teacher and Principal Survey (NTPS), 62
Nested models approach, 134–136
Neutrals
qualification, 131–132
quality of, 131–132
sourcing of, 128–131
New York Typothetae, 8, 11
No agreement (NA), 46
Nonacademic faculty members, 76
Nontenure track faculty, 73–74, 76
full-time, 78, 90
part-time, 2–3
Nonunion
shops, 31–32
workforce, 133
Occupational involvement, 150, 153–154
Off-diagonal coefficients, 87
Open Shop Division (OSD), 21
Open-shop movement, 28, 31–32
Ordinary Least Squares regressions (OLS regressions), 50–51, 134, 136
Organizational democracy. See also Workplace democracy, 148, 149, 150, 153–154
Organizational justice theory, 101–103
distributive justice and sexual harassment, 101–102
interactional justice and sexual harassment, 103
just cause and, 103
procedural justice and sexual harassment, 102–103
Organized employers, 14
Organized labor, 16
Own-price elasticities, 88–89
Panel
data, 155–156
models, 2–3
Parent–teacher associations (PTAs), 155
Part-time faculty, 73–75, 85
Participation, 147–148
dimensions of participation, 162
in workplace, 145–148
workplace democracy and, 150–155
“Participation in enterprise-level decision-making”, 153
Pateman’s theory, 149, 164
Paternalism, 8–9
Phone-based survey method, 132
Political
efficacy, 164–167
participation, 4–5
socialization, 153
Post-JANUS public sector
bargaining laws, 44–46
basic comparisons of agency and CBRTW states, 44–46
comparative predictors of union membership, 59
data, 43–44
descriptive statistics for districts in states, 66
descriptive statistics for teachers in states, 65
empirical strategy, 50–51
prediction for districts covered by collective bargaining agreement, 70–71
principal factors and factor differences between union and nonunion teachers, 66–68
results, 51–57
sample size by state with duty-to-bargain laws, 64
teacher attitudes and school climate, 47–49
teachers, 41–43
Postsecondary educational institutions, 79
Printers’ Ink
, 9
Printers’ League of America (PLA), 19–20
Printing for Profit
, 31–32
Private ADR provider, 128–129, 133–134
Private institutions, 90
Private third-party arbitration, 140
Procedural justice. See also Distributive justice
arbitrator decisions and, 110–111
and sexual harassment, 102–103
and summary discharge of harassers, 112–113
Professionalization theory, 76–77
Professorial faculty, 75–76
ProQuest Political Science Database, 148
ProQuest Social Science Premium Collection, 148
Qualification of workers, 131–132
Qualified arbitrator, 126–127
Quality of neutrals, 128–131
Quality of Working Life (QWL), 150–153
Quid pro quo cases, 106–107
Race, 56
Range of issues, 162
Recruitment sources, 128–129
Repeat-player effect. See Private third-party arbitration
Representative democracy, 146–147
Resource dependency theory, 77–78
Right-to-work laws (RTW laws), 41, 43–44
Robustness test, 56
School and Staffing Survey (SASS), 2, 40, 43
School climate, 47–49
School Districts Finance Survey (SDFS), 44
Scribner’s Monthly
, 8
Second-order model, 134–136
Self-determination theory, 153
Self-governed employee-owned enterprises, 150–153
Self-governed workers cooperatives, 150–153
Sen’s concept of agent, 153
Sensitivity test, 56
Sex discrimination, 99–100
Sexual harassment (SH), 1, 105
arbitration cases, 108–109
arbitrator decisions and procedural justice, 110–111
arbitrator final decisions, 110
cases, 118–119
changes over time in treatment, 105
current study and data, 104–107
decisions, 107–108
distributive justice, 111–112
early 2000s sexual harassment cases, 120–121
early 90s sexual harassment cases, 122–123
issues to ponder, 113–115
management behavior, 109
organizational justice theory, 101–103
procedural justice and summary discharge of harassers, 112–113
rationale for 7/1/1988–6/30/1992 or “Early 90s” Period
, 106
rationale for 7/1/1999–6/30/2004 or “Early 21C” Period
, 106–107
social and legal norms, 99–100
type, 107
“Skill discretion”, 160
“Skill level” job, 160
Social norms in sexual harassment, 99–100
Social science research databases, 148
Socio-moral climate, 162
Sourcing of neutrals, 128–131
Special education teachers, 60–61
Spillover thesis, 4–5, 145–146, 148, 153–154, 163–164
St. Nicholas
, 8
Stability & order
, 9–10, 12–13, 18–22, 25, 31
Standard Cost System
, 20, 26, 31–32
State agencies, 128–129
Steelworkers Trilogy
, 126–127
Stepwise regression, 134–136
Strategic decisions, 152
“Structurally anchored organizational democracy”, 150
“Structurally anchored” participation, 150–153
Student enrollment, 77, 79
Supervisory responsibility, 150
Swilk tests, 141
Taxonomy of associations, 31–32
Teachers, 41, 43, 60
attitudes, 47–49
unions, 44, 51
Teaching, 41–42
Tenure track faculty, 73–74
Third-order model, 134–136
Third-party neutrals
data and methods, 132–134
descriptive statistics of neutral sourcing variations, 135
empirical findings, 134–136
hierarchical OLS results for mediation and arbitration usage, 137–138
literature review, 127–132
quality of neutrals, 131–132
rise of employment arbitration and mediation at US Firms, 127–128
selection procedures, 126
sourcing of neutrals, 128–131
summary statistics and coding scheme, 135
Three-Year Plan (1918–1921), 26
Trade
associations, 31
journals, 11–12
Traditional dual labor market model, 75
Traditional Kibbutzim, 150–153
Typothetae, 31–32
Typothetae Bulletin
, 8, 17, 19, 31–32
Union
collective bargaining agreements, 100
contracts, 101
membership, 148–149
mobilization, 148–149
Union-represented female teachers, 41–42
Unionization, 57
Unionized employees, 3
Unionized grievance procedures, 126–127
Unionized workplaces, 100–101
United Typotheate of America (UTA), 1–2, 8, 10, 12–13, 16, 18, 21, 31–32
demise of UTA (1929–1945), 30
UTA-ITU agreement, 21–22
Unity, 17
US Firms, employment arbitration and mediation at, 127–128
Voluntary Emergency Defense (strike) Fund, 17
Wartime labor market, 23
Web of Science, 148
Work
community, 153–154
participation, 154, 157, 160, 163
work-related decisions, 146
Workplace, 147
conflict resolution, 128
participation, 4–5, 146, 153–155
Workplace democracy, 146–148
dimensions of, 159–164
higher-level participation, 163–164
job autonomy, 159–163
and participation, 150–155
Gender harassment
, 107
General Council (GC)
, 132
Geographic decentralization
, 20
Great Depression
, 30
Hierarchical regression analysis
, 134–136
Higher education
faculty employment in
, 73–74
institutions
, 77
Higher-level participation
, 163–164
Hispanic teachers
, 56, 60
Hooters of America, Inc. v. Phillips
, 126
Human capital theory
, 126
ILR Review
, 148
“Income effect”, 78–79
Individual labor contracts, 19–20
Individualism, 8–9
Industrial Relations
, 148
Industrial Relations Committee (IRC), 24
