Index
Social Factors, Health Care Inequities and Vaccination
ISBN: 978-1-83753-795-2, eISBN: 978-1-83753-794-5
ISSN: 0275-4959
Publication date: 28 August 2023
This content is currently only available as a PDF
Citation
(2023), "Index", Kronenfeld, J.J. (Ed.) Social Factors, Health Care Inequities and Vaccination (Research in the Sociology of Health Care, Vol. 40), Emerald Publishing Limited, Leeds, pp. 151-155. https://doi.org/10.1108/S0275-495920230000040009
Publisher
:Emerald Publishing Limited
Copyright © 2023 Jennie Jacobs Kronenfeld. Published under exclusive licence by Emerald Publishing Limited
INDEX
AARP, 57
Adverse childhood experiences (ACE), 85–86
Allied medical professions, 107–108
American Community Survey (ACS), 10, 67–68, 141
Asian Americans, 88
Asian-White dissimilarity, 10–11, 15–16
Auditory Brainstem Response (ABR), 105, 107–108
Bivariate cross-tabulation, 128
Black-White dissimilarity, 10–11
Black-White index of dissimilarity, 10–11
CalREDIE system, 144
Cardiovascular diseases, 86
Caregivers
for children, 54–55
with disabilities, 46–47
for elderly, 55–57
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 9–10, 28, 66–67, 138
Children, caregivers for, 54–55
Christian nationalism, 70–72
Christian nationalists, 71–72
Christian orthodoxy, 70–71
Chronic illness, 84–85
Chronic Illness Scale, 88–89
Cochlear implants, 105–106
decision-making, 113–117
interviews, 111–113
medicalization, 107–109
normality, 106–107
parents’ medical decision-making process, 109–111
stigma, 109
Community health center (CHC), 124–125
methods, 127–128
results, 128–132
Conscientious vaccination exemptions (CVE), 73
Control variables, 52
Covariates, 89–90
COVID-19 caregivers, 57–58
COVID-19 caregiving observations, 45–46
COVID-19 health outcomes, 6–7
COVID-19 literature, 8
COVID-19 pandemic, 4, 30–31, 44, 46–50, 66
COVID-19 research, 9
COVID-19 vaccination, 28
coverage, 67–68
COVID-19 vaccines, 9, 26–27, 69
barriers to vaccine access, 34
data analysis, 31
demographic snapshot, 31
distrust in medical research, 35–36
findings, 31–37
information sources in favor of vaccines, 34–35
methods, 30–31
new Mexico, rural communities, and, 29–30
rural culture and health behaviors, 29
rural health inequities, 27
rural pandemic inequities, 27–28
rural vaccine inequities, 28–29
sampling strategy and data collection, 30–31
uptake, 7–9
vaccination hesitancy among rural population, 35
vaccine hesitancy among vaccinated, 37
vaccines as means to freedom, 32–34
Cued Speech, 112
Data collection, 30–31
Deaf community, 108
Deaf culture, 108
Deaf eugenics, 108
Deaf people, 112
Deafness, 109
Decision-making process, 32, 113, 117
Dependent variable, 10, 50–51
Descriptive statistics, 52–53
Direct-Acting Antiviral drugs (DAA drugs), 140
Disability, 51–52, 84–86, 89
caregivers with, 46–47
Discrimination, 109
Distress, 85–86
Enzyme-linked immune absorbed assay test (ELISA test), 139–140
Equity, 126–127
Exposure-vulnerability model, 84–85
analytic strategy, 90–92
data and study population, 88
measures, 88–90
methods, 88–92
results, 92–97
Exposure/mediation model, 91
Federally qualified community health centers (FQHCs), 125
Food and Drug Administration (FDA), 4, 38
Full-time caregiving
analysis, 52–53
background, 45–50
caregivers with disabilities, 46–47
control variables, 52
data, 50
dependent variable, 50–51
findings, 53–57
full-time COVID-19 caregivers vs. caregivers for children, 54–55
full-time COVID-19 caregivers vs. caregivers for elderly, 55–57
independent variables, 51–52
informal caregiving and gender, 48
informal caregiving and marginalized minority identities, 46–50