Industrial relations system (IR system), 9, 15
Informal sources, 129–130
Inland Printer, The
, 11–12
“Inquisitorial” systems of justice, 100
Institution(al)
characteristics, 79, 90
employment decisions, 85
finances, 79
wealth, 78–79
Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System (IPEDS), 2–3, 74–75, 79
Inter-quartile range (iqr), 141
Interactional justice and sexual harassment, 103
Internal political efficacy, 162
International Brotherhood of Bookbinders, 31–32
International Joint Council of the Commercial and Periodical Branches of Printing Industry (IJCC), 23
International Printing Pressmen and Assistants’ Union, 31–32
International Printing Pressmen’s Union (IPP), 17
International Typographical Union (ITU), 1–2, 8, 12–13, 16–17, 31–32
Intertemporal correlation coefficients, 92–93
Iron Trades Review
, 16
Issue-contingent model, 102
Janus V. American Federation of State, County, and Municipal Employees, Council 31, 39–40
Job
autonomy, 148, 149, 153, 159, 163
decision latitude, 153
design emphasis, 150–153
discretion, 160
participation, 150
socialization, 153
Joint union–management selection, 3–4
Just cause, 103
K-12 teachers, 41–42
Labor
divisions, 21–23
markets, 12, 14
philosophy, 8–10
Labor and Employment Relations Association (LERA), 1
Labor arbitration
decisions, 3, 104
law, 126–127
Labor Divisions
, 10–11
Labor policy, 19–20
from American plan to end of, 27–30
characteristics of commercial printing industry, 10–11
demise of UTA, 30
employers’ associations in United States, 14–16
forty-four hour strike tests harmony and unity, 23–26
labor divisions, 21–23
management diversity problems in employers’ associations, 13–14
master printers organize, 11–13
striking for shorter hours, defending open shops, and internal dissension, 16–20
in UTA, 10
Labor Studies Journal
, 148
Latin American Public Opinion Project (LAPOP), 155
Legal norms in sexual harassment, 99–100
Linotype machines, 17
Local autonomy, 20
“Locus of control”, 153
of workflow variances, 150–153
Longitudinal data, 155–156
Management
behavior, 109
diversity problems in employers’ associations, 13–14
Market orientation, 15
Master printers, 11–13
Master’s institutions, 74
Me Too Movement
, 99–100
Mediation, 3–4, 128, 130
Mediator
qualification, 136
sourcing, 127, 136
Meritor Savings Bank v. Vinson
, 106, 112–113
Moot, 102, 115
Multilevel mixed-effect models, 57
Multivariate OLS regressions, 134–136
National Association of Manufacturers (NAMs), 18
National Bureau of Information, 31–32
National Center for Education Statistics (NCES), 43
National Teacher and Principal Survey (NTPS), 62
Nested models approach, 134–136
Neutrals
qualification, 131–132
quality of, 131–132
sourcing of, 128–131
New York Typothetae, 8, 11
No agreement (NA), 46
Nonacademic faculty members, 76
Nontenure track faculty, 73–74, 76
full-time, 78, 90
part-time, 2–3
Nonunion
shops, 31–32
workforce, 133
Occupational involvement, 150, 153–154
Off-diagonal coefficients, 87
Open Shop Division (OSD), 21
Open-shop movement, 28, 31–32
Ordinary Least Squares regressions (OLS regressions), 50–51, 134, 136
Organizational democracy. See also Workplace democracy, 148, 149, 150, 153–154
Organizational justice theory, 101–103
distributive justice and sexual harassment, 101–102
interactional justice and sexual harassment, 103
just cause and, 103
procedural justice and sexual harassment, 102–103
Organized employers, 14
Organized labor, 16
Own-price elasticities, 88–89
Panel
data, 155–156
models, 2–3
Parent–teacher associations (PTAs), 155
Part-time faculty, 73–75, 85
Participation, 147–148
dimensions of participation, 162
in workplace, 145–148
workplace democracy and, 150–155
“Participation in enterprise-level decision-making”, 153
Pateman’s theory, 149, 164
Paternalism, 8–9
Phone-based survey method, 132
Political
efficacy, 164–167
participation, 4–5
socialization, 153
Post-JANUS public sector
bargaining laws, 44–46
basic comparisons of agency and CBRTW states, 44–46
comparative predictors of union membership, 59
data, 43–44
descriptive statistics for districts in states, 66
descriptive statistics for teachers in states, 65
empirical strategy, 50–51
prediction for districts covered by collective bargaining agreement, 70–71
principal factors and factor differences between union and nonunion teachers, 66–68
results, 51–57
sample size by state with duty-to-bargain laws, 64
teacher attitudes and school climate, 47–49
teachers, 41–43
Postsecondary educational institutions, 79
Printers’ Ink
, 9
Printers’ League of America (PLA), 19–20
Printing for Profit
, 31–32
Private ADR provider, 128–129, 133–134
Private institutions, 90
Private third-party arbitration, 140
Procedural justice. See also Distributive justice
arbitrator decisions and, 110–111
and sexual harassment, 102–103
and summary discharge of harassers, 112–113
Professionalization theory, 76–77
Professorial faculty, 75–76
ProQuest Political Science Database, 148
ProQuest Social Science Premium Collection, 148
Qualification of workers, 131–132
Qualified arbitrator, 126–127
Quality of neutrals, 128–131
Quality of Working Life (QWL), 150–153
Quid pro quo cases, 106–107
Race, 56
Range of issues, 162
Recruitment sources, 128–129
Repeat-player effect. See Private third-party arbitration
Representative democracy, 146–147
Resource dependency theory, 77–78
Right-to-work laws (RTW laws), 41, 43–44
Robustness test, 56
School and Staffing Survey (SASS), 2, 40, 43
School climate, 47–49
School Districts Finance Survey (SDFS), 44
Scribner’s Monthly
, 8
Second-order model, 134–136
Self-determination theory, 153
Self-governed employee-owned enterprises, 150–153
Self-governed workers cooperatives, 150–153
Sen’s concept of agent, 153
Sensitivity test, 56
Sex discrimination, 99–100
Sexual harassment (SH), 1, 105
arbitration cases, 108–109
arbitrator decisions and procedural justice, 110–111
arbitrator final decisions, 110
cases, 118–119
changes over time in treatment, 105
current study and data, 104–107
decisions, 107–108
distributive justice, 111–112
early 2000s sexual harassment cases, 120–121
early 90s sexual harassment cases, 122–123
issues to ponder, 113–115
management behavior, 109
organizational justice theory, 101–103
procedural justice and summary discharge of harassers, 112–113
rationale for 7/1/1988–6/30/1992 or “Early 90s” Period
, 106
rationale for 7/1/1999–6/30/2004 or “Early 21C” Period
, 106–107
social and legal norms, 99–100
type, 107
“Skill discretion”, 160
“Skill level” job, 160
Social norms in sexual harassment, 99–100
Social science research databases, 148
Socio-moral climate, 162
Sourcing of neutrals, 128–131
Special education teachers, 60–61
Spillover thesis, 4–5, 145–146, 148, 153–154, 163–164
St. Nicholas
, 8
Stability & order
, 9–10, 12–13, 18–22, 25, 31
Standard Cost System
, 20, 26, 31–32
State agencies, 128–129
Steelworkers Trilogy
, 126–127
Stepwise regression, 134–136
Strategic decisions, 152
“Structurally anchored organizational democracy”, 150
“Structurally anchored” participation, 150–153
Student enrollment, 77, 79
Supervisory responsibility, 150
Swilk tests, 141
Taxonomy of associations, 31–32
Teachers, 41, 43, 60
attitudes, 47–49
unions, 44, 51
Teaching, 41–42
Tenure track faculty, 73–74
Third-order model, 134–136
Third-party neutrals
data and methods, 132–134
descriptive statistics of neutral sourcing variations, 135
empirical findings, 134–136
hierarchical OLS results for mediation and arbitration usage, 137–138
literature review, 127–132
quality of neutrals, 131–132
rise of employment arbitration and mediation at US Firms, 127–128
selection procedures, 126
sourcing of neutrals, 128–131
summary statistics and coding scheme, 135
Three-Year Plan (1918–1921), 26
Trade
associations, 31
journals, 11–12
Traditional dual labor market model, 75
Traditional Kibbutzim, 150–153
Typothetae, 31–32
Typothetae Bulletin
, 8, 17, 19, 31–32
Union
collective bargaining agreements, 100
contracts, 101
membership, 148–149
mobilization, 148–149
Union-represented female teachers, 41–42
Unionization, 57
Unionized employees, 3
Unionized grievance procedures, 126–127
Unionized workplaces, 100–101
United Typotheate of America (UTA), 1–2, 8, 10, 12–13, 16, 18, 21, 31–32
demise of UTA (1929–1945), 30
UTA-ITU agreement, 21–22
Unity, 17
US Firms, employment arbitration and mediation at, 127–128
Voluntary Emergency Defense (strike) Fund, 17
Wartime labor market, 23
Web of Science, 148
Work
community, 153–154
participation, 154, 157, 160, 163
work-related decisions, 146
Workplace, 147
conflict resolution, 128
participation, 4–5, 146, 153–155
Workplace democracy, 146–148
dimensions of, 159–164
higher-level participation, 163–164
job autonomy, 159–163
and participation, 150–155
ILR Review
, 148
“Income effect”
, 78–79
Individual labor contracts
, 19–20
Individualism
, 8–9
Industrial Relations
, 148
Industrial Relations Committee (IRC)
, 24
Industrial relations system (IR system)
, 9, 15
Informal sources
, 129–130
Inland Printer, The
, 11–12
“Inquisitorial” systems of justice
, 100
Institution(al)
characteristics
, 79, 90
employment decisions
, 85
finances
, 79
wealth
, 78–79
Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System (IPEDS)
, 2–3, 74–75, 79
Inter-quartile range (iqr)
, 141
Interactional justice and sexual harassment
, 103
Internal political efficacy
, 162
International Brotherhood of Bookbinders
, 31–32
International Joint Council of the Commercial and Periodical Branches of Printing Industry (IJCC)
, 23
International Printing Pressmen and Assistants’ Union
, 31–32
International Printing Pressmen’s Union (IPP)
, 17
International Typographical Union (ITU)
, 1–2, 8, 12–13, 16–17, 31–32
Intertemporal correlation coefficients
, 92–93
Iron Trades Review
, 16
Issue-contingent model
, 102
Janus V. American Federation of State, County, and Municipal Employees, Council 31
, 39–40
Job
autonomy
, 148, 149, 153, 159, 163
decision latitude
, 153
design emphasis
, 150–153
discretion
, 160
participation
, 150
socialization
, 153
Joint union–management selection
, 3–4
Just cause
, 103
K-12 teachers, 41–42
Labor
divisions, 21–23
markets, 12, 14
philosophy, 8–10
Labor and Employment Relations Association (LERA), 1
Labor arbitration
decisions, 3, 104
law, 126–127
Labor Divisions
, 10–11
Labor policy, 19–20
from American plan to end of, 27–30
characteristics of commercial printing industry, 10–11
demise of UTA, 30
employers’ associations in United States, 14–16
forty-four hour strike tests harmony and unity, 23–26
labor divisions, 21–23
management diversity problems in employers’ associations, 13–14
master printers organize, 11–13
striking for shorter hours, defending open shops, and internal dissension, 16–20
in UTA, 10
Labor Studies Journal
, 148
Latin American Public Opinion Project (LAPOP), 155
Legal norms in sexual harassment, 99–100
Linotype machines, 17
Local autonomy, 20
“Locus of control”, 153
of workflow variances, 150–153
Longitudinal data, 155–156
Management
behavior, 109
diversity problems in employers’ associations, 13–14
Market orientation, 15
Master printers, 11–13
Master’s institutions, 74
Me Too Movement
, 99–100
Mediation, 3–4, 128, 130
Mediator
qualification, 136
sourcing, 127, 136
Meritor Savings Bank v. Vinson
, 106, 112–113
Moot, 102, 115
Multilevel mixed-effect models, 57
Multivariate OLS regressions, 134–136
National Association of Manufacturers (NAMs), 18
National Bureau of Information, 31–32
National Center for Education Statistics (NCES), 43
National Teacher and Principal Survey (NTPS), 62
Nested models approach, 134–136
Neutrals
qualification, 131–132
quality of, 131–132
sourcing of, 128–131
New York Typothetae, 8, 11
No agreement (NA), 46
Nonacademic faculty members, 76
Nontenure track faculty, 73–74, 76
full-time, 78, 90
part-time, 2–3
Nonunion
shops, 31–32
workforce, 133
Occupational involvement, 150, 153–154
Off-diagonal coefficients, 87
Open Shop Division (OSD), 21
Open-shop movement, 28, 31–32
Ordinary Least Squares regressions (OLS regressions), 50–51, 134, 136
Organizational democracy. See also Workplace democracy, 148, 149, 150, 153–154
Organizational justice theory, 101–103
distributive justice and sexual harassment, 101–102
interactional justice and sexual harassment, 103
just cause and, 103
procedural justice and sexual harassment, 102–103
Organized employers, 14
Organized labor, 16
Own-price elasticities, 88–89
Panel
data, 155–156
models, 2–3
Parent–teacher associations (PTAs), 155
Part-time faculty, 73–75, 85
Participation, 147–148
dimensions of participation, 162
in workplace, 145–148
workplace democracy and, 150–155
“Participation in enterprise-level decision-making”, 153
Pateman’s theory, 149, 164
Paternalism, 8–9
Phone-based survey method, 132
Political
efficacy, 164–167
participation, 4–5
socialization, 153
Post-JANUS public sector
bargaining laws, 44–46
basic comparisons of agency and CBRTW states, 44–46
comparative predictors of union membership, 59
data, 43–44
descriptive statistics for districts in states, 66
descriptive statistics for teachers in states, 65
empirical strategy, 50–51
prediction for districts covered by collective bargaining agreement, 70–71
principal factors and factor differences between union and nonunion teachers, 66–68
results, 51–57
sample size by state with duty-to-bargain laws, 64
teacher attitudes and school climate, 47–49
teachers, 41–43
Postsecondary educational institutions, 79