informal caregiving and vaccination status, 49–50
informal caregiving by generation, 48–49
LGBT caregivers, 47–48
limitations, 57–60
measurement, 50–52
methods, 50–52
previously reported COVID-19 caregiving observations, 45–46
racial and ethnic minorities, 46
Full-time COVID-19 caregivers, 54–55, 57
Functional disability, 86
Fundamental cause theory, 146–147
Fundamentalism, 70–71
Gender, 55, 140
informal caregiving and, 48
Generalized structural equation models (GSEM), 90–91
Generation Z, 52
Generations, 52
Genocide, 108
Global pandemic, 5–6
Goffman’s theory of stigma, 109
Good parent, 114–116
Government agencies, 28
Grounded theory, 31
Health behaviors, 29
Health care access, 125, 127
Health disparities, 26–27, 67, 124–125
Health insurance, 142–144
Health Resource Services Administration (HRSA), 127–128
Hepatitis C testing (HCV testing), 138
diagnosis and care, 139–140
Household Pulse Survey, The, 60
HPS, 60
HPS Public Use File (HPS PUF), 50–51
Human papillomavirus (HPV), 68–70
Ideology, 67, 73–74
Income inequality, 140
Independent variables, 10–11, 51–52
Informal caregivers, 44–45
Informal caregiving, 46–50
and gender, 48
by generation, 48–49
and vaccination status, 49–50
Information sources in favor of vaccines, 34–35
Institutional Review Board (IRB), 128
Intersectionality of racism, 140
Johnson & Johnson’s Janssen COVID-19 viral vector vaccine (J&J/Janssen COVID-19 viral vector vaccine), 10
Language development, 111
Latino-White dissimilarity, 10–11
Learning, 67
Lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ), 47
LGBT caregivers, 47–48
LGBT community, 47, 58–59
Long-term disability, 86
Marginalized minority identities, 46–50
Medicaid, 112–113, 124–125
Medical professions, 107–108
Medical stigma, 109
Medical technology, 108
Medicalization, 105, 107, 109
Medicare programs, 124–125
Mental health, 48, 84–85
Millennials, 52
MIT Election Data and Science Lab dataset, 10
Mixed racial/ethnic groups, 88
Moderation analysis, 92
Moderna, 10
Multifactorial etiology of disability, 86
Multinomial logistic regression, 128
Musculoskeletal disorders, 86
National Alliance for Caregiving, 57
National Survey of Drug Use and Health, 86–87
National Vital Statistics Report, 52
Native Americans, 88
New Mexico, 29–30
Normality, 105–107, 113–114
Novel coronavirus, 5–6
Office of Management and Budget (OMB), 9–10
OLS regression models, 16
Osteoarthritis, 86
Pandemic, 67, 70–71
Parents’ medical decision-making process, 109–111
People who inject drugs (PWID), 138
Percent Asian, 15–16
Pfizer-BioNTech, 10
Political conservatism, 72–73
Preliminary bivariate analyses, 57
Psychiatric disorders, 86
Psychological distress, 85–86
Psychosocial stress, 85
Public health, 124–125, 138
Christian nationalism, 70–72
political conservatism, 72–73
preconception, personal belief, and vulnerable population in, 69–70
recommendations, 74
structural, socioeconomic, and health literacy dynamics of rural areas, 67–69
“vulnerable” population exercising “conscience”, 73–74
Race/ethnicity, 5, 7–8, 18–19, 51
Racial/ethnic minority populations, 87
Racial/ethnic-minority variant of framework, 84–85
Reddit, 49
Religious groups, 70–71
Residential segregation
COVID-19 health outcomes, 6–7
COVID-19 vaccine uptake, 7–9
data, 9–10
dependent variable, 10
independent variables, 10–11
literature review and theoretical framework, 5–9
methods, 9, 11
results, 12–16
Risk analysis, 116–117
RNA viral load test, 139–140
Rural communities, 29–30, 38
Rural culture and health behaviors, 29
Rural health inequities, 27
Rural New Mexicans, 38
Rural pandemic inequities, 27–28