Printers’ Ink
, 9
Printers’ League of America (PLA), 19–20
Printing for Profit
, 31–32
Private ADR provider, 128–129, 133–134
Private institutions, 90
Private third-party arbitration, 140
Procedural justice. See also Distributive justice
arbitrator decisions and, 110–111
and sexual harassment, 102–103
and summary discharge of harassers, 112–113
Professionalization theory, 76–77
Professorial faculty, 75–76
ProQuest Political Science Database, 148
ProQuest Social Science Premium Collection, 148
Qualification of workers, 131–132
Qualified arbitrator, 126–127
Quality of neutrals, 128–131
Quality of Working Life (QWL), 150–153
Quid pro quo cases, 106–107
Race, 56
Range of issues, 162
Recruitment sources, 128–129
Repeat-player effect. See Private third-party arbitration
Representative democracy, 146–147
Resource dependency theory, 77–78
Right-to-work laws (RTW laws), 41, 43–44
Robustness test, 56
School and Staffing Survey (SASS), 2, 40, 43
School climate, 47–49
School Districts Finance Survey (SDFS), 44
Scribner’s Monthly
, 8
Second-order model, 134–136
Self-determination theory, 153
Self-governed employee-owned enterprises, 150–153
Self-governed workers cooperatives, 150–153
Sen’s concept of agent, 153
Sensitivity test, 56
Sex discrimination, 99–100
Sexual harassment (SH), 1, 105
arbitration cases, 108–109
arbitrator decisions and procedural justice, 110–111
arbitrator final decisions, 110
cases, 118–119
changes over time in treatment, 105
current study and data, 104–107
decisions, 107–108
distributive justice, 111–112
early 2000s sexual harassment cases, 120–121
early 90s sexual harassment cases, 122–123
issues to ponder, 113–115
management behavior, 109
organizational justice theory, 101–103
procedural justice and summary discharge of harassers, 112–113
rationale for 7/1/1988–6/30/1992 or “Early 90s” Period
, 106
rationale for 7/1/1999–6/30/2004 or “Early 21C” Period
, 106–107
social and legal norms, 99–100
type, 107
“Skill discretion”, 160
“Skill level” job, 160
Social norms in sexual harassment, 99–100
Social science research databases, 148
Socio-moral climate, 162
Sourcing of neutrals, 128–131
Special education teachers, 60–61
Spillover thesis, 4–5, 145–146, 148, 153–154, 163–164
St. Nicholas
, 8
Stability & order
, 9–10, 12–13, 18–22, 25, 31
Standard Cost System
, 20, 26, 31–32
State agencies, 128–129
Steelworkers Trilogy
, 126–127
Stepwise regression, 134–136
Strategic decisions, 152
“Structurally anchored organizational democracy”, 150
“Structurally anchored” participation, 150–153
Student enrollment, 77, 79
Supervisory responsibility, 150
Swilk tests, 141
Taxonomy of associations, 31–32
Teachers, 41, 43, 60
attitudes, 47–49
unions, 44, 51
Teaching, 41–42
Tenure track faculty, 73–74
Third-order model, 134–136
Third-party neutrals
data and methods, 132–134
descriptive statistics of neutral sourcing variations, 135
empirical findings, 134–136
hierarchical OLS results for mediation and arbitration usage, 137–138
literature review, 127–132
quality of neutrals, 131–132
rise of employment arbitration and mediation at US Firms, 127–128
selection procedures, 126
sourcing of neutrals, 128–131
summary statistics and coding scheme, 135
Three-Year Plan (1918–1921), 26
Trade
associations, 31
journals, 11–12
Traditional dual labor market model, 75
Traditional Kibbutzim, 150–153
Typothetae, 31–32
Typothetae Bulletin
, 8, 17, 19, 31–32
Union
collective bargaining agreements, 100
contracts, 101
membership, 148–149
mobilization, 148–149
Union-represented female teachers, 41–42
Unionization, 57
Unionized employees, 3
Unionized grievance procedures, 126–127
Unionized workplaces, 100–101
United Typotheate of America (UTA), 1–2, 8, 10, 12–13, 16, 18, 21, 31–32
demise of UTA (1929–1945), 30
UTA-ITU agreement, 21–22
Unity, 17
US Firms, employment arbitration and mediation at, 127–128
Voluntary Emergency Defense (strike) Fund, 17
Wartime labor market, 23
Web of Science, 148
Work
community, 153–154
participation, 154, 157, 160, 163
work-related decisions, 146
Workplace, 147
conflict resolution, 128
participation, 4–5, 146, 153–155
Workplace democracy, 146–148
dimensions of, 159–164
higher-level participation, 163–164
job autonomy, 159–163
and participation, 150–155
K-12 teachers
, 41–42
Labor
divisions
, 21–23
markets
, 12, 14
philosophy
, 8–10
Labor and Employment Relations Association (LERA)
, 1
Labor arbitration
decisions
, 3, 104
law
, 126–127
Labor Divisions
, 10–11
Labor policy
, 19–20
from American plan to end of
, 27–30
characteristics of commercial printing industry
, 10–11
demise of UTA
, 30
employers’ associations in United States
, 14–16
forty-four hour strike tests harmony and unity
, 23–26
labor divisions
, 21–23
management diversity problems in employers’ associations
, 13–14
master printers organize
, 11–13
striking for shorter hours, defending open shops, and internal dissension
, 16–20
in UTA
, 10
Labor Studies Journal
, 148
Latin American Public Opinion Project (LAPOP)
, 155
Legal norms in sexual harassment
, 99–100
Linotype machines
, 17
Local autonomy
, 20
“Locus of control”
, 153
of workflow variances
, 150–153
Longitudinal data
, 155–156
Management
behavior, 109
diversity problems in employers’ associations, 13–14
Market orientation, 15
Master printers, 11–13
Master’s institutions, 74
Me Too Movement
, 99–100
Mediation, 3–4, 128, 130
Mediator
qualification, 136
sourcing, 127, 136
Meritor Savings Bank v. Vinson
, 106, 112–113
Moot, 102, 115
Multilevel mixed-effect models, 57
Multivariate OLS regressions, 134–136
National Association of Manufacturers (NAMs), 18
National Bureau of Information, 31–32
National Center for Education Statistics (NCES), 43
National Teacher and Principal Survey (NTPS), 62
Nested models approach, 134–136
Neutrals
qualification, 131–132
quality of, 131–132
sourcing of, 128–131
New York Typothetae, 8, 11
No agreement (NA), 46
Nonacademic faculty members, 76
Nontenure track faculty, 73–74, 76
full-time, 78, 90
part-time, 2–3
Nonunion
shops, 31–32
workforce, 133
Occupational involvement, 150, 153–154
Off-diagonal coefficients, 87
Open Shop Division (OSD), 21
Open-shop movement, 28, 31–32
Ordinary Least Squares regressions (OLS regressions), 50–51, 134, 136
Organizational democracy. See also Workplace democracy, 148, 149, 150, 153–154
Organizational justice theory, 101–103
distributive justice and sexual harassment, 101–102
interactional justice and sexual harassment, 103
just cause and, 103
procedural justice and sexual harassment, 102–103
Organized employers, 14
Organized labor, 16
Own-price elasticities, 88–89
Panel
data, 155–156
models, 2–3
Parent–teacher associations (PTAs), 155
Part-time faculty, 73–75, 85