Rural residents, 27, 66–67
Rural vaccine inequities, 28–29
Sampling strategy, 30–31
Segregation, 8–11
Self-efficacy, 109
Serious Psychological Distress, 89
Sexual orientation and gender identity (SOGI), 51
Signed Exact English (SEE), 112
Social class, 140
Social determinants of health, 27, 29
Social factors, 138
Social inequality, 84–85
Social inequities in receipt of health care, 140–147
findings, 144
methods, 141–144
Social Vulnerability Index (SVI), 70
Socioeconomic status (SES), 67
Southeastern Pennsylvania Household Health Survey (SPHHS), 127
Spatial proximity, 130
Speech, 111
State-specific resources, 27–28
Stigma, 105, 109
Stress, 87
Structural racism, 140
Structural sexism, 140
Structural stigma, 109
Structural/simultaneous equation models (SEMs), 90–91
Superutilizers, 125–126
Surveillance, 142–144
Thematic qualitative analysis, 31
United States (US), 26, 44, 66–67
Urban communities, 27–28
US Census Bureau’s Household Pulse Survey (US Census Bureau’s HPS), 50
US Department of Health and Human Services (US Department of HHS), 31
Vaccination, 67, 69–70
hesitancy among rural population, 35
rates, 5, 9–11, 15
vaccination-hesitant group, 35–36
Vaccination status, 52
informal caregiving and, 49–50
Vaccine hesitancy, 28
among vaccinated, 37
Vaccines as means to freedom, 32–34
Viral load testing, 138
HCV diagnosis and care, 139–140
importance, 140–147
Vulnerability hypothesis, 87
Vulnerable population, 67
conscience, 73–74
World Health Organization, 46–47
ZIP codes, 9
AARP
, 57
Adverse childhood experiences (ACE)
, 85–86
Allied medical professions
, 107–108
American Community Survey (ACS)
, 10, 67–68, 141
Asian Americans
, 88
Asian-White dissimilarity
, 10–11, 15–16
Auditory Brainstem Response (ABR)
, 105, 107–108
Bivariate cross-tabulation
, 128
Black-White dissimilarity
, 10–11
Black-White index of dissimilarity
, 10–11
CalREDIE system, 144
Cardiovascular diseases, 86
Caregivers
for children, 54–55
with disabilities, 46–47
for elderly, 55–57
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 9–10, 28, 66–67, 138
Children, caregivers for, 54–55
Christian nationalism, 70–72
Christian nationalists, 71–72
Christian orthodoxy, 70–71
Chronic illness, 84–85
Chronic Illness Scale, 88–89
Cochlear implants, 105–106
decision-making, 113–117
interviews, 111–113
medicalization, 107–109
normality, 106–107
parents’ medical decision-making process, 109–111
stigma, 109
Community health center (CHC), 124–125
methods, 127–128
results, 128–132
Conscientious vaccination exemptions (CVE), 73
Control variables, 52
Covariates, 89–90
COVID-19 caregivers, 57–58
COVID-19 caregiving observations, 45–46
COVID-19 health outcomes, 6–7
COVID-19 literature, 8
COVID-19 pandemic, 4, 30–31, 44, 46–50, 66
COVID-19 research, 9
COVID-19 vaccination, 28
coverage, 67–68
COVID-19 vaccines, 9, 26–27, 69
barriers to vaccine access, 34
data analysis, 31
demographic snapshot, 31
distrust in medical research, 35–36
findings, 31–37
information sources in favor of vaccines, 34–35
methods, 30–31
new Mexico, rural communities, and, 29–30
rural culture and health behaviors, 29
rural health inequities, 27
rural pandemic inequities, 27–28
rural vaccine inequities, 28–29
sampling strategy and data collection, 30–31
uptake, 7–9
vaccination hesitancy among rural population, 35
vaccine hesitancy among vaccinated, 37
vaccines as means to freedom, 32–34
Cued Speech, 112
Data collection, 30–31
Deaf community, 108
Deaf culture, 108
Deaf eugenics, 108
Deaf people, 112
Deafness, 109
Decision-making process, 32, 113, 117
Dependent variable, 10, 50–51
Descriptive statistics, 52–53
Direct-Acting Antiviral drugs (DAA drugs), 140
Disability, 51–52, 84–86, 89
caregivers with, 46–47
Discrimination, 109
Distress, 85–86
Enzyme-linked immune absorbed assay test (ELISA test), 139–140
Equity, 126–127
Exposure-vulnerability model, 84–85
analytic strategy, 90–92
data and study population, 88
measures, 88–90
methods, 88–92
results, 92–97
Exposure/mediation model, 91
Federally qualified community health centers (FQHCs), 125
Food and Drug Administration (FDA), 4, 38
Full-time caregiving
analysis, 52–53
background, 45–50
caregivers with disabilities, 46–47
control variables, 52
data, 50
dependent variable, 50–51
findings, 53–57
full-time COVID-19 caregivers vs. caregivers for children, 54–55
full-time COVID-19 caregivers vs. caregivers for elderly, 55–57
independent variables, 51–52
informal caregiving and gender, 48
informal caregiving and marginalized minority identities, 46–50
informal caregiving and vaccination status, 49–50
informal caregiving by generation, 48–49
LGBT caregivers, 47–48
limitations, 57–60
measurement, 50–52
methods, 50–52
previously reported COVID-19 caregiving observations, 45–46
racial and ethnic minorities, 46
Full-time COVID-19 caregivers, 54–55, 57
Functional disability, 86
Fundamental cause theory, 146–147
Fundamentalism, 70–71
Gender, 55, 140
informal caregiving and, 48
Generalized structural equation models (GSEM), 90–91
Generation Z, 52
Generations, 52
Genocide, 108
Global pandemic, 5–6
Goffman’s theory of stigma, 109
Good parent, 114–116
Government agencies, 28
Grounded theory, 31
Health behaviors, 29
Health care access, 125, 127
Health disparities, 26–27, 67, 124–125
Health insurance, 142–144
Health Resource Services Administration (HRSA), 127–128
Hepatitis C testing (HCV testing), 138
diagnosis and care, 139–140
Household Pulse Survey, The, 60
HPS, 60
HPS Public Use File (HPS PUF), 50–51
Human papillomavirus (HPV), 68–70
Ideology, 67, 73–74
Income inequality, 140
Independent variables, 10–11, 51–52
Informal caregivers, 44–45
Informal caregiving, 46–50
and gender, 48
by generation, 48–49
and vaccination status, 49–50
Information sources in favor of vaccines, 34–35
Institutional Review Board (IRB), 128
Intersectionality of racism, 140
Johnson & Johnson’s Janssen COVID-19 viral vector vaccine (J&J/Janssen COVID-19 viral vector vaccine), 10
Language development, 111
Latino-White dissimilarity, 10–11
Learning, 67
Lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ), 47
LGBT caregivers, 47–48
LGBT community, 47, 58–59
Long-term disability, 86
Marginalized minority identities, 46–50
Medicaid, 112–113, 124–125
Medical professions, 107–108
Medical stigma, 109
Medical technology, 108
Medicalization, 105, 107, 109
Medicare programs, 124–125
Mental health, 48, 84–85
Millennials, 52
MIT Election Data and Science Lab dataset, 10
Mixed racial/ethnic groups, 88
Moderation analysis, 92
Moderna, 10
Multifactorial etiology of disability, 86
Multinomial logistic regression, 128
Musculoskeletal disorders, 86
National Alliance for Caregiving, 57
National Survey of Drug Use and Health, 86–87
National Vital Statistics Report, 52
Native Americans, 88
New Mexico, 29–30
Normality, 105–107, 113–114
Novel coronavirus, 5–6
Office of Management and Budget (OMB), 9–10
OLS regression models, 16
Osteoarthritis, 86
Pandemic, 67, 70–71
Parents’ medical decision-making process, 109–111
People who inject drugs (PWID), 138
Percent Asian, 15–16
Pfizer-BioNTech, 10
Political conservatism, 72–73
Preliminary bivariate analyses, 57
Psychiatric disorders, 86
Psychological distress, 85–86
Psychosocial stress, 85