Participation, 147–148
dimensions of participation, 162
in workplace, 145–148
workplace democracy and, 150–155
“Participation in enterprise-level decision-making”, 153
Pateman’s theory, 149, 164
Paternalism, 8–9
Phone-based survey method, 132
Political
efficacy, 164–167
participation, 4–5
socialization, 153
Post-JANUS public sector
bargaining laws, 44–46
basic comparisons of agency and CBRTW states, 44–46
comparative predictors of union membership, 59
data, 43–44
descriptive statistics for districts in states, 66
descriptive statistics for teachers in states, 65
empirical strategy, 50–51
prediction for districts covered by collective bargaining agreement, 70–71
principal factors and factor differences between union and nonunion teachers, 66–68
results, 51–57
sample size by state with duty-to-bargain laws, 64
teacher attitudes and school climate, 47–49
teachers, 41–43
Postsecondary educational institutions, 79
Printers’ Ink
, 9
Printers’ League of America (PLA), 19–20
Printing for Profit
, 31–32
Private ADR provider, 128–129, 133–134
Private institutions, 90
Private third-party arbitration, 140
Procedural justice. See also Distributive justice
arbitrator decisions and, 110–111
and sexual harassment, 102–103
and summary discharge of harassers, 112–113
Professionalization theory, 76–77
Professorial faculty, 75–76
ProQuest Political Science Database, 148
ProQuest Social Science Premium Collection, 148
Qualification of workers, 131–132
Qualified arbitrator, 126–127
Quality of neutrals, 128–131
Quality of Working Life (QWL), 150–153
Quid pro quo cases, 106–107
Race, 56
Range of issues, 162
Recruitment sources, 128–129
Repeat-player effect. See Private third-party arbitration
Representative democracy, 146–147
Resource dependency theory, 77–78
Right-to-work laws (RTW laws), 41, 43–44
Robustness test, 56
School and Staffing Survey (SASS), 2, 40, 43
School climate, 47–49
School Districts Finance Survey (SDFS), 44
Scribner’s Monthly
, 8
Second-order model, 134–136
Self-determination theory, 153
Self-governed employee-owned enterprises, 150–153
Self-governed workers cooperatives, 150–153
Sen’s concept of agent, 153
Sensitivity test, 56
Sex discrimination, 99–100
Sexual harassment (SH), 1, 105
arbitration cases, 108–109
arbitrator decisions and procedural justice, 110–111
arbitrator final decisions, 110
cases, 118–119
changes over time in treatment, 105
current study and data, 104–107
decisions, 107–108
distributive justice, 111–112
early 2000s sexual harassment cases, 120–121
early 90s sexual harassment cases, 122–123
issues to ponder, 113–115
management behavior, 109
organizational justice theory, 101–103
procedural justice and summary discharge of harassers, 112–113
rationale for 7/1/1988–6/30/1992 or “Early 90s” Period
, 106
rationale for 7/1/1999–6/30/2004 or “Early 21C” Period
, 106–107
social and legal norms, 99–100
type, 107
“Skill discretion”, 160
“Skill level” job, 160
Social norms in sexual harassment, 99–100
Social science research databases, 148
Socio-moral climate, 162
Sourcing of neutrals, 128–131
Special education teachers, 60–61
Spillover thesis, 4–5, 145–146, 148, 153–154, 163–164
St. Nicholas
, 8
Stability & order
, 9–10, 12–13, 18–22, 25, 31
Standard Cost System
, 20, 26, 31–32
State agencies, 128–129
Steelworkers Trilogy
, 126–127
Stepwise regression, 134–136
Strategic decisions, 152
“Structurally anchored organizational democracy”, 150
“Structurally anchored” participation, 150–153
Student enrollment, 77, 79
Supervisory responsibility, 150
Swilk tests, 141
Taxonomy of associations, 31–32
Teachers, 41, 43, 60
attitudes, 47–49
unions, 44, 51
Teaching, 41–42
Tenure track faculty, 73–74
Third-order model, 134–136
Third-party neutrals
data and methods, 132–134
descriptive statistics of neutral sourcing variations, 135
empirical findings, 134–136
hierarchical OLS results for mediation and arbitration usage, 137–138
literature review, 127–132
quality of neutrals, 131–132
rise of employment arbitration and mediation at US Firms, 127–128
selection procedures, 126
sourcing of neutrals, 128–131
summary statistics and coding scheme, 135
Three-Year Plan (1918–1921), 26
Trade
associations, 31
journals, 11–12
Traditional dual labor market model, 75
Traditional Kibbutzim, 150–153
Typothetae, 31–32
Typothetae Bulletin
, 8, 17, 19, 31–32
Union
collective bargaining agreements, 100
contracts, 101
membership, 148–149
mobilization, 148–149
Union-represented female teachers, 41–42
Unionization, 57
Unionized employees, 3
Unionized grievance procedures, 126–127
Unionized workplaces, 100–101
United Typotheate of America (UTA), 1–2, 8, 10, 12–13, 16, 18, 21, 31–32
demise of UTA (1929–1945), 30
UTA-ITU agreement, 21–22
Unity, 17
US Firms, employment arbitration and mediation at, 127–128
Voluntary Emergency Defense (strike) Fund, 17
Wartime labor market, 23
Web of Science, 148
Work
community, 153–154
participation, 154, 157, 160, 163
work-related decisions, 146
Workplace, 147
conflict resolution, 128
participation, 4–5, 146, 153–155
Workplace democracy, 146–148
dimensions of, 159–164
higher-level participation, 163–164
job autonomy, 159–163
and participation, 150–155
Management
behavior
, 109
diversity problems in employers’ associations
, 13–14
Market orientation
, 15
Master printers
, 11–13
Master’s institutions
, 74
Me Too Movement
, 99–100
Mediation
, 3–4, 128, 130
Mediator
qualification
, 136
sourcing
, 127, 136
Meritor Savings Bank v. Vinson
, 106, 112–113
Moot
, 102, 115
Multilevel mixed-effect models
, 57
Multivariate OLS regressions
, 134–136
National Association of Manufacturers (NAMs)
, 18
National Bureau of Information
, 31–32
National Center for Education Statistics (NCES)
, 43
National Teacher and Principal Survey (NTPS)
, 62
Nested models approach
, 134–136
Neutrals
qualification
, 131–132
quality of
, 131–132
sourcing of
, 128–131
New York Typothetae
, 8, 11
No agreement (NA)
, 46
Nonacademic faculty members
, 76
Nontenure track faculty
, 73–74, 76
full-time
, 78, 90
part-time
, 2–3
Nonunion
shops
, 31–32
workforce
, 133
Occupational involvement, 150, 153–154
Off-diagonal coefficients, 87
Open Shop Division (OSD), 21
Open-shop movement, 28, 31–32
Ordinary Least Squares regressions (OLS regressions), 50–51, 134, 136
Organizational democracy. See also Workplace democracy, 148, 149, 150, 153–154
Organizational justice theory, 101–103
distributive justice and sexual harassment, 101–102
interactional justice and sexual harassment, 103
just cause and, 103
procedural justice and sexual harassment, 102–103
Organized employers, 14
Organized labor, 16
Own-price elasticities, 88–89
Panel
data, 155–156
models, 2–3
Parent–teacher associations (PTAs), 155