Public health, 124–125, 138
Christian nationalism, 70–72
political conservatism, 72–73
preconception, personal belief, and vulnerable population in, 69–70
recommendations, 74
structural, socioeconomic, and health literacy dynamics of rural areas, 67–69
“vulnerable” population exercising “conscience”, 73–74
Race/ethnicity, 5, 7–8, 18–19, 51
Racial/ethnic minority populations, 87
Racial/ethnic-minority variant of framework, 84–85
Reddit, 49
Religious groups, 70–71
Residential segregation
COVID-19 health outcomes, 6–7
COVID-19 vaccine uptake, 7–9
data, 9–10
dependent variable, 10
independent variables, 10–11
literature review and theoretical framework, 5–9
methods, 9, 11
results, 12–16
Risk analysis, 116–117
RNA viral load test, 139–140
Rural communities, 29–30, 38
Rural culture and health behaviors, 29
Rural health inequities, 27
Rural New Mexicans, 38
Rural pandemic inequities, 27–28
Rural residents, 27, 66–67
Rural vaccine inequities, 28–29
Sampling strategy, 30–31
Segregation, 8–11
Self-efficacy, 109
Serious Psychological Distress, 89
Sexual orientation and gender identity (SOGI), 51
Signed Exact English (SEE), 112
Social class, 140
Social determinants of health, 27, 29
Social factors, 138
Social inequality, 84–85
Social inequities in receipt of health care, 140–147
findings, 144
methods, 141–144
Social Vulnerability Index (SVI), 70
Socioeconomic status (SES), 67
Southeastern Pennsylvania Household Health Survey (SPHHS), 127
Spatial proximity, 130
Speech, 111
State-specific resources, 27–28
Stigma, 105, 109
Stress, 87
Structural racism, 140
Structural sexism, 140
Structural stigma, 109
Structural/simultaneous equation models (SEMs), 90–91
Superutilizers, 125–126
Surveillance, 142–144
Thematic qualitative analysis, 31
United States (US), 26, 44, 66–67
Urban communities, 27–28
US Census Bureau’s Household Pulse Survey (US Census Bureau’s HPS), 50
US Department of Health and Human Services (US Department of HHS), 31
Vaccination, 67, 69–70
hesitancy among rural population, 35
rates, 5, 9–11, 15
vaccination-hesitant group, 35–36
Vaccination status, 52
informal caregiving and, 49–50
Vaccine hesitancy, 28
among vaccinated, 37
Vaccines as means to freedom, 32–34
Viral load testing, 138
HCV diagnosis and care, 139–140
importance, 140–147
Vulnerability hypothesis, 87
Vulnerable population, 67
conscience, 73–74
World Health Organization, 46–47
ZIP codes, 9
CalREDIE system
, 144
Cardiovascular diseases
, 86
Caregivers
for children
, 54–55
with disabilities
, 46–47
for elderly
, 55–57
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
, 9–10, 28, 66–67, 138
Children, caregivers for
, 54–55
Christian nationalism
, 70–72
Christian nationalists
, 71–72
Christian orthodoxy
, 70–71
Chronic illness
, 84–85
Chronic Illness Scale
, 88–89
Cochlear implants
, 105–106
decision-making
, 113–117
interviews
, 111–113
medicalization
, 107–109
normality
, 106–107
parents’ medical decision-making process
, 109–111
stigma
, 109
Community health center (CHC)
, 124–125
methods
, 127–128
results
, 128–132
Conscientious vaccination exemptions (CVE)
, 73
Control variables
, 52
Covariates
, 89–90
COVID-19 caregivers
, 57–58
COVID-19 caregiving observations
, 45–46
COVID-19 health outcomes
, 6–7
COVID-19 literature
, 8
COVID-19 pandemic
, 4, 30–31, 44, 46–50, 66
COVID-19 research
, 9
COVID-19 vaccination
, 28
coverage
, 67–68
COVID-19 vaccines
, 9, 26–27, 69
barriers to vaccine access
, 34
data analysis
, 31
demographic snapshot
, 31
distrust in medical research
, 35–36
findings
, 31–37
information sources in favor of vaccines
, 34–35
methods
, 30–31
new Mexico, rural communities, and
, 29–30
rural culture and health behaviors
, 29
rural health inequities
, 27
rural pandemic inequities
, 27–28
rural vaccine inequities
, 28–29
sampling strategy and data collection
, 30–31
uptake
, 7–9
vaccination hesitancy among rural population
, 35
vaccine hesitancy among vaccinated
, 37
vaccines as means to freedom
, 32–34
Cued Speech
, 112
Data collection
, 30–31
Deaf community
, 108
Deaf culture
, 108
Deaf eugenics
, 108
Deaf people
, 112
Deafness
, 109
Decision-making process
, 32, 113, 117
Dependent variable
, 10, 50–51
Descriptive statistics
, 52–53
Direct-Acting Antiviral drugs (DAA drugs)
, 140
Disability
, 51–52, 84–86, 89
caregivers with
, 46–47
Discrimination
, 109
Distress
, 85–86
Enzyme-linked immune absorbed assay test (ELISA test), 139–140
Equity, 126–127
Exposure-vulnerability model, 84–85
analytic strategy, 90–92
data and study population, 88
measures, 88–90
methods, 88–92
results, 92–97
Exposure/mediation model, 91
Federally qualified community health centers (FQHCs), 125
Food and Drug Administration (FDA), 4, 38
Full-time caregiving
analysis, 52–53
background, 45–50
caregivers with disabilities, 46–47
control variables, 52
data, 50
dependent variable, 50–51
findings, 53–57
full-time COVID-19 caregivers vs. caregivers for children, 54–55
full-time COVID-19 caregivers vs. caregivers for elderly, 55–57
independent variables, 51–52
informal caregiving and gender, 48
informal caregiving and marginalized minority identities, 46–50
informal caregiving and vaccination status, 49–50
informal caregiving by generation, 48–49
LGBT caregivers, 47–48
limitations, 57–60
measurement, 50–52
methods, 50–52
previously reported COVID-19 caregiving observations, 45–46
racial and ethnic minorities, 46
Full-time COVID-19 caregivers, 54–55, 57
Functional disability, 86
Fundamental cause theory, 146–147
Fundamentalism, 70–71
Gender, 55, 140
informal caregiving and, 48
Generalized structural equation models (GSEM), 90–91
Generation Z, 52
Generations, 52
Genocide, 108
Global pandemic, 5–6
Goffman’s theory of stigma, 109
Good parent, 114–116
Government agencies, 28
Grounded theory, 31
Health behaviors, 29
Health care access, 125, 127
Health disparities, 26–27, 67, 124–125
Health insurance, 142–144
Health Resource Services Administration (HRSA), 127–128
Hepatitis C testing (HCV testing), 138
diagnosis and care, 139–140
Household Pulse Survey, The, 60
HPS, 60
HPS Public Use File (HPS PUF), 50–51
Human papillomavirus (HPV), 68–70
Ideology, 67, 73–74
Income inequality, 140
Independent variables, 10–11, 51–52
Informal caregivers, 44–45
Informal caregiving, 46–50
and gender, 48
by generation, 48–49
and vaccination status, 49–50
Information sources in favor of vaccines, 34–35
Institutional Review Board (IRB), 128
Intersectionality of racism, 140
Johnson & Johnson’s Janssen COVID-19 viral vector vaccine (J&J/Janssen COVID-19 viral vector vaccine), 10
Language development, 111
Latino-White dissimilarity, 10–11
Learning, 67
Lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ), 47
LGBT caregivers, 47–48
LGBT community, 47, 58–59
Long-term disability, 86
Marginalized minority identities, 46–50
Medicaid, 112–113, 124–125
Medical professions, 107–108
Medical stigma, 109
Medical technology, 108
Medicalization, 105, 107, 109
Medicare programs, 124–125
Mental health, 48, 84–85
Millennials, 52
MIT Election Data and Science Lab dataset, 10
Mixed racial/ethnic groups, 88
Moderation analysis, 92
Moderna, 10
Multifactorial etiology of disability, 86
Multinomial logistic regression, 128
Musculoskeletal disorders, 86