Part-time faculty, 73–75, 85
Participation, 147–148
dimensions of participation, 162
in workplace, 145–148
workplace democracy and, 150–155
“Participation in enterprise-level decision-making”, 153
Pateman’s theory, 149, 164
Paternalism, 8–9
Phone-based survey method, 132
Political
efficacy, 164–167
participation, 4–5
socialization, 153
Post-JANUS public sector
bargaining laws, 44–46
basic comparisons of agency and CBRTW states, 44–46
comparative predictors of union membership, 59
data, 43–44
descriptive statistics for districts in states, 66
descriptive statistics for teachers in states, 65
empirical strategy, 50–51
prediction for districts covered by collective bargaining agreement, 70–71
principal factors and factor differences between union and nonunion teachers, 66–68
results, 51–57
sample size by state with duty-to-bargain laws, 64
teacher attitudes and school climate, 47–49
teachers, 41–43
Postsecondary educational institutions, 79
Printers’ Ink
, 9
Printers’ League of America (PLA), 19–20
Printing for Profit
, 31–32
Private ADR provider, 128–129, 133–134
Private institutions, 90
Private third-party arbitration, 140
Procedural justice. See also Distributive justice
arbitrator decisions and, 110–111
and sexual harassment, 102–103
and summary discharge of harassers, 112–113
Professionalization theory, 76–77
Professorial faculty, 75–76
ProQuest Political Science Database, 148
ProQuest Social Science Premium Collection, 148
Qualification of workers, 131–132
Qualified arbitrator, 126–127
Quality of neutrals, 128–131
Quality of Working Life (QWL), 150–153
Quid pro quo cases, 106–107
Race, 56
Range of issues, 162
Recruitment sources, 128–129
Repeat-player effect. See Private third-party arbitration
Representative democracy, 146–147
Resource dependency theory, 77–78
Right-to-work laws (RTW laws), 41, 43–44
Robustness test, 56
School and Staffing Survey (SASS), 2, 40, 43
School climate, 47–49
School Districts Finance Survey (SDFS), 44
Scribner’s Monthly
, 8
Second-order model, 134–136
Self-determination theory, 153
Self-governed employee-owned enterprises, 150–153
Self-governed workers cooperatives, 150–153
Sen’s concept of agent, 153
Sensitivity test, 56
Sex discrimination, 99–100
Sexual harassment (SH), 1, 105
arbitration cases, 108–109
arbitrator decisions and procedural justice, 110–111
arbitrator final decisions, 110
cases, 118–119
changes over time in treatment, 105
current study and data, 104–107
decisions, 107–108
distributive justice, 111–112
early 2000s sexual harassment cases, 120–121
early 90s sexual harassment cases, 122–123
issues to ponder, 113–115
management behavior, 109
organizational justice theory, 101–103
procedural justice and summary discharge of harassers, 112–113
rationale for 7/1/1988–6/30/1992 or “Early 90s” Period
, 106
rationale for 7/1/1999–6/30/2004 or “Early 21C” Period
, 106–107
social and legal norms, 99–100
type, 107
“Skill discretion”, 160
“Skill level” job, 160
Social norms in sexual harassment, 99–100
Social science research databases, 148
Socio-moral climate, 162
Sourcing of neutrals, 128–131
Special education teachers, 60–61
Spillover thesis, 4–5, 145–146, 148, 153–154, 163–164
St. Nicholas
, 8
Stability & order
, 9–10, 12–13, 18–22, 25, 31
Standard Cost System
, 20, 26, 31–32
State agencies, 128–129
Steelworkers Trilogy
, 126–127
Stepwise regression, 134–136
Strategic decisions, 152
“Structurally anchored organizational democracy”, 150
“Structurally anchored” participation, 150–153
Student enrollment, 77, 79
Supervisory responsibility, 150
Swilk tests, 141
Taxonomy of associations, 31–32
Teachers, 41, 43, 60
attitudes, 47–49
unions, 44, 51
Teaching, 41–42
Tenure track faculty, 73–74
Third-order model, 134–136
Third-party neutrals
data and methods, 132–134
descriptive statistics of neutral sourcing variations, 135
empirical findings, 134–136
hierarchical OLS results for mediation and arbitration usage, 137–138
literature review, 127–132
quality of neutrals, 131–132
rise of employment arbitration and mediation at US Firms, 127–128
selection procedures, 126
sourcing of neutrals, 128–131
summary statistics and coding scheme, 135
Three-Year Plan (1918–1921), 26
Trade
associations, 31
journals, 11–12
Traditional dual labor market model, 75
Traditional Kibbutzim, 150–153
Typothetae, 31–32
Typothetae Bulletin
, 8, 17, 19, 31–32
Union
collective bargaining agreements, 100
contracts, 101
membership, 148–149
mobilization, 148–149
Union-represented female teachers, 41–42
Unionization, 57
Unionized employees, 3
Unionized grievance procedures, 126–127
Unionized workplaces, 100–101
United Typotheate of America (UTA), 1–2, 8, 10, 12–13, 16, 18, 21, 31–32
demise of UTA (1929–1945), 30
UTA-ITU agreement, 21–22
Unity, 17
US Firms, employment arbitration and mediation at, 127–128
Voluntary Emergency Defense (strike) Fund, 17
Wartime labor market, 23
Web of Science, 148
Work
community, 153–154
participation, 154, 157, 160, 163
work-related decisions, 146
Workplace, 147
conflict resolution, 128
participation, 4–5, 146, 153–155
Workplace democracy, 146–148
dimensions of, 159–164
higher-level participation, 163–164
job autonomy, 159–163
and participation, 150–155
Occupational involvement
, 150, 153–154
Off-diagonal coefficients
, 87
Open Shop Division (OSD)
, 21
Open-shop movement
, 28, 31–32
Ordinary Least Squares regressions (OLS regressions)
, 50–51, 134, 136
Organizational democracy. See also Workplace democracy
, 148, 149, 150, 153–154
Organizational justice theory
, 101–103
distributive justice and sexual harassment
, 101–102
interactional justice and sexual harassment
, 103
just cause and
, 103
procedural justice and sexual harassment
, 102–103
Organized employers
, 14
Organized labor
, 16
Own-price elasticities
, 88–89
Panel
data
, 155–156
models
, 2–3
Parent–teacher associations (PTAs)
, 155
Part-time faculty
, 73–75, 85
Participation
, 147–148
dimensions of participation
, 162
in workplace
, 145–148
workplace democracy and
, 150–155
“Participation in enterprise-level decision-making”
, 153
Pateman’s theory
, 149, 164
Paternalism
, 8–9
Phone-based survey method
, 132
Political
efficacy
, 164–167
participation
, 4–5
socialization
, 153
Post-JANUS public sector
bargaining laws
, 44–46
basic comparisons of agency and CBRTW states
, 44–46
comparative predictors of union membership
, 59
data
, 43–44
descriptive statistics for districts in states
, 66
descriptive statistics for teachers in states
, 65
empirical strategy
, 50–51
prediction for districts covered by collective bargaining agreement
, 70–71
principal factors and factor differences between union and nonunion teachers
, 66–68
results
, 51–57
sample size by state with duty-to-bargain laws