National Alliance for Caregiving, 57
National Survey of Drug Use and Health, 86–87
National Vital Statistics Report, 52
Native Americans, 88
New Mexico, 29–30
Normality, 105–107, 113–114
Novel coronavirus, 5–6
Office of Management and Budget (OMB), 9–10
OLS regression models, 16
Osteoarthritis, 86
Pandemic, 67, 70–71
Parents’ medical decision-making process, 109–111
People who inject drugs (PWID), 138
Percent Asian, 15–16
Pfizer-BioNTech, 10
Political conservatism, 72–73
Preliminary bivariate analyses, 57
Psychiatric disorders, 86
Psychological distress, 85–86
Psychosocial stress, 85
Public health, 124–125, 138
Christian nationalism, 70–72
political conservatism, 72–73
preconception, personal belief, and vulnerable population in, 69–70
recommendations, 74
structural, socioeconomic, and health literacy dynamics of rural areas, 67–69
“vulnerable” population exercising “conscience”, 73–74
Race/ethnicity, 5, 7–8, 18–19, 51
Racial/ethnic minority populations, 87
Racial/ethnic-minority variant of framework, 84–85
Reddit, 49
Religious groups, 70–71
Residential segregation
COVID-19 health outcomes, 6–7
COVID-19 vaccine uptake, 7–9
data, 9–10
dependent variable, 10
independent variables, 10–11
literature review and theoretical framework, 5–9
methods, 9, 11
results, 12–16
Risk analysis, 116–117
RNA viral load test, 139–140
Rural communities, 29–30, 38
Rural culture and health behaviors, 29
Rural health inequities, 27
Rural New Mexicans, 38
Rural pandemic inequities, 27–28
Rural residents, 27, 66–67
Rural vaccine inequities, 28–29
Sampling strategy, 30–31
Segregation, 8–11
Self-efficacy, 109
Serious Psychological Distress, 89
Sexual orientation and gender identity (SOGI), 51
Signed Exact English (SEE), 112
Social class, 140
Social determinants of health, 27, 29
Social factors, 138
Social inequality, 84–85
Social inequities in receipt of health care, 140–147
findings, 144
methods, 141–144
Social Vulnerability Index (SVI), 70
Socioeconomic status (SES), 67
Southeastern Pennsylvania Household Health Survey (SPHHS), 127
Spatial proximity, 130
Speech, 111
State-specific resources, 27–28
Stigma, 105, 109
Stress, 87
Structural racism, 140
Structural sexism, 140
Structural stigma, 109
Structural/simultaneous equation models (SEMs), 90–91
Superutilizers, 125–126
Surveillance, 142–144
Thematic qualitative analysis, 31
United States (US), 26, 44, 66–67
Urban communities, 27–28
US Census Bureau’s Household Pulse Survey (US Census Bureau’s HPS), 50
US Department of Health and Human Services (US Department of HHS), 31
Vaccination, 67, 69–70
hesitancy among rural population, 35
rates, 5, 9–11, 15
vaccination-hesitant group, 35–36
Vaccination status, 52
informal caregiving and, 49–50
Vaccine hesitancy, 28
among vaccinated, 37
Vaccines as means to freedom, 32–34
Viral load testing, 138
HCV diagnosis and care, 139–140
importance, 140–147
Vulnerability hypothesis, 87
Vulnerable population, 67
conscience, 73–74
World Health Organization, 46–47
ZIP codes, 9
Enzyme-linked immune absorbed assay test (ELISA test)
, 139–140
Equity
, 126–127
Exposure-vulnerability model
, 84–85
analytic strategy
, 90–92
data and study population
, 88
measures
, 88–90
methods
, 88–92
results
, 92–97
Exposure/mediation model
, 91
Federally qualified community health centers (FQHCs)
, 125
Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
, 4, 38
Full-time caregiving
analysis
, 52–53
background
, 45–50
caregivers with disabilities
, 46–47
control variables
, 52
data
, 50
dependent variable
, 50–51
findings
, 53–57
full-time COVID-19 caregivers vs. caregivers for children