, 64
teacher attitudes and school climate
, 47–49
teachers
, 41–43
Postsecondary educational institutions
, 79
Printers’ Ink
, 9
Printers’ League of America (PLA)
, 19–20
Printing for Profit
, 31–32
Private ADR provider
, 128–129, 133–134
Private institutions
, 90
Private third-party arbitration
, 140
Procedural justice. See also Distributive justice
arbitrator decisions and
, 110–111
and sexual harassment
, 102–103
and summary discharge of harassers
, 112–113
Professionalization theory
, 76–77
Professorial faculty
, 75–76
ProQuest Political Science Database
, 148
ProQuest Social Science Premium Collection
, 148
Qualification of workers, 131–132
Qualified arbitrator, 126–127
Quality of neutrals, 128–131
Quality of Working Life (QWL), 150–153
Quid pro quo cases, 106–107
Race, 56
Range of issues, 162
Recruitment sources, 128–129
Repeat-player effect. See Private third-party arbitration
Representative democracy, 146–147
Resource dependency theory, 77–78
Right-to-work laws (RTW laws), 41, 43–44
Robustness test, 56
School and Staffing Survey (SASS), 2, 40, 43
School climate, 47–49
School Districts Finance Survey (SDFS), 44
Scribner’s Monthly
, 8
Second-order model, 134–136
Self-determination theory, 153
Self-governed employee-owned enterprises, 150–153
Self-governed workers cooperatives, 150–153
Sen’s concept of agent, 153
Sensitivity test, 56
Sex discrimination, 99–100
Sexual harassment (SH), 1, 105
arbitration cases, 108–109
arbitrator decisions and procedural justice, 110–111
arbitrator final decisions, 110
cases, 118–119
changes over time in treatment, 105
current study and data, 104–107
decisions, 107–108
distributive justice, 111–112
early 2000s sexual harassment cases, 120–121
early 90s sexual harassment cases, 122–123
issues to ponder, 113–115
management behavior, 109
organizational justice theory, 101–103
procedural justice and summary discharge of harassers, 112–113
rationale for 7/1/1988–6/30/1992 or “Early 90s” Period
, 106
rationale for 7/1/1999–6/30/2004 or “Early 21C” Period
, 106–107
social and legal norms, 99–100
type, 107
“Skill discretion”, 160
“Skill level” job, 160
Social norms in sexual harassment, 99–100
Social science research databases, 148
Socio-moral climate, 162
Sourcing of neutrals, 128–131
Special education teachers, 60–61
Spillover thesis, 4–5, 145–146, 148, 153–154, 163–164
St. Nicholas
, 8
Stability & order
, 9–10, 12–13, 18–22, 25, 31
Standard Cost System
, 20, 26, 31–32
State agencies, 128–129
Steelworkers Trilogy
, 126–127
Stepwise regression, 134–136
Strategic decisions, 152
“Structurally anchored organizational democracy”, 150
“Structurally anchored” participation, 150–153
Student enrollment, 77, 79
Supervisory responsibility, 150
Swilk tests, 141
Taxonomy of associations, 31–32
Teachers, 41, 43, 60
attitudes, 47–49
unions, 44, 51
Teaching, 41–42
Tenure track faculty, 73–74
Third-order model, 134–136
Third-party neutrals
data and methods, 132–134
descriptive statistics of neutral sourcing variations, 135
empirical findings, 134–136
hierarchical OLS results for mediation and arbitration usage, 137–138
literature review, 127–132
quality of neutrals, 131–132
rise of employment arbitration and mediation at US Firms, 127–128
selection procedures, 126
sourcing of neutrals, 128–131
summary statistics and coding scheme, 135
Three-Year Plan (1918–1921), 26
Trade
associations, 31
journals, 11–12
Traditional dual labor market model, 75
Traditional Kibbutzim, 150–153
Typothetae, 31–32
Typothetae Bulletin
, 8, 17, 19, 31–32
Union
collective bargaining agreements, 100
contracts, 101
membership, 148–149
mobilization, 148–149
Union-represented female teachers, 41–42
Unionization, 57
Unionized employees, 3
Unionized grievance procedures, 126–127
Unionized workplaces, 100–101
United Typotheate of America (UTA), 1–2, 8, 10, 12–13, 16, 18, 21, 31–32
demise of UTA (1929–1945), 30
UTA-ITU agreement, 21–22
Unity, 17
US Firms, employment arbitration and mediation at, 127–128
Voluntary Emergency Defense (strike) Fund, 17
Wartime labor market, 23
Web of Science, 148
Work
community, 153–154
participation, 154, 157, 160, 163
work-related decisions, 146
Workplace, 147
conflict resolution, 128
participation, 4–5, 146, 153–155
Workplace democracy, 146–148
dimensions of, 159–164
higher-level participation, 163–164
job autonomy, 159–163
and participation, 150–155
Qualification of workers
, 131–132
Qualified arbitrator
, 126–127
Quality of neutrals
, 128–131
Quality of Working Life (QWL)
, 150–153
Quid pro quo cases
, 106–107
Race
, 56
Range of issues
, 162
Recruitment sources
, 128–129
Repeat-player effect. See Private third-party arbitration
Representative democracy
, 146–147
Resource dependency theory
, 77–78
Right-to-work laws (RTW laws)
, 41, 43–44
Robustness test
, 56
School and Staffing Survey (SASS), 2, 40, 43
School climate, 47–49
School Districts Finance Survey (SDFS), 44
Scribner’s Monthly
, 8
Second-order model, 134–136
Self-determination theory, 153
Self-governed employee-owned enterprises, 150–153
Self-governed workers cooperatives, 150–153
Sen’s concept of agent, 153
Sensitivity test, 56
Sex discrimination, 99–100
Sexual harassment (SH), 1, 105
arbitration cases, 108–109
arbitrator decisions and procedural justice, 110–111
arbitrator final decisions, 110
cases, 118–119
changes over time in treatment, 105
current study and data, 104–107
decisions, 107–108
distributive justice, 111–112
early 2000s sexual harassment cases, 120–121
early 90s sexual harassment cases, 122–123
issues to ponder, 113–115
management behavior, 109
organizational justice theory, 101–103
procedural justice and summary discharge of harassers, 112–113
rationale for 7/1/1988–6/30/1992 or “Early 90s” Period
, 106
rationale for 7/1/1999–6/30/2004 or “Early 21C” Period
, 106–107
social and legal norms, 99–100
type, 107
“Skill discretion”, 160
“Skill level” job, 160
Social norms in sexual harassment, 99–100
Social science research databases, 148
Socio-moral climate, 162
Sourcing of neutrals, 128–131
Special education teachers, 60–61
Spillover thesis, 4–5, 145–146, 148, 153–154, 163–164
St. Nicholas
, 8
Stability & order
, 9–10, 12–13, 18–22, 25, 31
Standard Cost System
, 20, 26, 31–32
State agencies, 128–129
Steelworkers Trilogy
, 126–127
Stepwise regression, 134–136
Strategic decisions, 152
“Structurally anchored organizational democracy”, 150
“Structurally anchored” participation, 150–153
Student enrollment, 77, 79
Supervisory responsibility, 150
Swilk tests, 141
Taxonomy of associations, 31–32
Teachers, 41, 43, 60
attitudes, 47–49
unions, 44, 51
Teaching, 41–42
Tenure track faculty, 73–74
Third-order model, 134–136
Third-party neutrals
data and methods, 132–134
descriptive statistics of neutral sourcing variations, 135
empirical findings, 134–136
hierarchical OLS results for mediation and arbitration usage, 137–138
literature review, 127–132
quality of neutrals, 131–132
rise of employment arbitration and mediation at US Firms, 127–128
selection procedures, 126
sourcing of neutrals, 128–131
summary statistics and coding scheme, 135
Three-Year Plan (1918–1921), 26
Trade
associations, 31
journals, 11–12
Traditional dual labor market model, 75
Traditional Kibbutzim, 150–153
Typothetae, 31–32
Typothetae Bulletin
, 8, 17, 19, 31–32
Union
collective bargaining agreements, 100
contracts, 101
membership, 148–149
mobilization, 148–149
Union-represented female teachers, 41–42
Unionization, 57
Unionized employees, 3
Unionized grievance procedures, 126–127
Unionized workplaces, 100–101
United Typotheate of America (UTA), 1–2, 8, 10, 12–13, 16, 18, 21, 31–32
demise of UTA (1929–1945), 30
UTA-ITU agreement, 21–22
Unity, 17
US Firms, employment arbitration and mediation at, 127–128
Voluntary Emergency Defense (strike) Fund, 17
Wartime labor market, 23
Web of Science, 148
Work
community, 153–154
participation, 154, 157, 160, 163
work-related decisions, 146
Workplace, 147
conflict resolution, 128
participation, 4–5, 146, 153–155
Workplace democracy, 146–148
dimensions of, 159–164
higher-level participation, 163–164
job autonomy, 159–163
and participation, 150–155
School and Staffing Survey (SASS)
, 2, 40, 43
School climate
, 47–49
School Districts Finance Survey (SDFS)
, 44
Scribner’s Monthly
, 8
Second-order model
, 134–136
Self-determination theory
, 153
Self-governed employee-owned enterprises
, 150–153
Self-governed workers cooperatives
, 150–153
Sen’s concept of agent
, 153
Sensitivity test
, 56
Sex discrimination
, 99–100
Sexual harassment (SH)
, 1, 105
arbitration cases
, 108–109
arbitrator decisions and procedural justice
, 110–111
arbitrator final decisions
, 110
cases
, 118–119
changes over time in treatment
, 105
current study and data
, 104–107
decisions
, 107–108
distributive justice
, 111–112
early 2000s sexual harassment cases
, 120–121
early 90s sexual harassment cases
, 122–123
issues to ponder
, 113–115
management behavior
, 109
organizational justice theory
, 101–103
procedural justice and summary discharge of harassers
, 112–113
rationale for 7/1/1988–6/30/1992 or “Early 90s” Period
, 106
rationale for 7/1/1999–6/30/2004 or “Early 21C” Period
, 106–107
social and legal norms
, 99–100
type
, 107
“Skill discretion”
, 160
“Skill level” job
, 160
Social norms in sexual harassment
, 99–100
Social science research databases
, 148
Socio-moral climate
, 162
Sourcing of neutrals
, 128–131
Special education teachers
, 60–61
Spillover thesis
, 4–5, 145–146, 148, 153–154, 163–164
St. Nicholas
, 8
Stability & order
, 9–10, 12–13, 18–22, 25, 31
Standard Cost System
, 20, 26, 31–32
State agencies
, 128–129
Steelworkers Trilogy
, 126–127
Stepwise regression
, 134–136
Strategic decisions
, 152
“Structurally anchored organizational democracy”
, 150
“Structurally anchored” participation
, 150–153
Student enrollment
, 77, 79
Supervisory responsibility
, 150
Swilk tests
, 141
Taxonomy of associations
, 31–32
Teachers
, 41, 43, 60
attitudes
, 47–49
unions
, 44, 51
Teaching
, 41–42
Tenure track faculty
, 73–74
Third-order model
, 134–136
Third-party neutrals
data and methods
, 132–134
descriptive statistics of neutral sourcing variations
, 135
empirical findings
, 134–136
hierarchical OLS results for mediation and arbitration usage
, 137–138
literature review
, 127–132
quality of neutrals
, 131–132
rise of employment arbitration and mediation at US Firms
, 127–128
selection procedures
, 126
sourcing of neutrals
, 128–131
summary statistics and coding scheme
, 135
Three-Year Plan (1918–1921)
, 26
Trade
associations
, 31
journals
, 11–12
Traditional dual labor market model
, 75
Traditional Kibbutzim
, 150–153
Typothetae
, 31–32
Typothetae Bulletin
, 8, 17, 19, 31–32
Union
collective bargaining agreements, 100
contracts, 101
membership, 148–149
mobilization, 148–149
Union-represented female teachers, 41–42
Unionization, 57
Unionized employees, 3
Unionized grievance procedures, 126–127
Unionized workplaces, 100–101
United Typotheate of America (UTA), 1–2, 8, 10, 12–13, 16, 18, 21, 31–32
demise of UTA (1929–1945), 30
UTA-ITU agreement, 21–22
Unity, 17
US Firms, employment arbitration and mediation at, 127–128
Voluntary Emergency Defense (strike) Fund, 17
Wartime labor market, 23
Web of Science, 148
Work
community, 153–154
participation, 154, 157, 160, 163
work-related decisions, 146
Workplace, 147
conflict resolution, 128
participation, 4–5, 146, 153–155
Workplace democracy, 146–148
dimensions of, 159–164
higher-level participation, 163–164
job autonomy, 159–163
and participation, 150–155
Union
collective bargaining agreements
, 100
contracts
, 101
membership
, 148–149
mobilization
, 148–149
Union-represented female teachers
, 41–42
Unionization
, 57
Unionized employees
, 3
Unionized grievance procedures
, 126–127
Unionized workplaces
, 100–101
United Typotheate of America (UTA)
, 1–2, 8, 10, 12–13, 16, 18, 21, 31–32
demise of UTA (1929–1945)
, 30
UTA-ITU agreement
, 21–22
Unity
, 17
US Firms, employment arbitration and mediation at
, 127–128
Voluntary Emergency Defense (strike) Fund
, 17
Wartime labor market, 23
Web of Science, 148
Work
community, 153–154
participation, 154, 157, 160, 163
work-related decisions, 146
Workplace, 147
conflict resolution, 128
participation, 4–5, 146, 153–155
Workplace democracy, 146–148
dimensions of, 159–164
higher-level participation, 163–164
job autonomy, 159–163
and participation, 150–155
Wartime labor market
, 23
Web of Science
, 148
Work
community
, 153–154
participation
, 154, 157, 160, 163
work-related decisions
, 146
Workplace
, 147
conflict resolution
, 128
participation
, 4–5, 146, 153–155
Workplace democracy
, 146–148
dimensions of
, 159–164
higher-level participation
, 163–164
job autonomy
, 159–163
and participation
, 150–155
- Prelims
- Introduction
- A House Divided: The Making and Unmaking of Labor Policy in the United Typothetae of America, 1887–1928
- Candidates for Free-riding in a Post-Janus Public Sector
- The Increasing Stratification of Faculty Employment at Colleges and Universities in the United States
- Procedural and Distributive Justice in Sexual Harassment Arbitrations: Evolution of Decisions in the Union Context
- An Empirical Examination of How Third-party Neutral Sourcing and Qualification Differences Affect Employment ADR Practice Usage: Evidence from the Fortune 1000
- Democratic Spillover from Workplace into Politics: What Are We Measuring and How?
- Index