, 54–55
full-time COVID-19 caregivers vs. caregivers for elderly
, 55–57
independent variables
, 51–52
informal caregiving and gender
, 48
informal caregiving and marginalized minority identities
, 46–50
informal caregiving and vaccination status
, 49–50
informal caregiving by generation
, 48–49
LGBT caregivers
, 47–48
limitations
, 57–60
measurement
, 50–52
methods
, 50–52
previously reported COVID-19 caregiving observations
, 45–46
racial and ethnic minorities
, 46
Full-time COVID-19 caregivers
, 54–55, 57
Functional disability
, 86
Fundamental cause theory
, 146–147
Fundamentalism
, 70–71
Gender, 55, 140
informal caregiving and, 48
Generalized structural equation models (GSEM), 90–91
Generation Z, 52
Generations, 52
Genocide, 108
Global pandemic, 5–6
Goffman’s theory of stigma, 109
Good parent, 114–116
Government agencies, 28
Grounded theory, 31
Health behaviors, 29
Health care access, 125, 127
Health disparities, 26–27, 67, 124–125
Health insurance, 142–144
Health Resource Services Administration (HRSA), 127–128
Hepatitis C testing (HCV testing), 138
diagnosis and care, 139–140
Household Pulse Survey, The, 60
HPS, 60
HPS Public Use File (HPS PUF), 50–51
Human papillomavirus (HPV), 68–70
Ideology, 67, 73–74
Income inequality, 140
Independent variables, 10–11, 51–52
Informal caregivers, 44–45
Informal caregiving, 46–50
and gender, 48
by generation, 48–49
and vaccination status, 49–50
Information sources in favor of vaccines, 34–35
Institutional Review Board (IRB), 128
Intersectionality of racism, 140
Johnson & Johnson’s Janssen COVID-19 viral vector vaccine (J&J/Janssen COVID-19 viral vector vaccine), 10
Language development, 111
Latino-White dissimilarity, 10–11
Learning, 67
Lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ), 47
LGBT caregivers, 47–48
LGBT community, 47, 58–59
Long-term disability, 86
Marginalized minority identities, 46–50
Medicaid, 112–113, 124–125
Medical professions, 107–108
Medical stigma, 109
Medical technology, 108
Medicalization, 105, 107, 109
Medicare programs, 124–125
Mental health, 48, 84–85
Millennials, 52
MIT Election Data and Science Lab dataset, 10
Mixed racial/ethnic groups, 88
Moderation analysis, 92
Moderna, 10
Multifactorial etiology of disability, 86
Multinomial logistic regression, 128
Musculoskeletal disorders, 86
National Alliance for Caregiving, 57
National Survey of Drug Use and Health, 86–87
National Vital Statistics Report, 52
Native Americans, 88
New Mexico, 29–30
Normality, 105–107, 113–114
Novel coronavirus, 5–6
Office of Management and Budget (OMB), 9–10
OLS regression models, 16
Osteoarthritis, 86
Pandemic, 67, 70–71
Parents’ medical decision-making process, 109–111
People who inject drugs (PWID), 138
Percent Asian, 15–16
Pfizer-BioNTech, 10
Political conservatism, 72–73
Preliminary bivariate analyses, 57
Psychiatric disorders, 86
Psychological distress, 85–86
Psychosocial stress, 85
Public health, 124–125, 138
Christian nationalism, 70–72
political conservatism, 72–73
preconception, personal belief, and vulnerable population in, 69–70
recommendations, 74
structural, socioeconomic, and health literacy dynamics of rural areas, 67–69
“vulnerable” population exercising “conscience”, 73–74
Race/ethnicity, 5, 7–8, 18–19, 51
Racial/ethnic minority populations, 87
Racial/ethnic-minority variant of framework, 84–85
Reddit, 49
Religious groups, 70–71
Residential segregation
COVID-19 health outcomes, 6–7
COVID-19 vaccine uptake, 7–9
data, 9–10
dependent variable, 10
independent variables, 10–11
literature review and theoretical framework, 5–9
methods, 9, 11
results, 12–16
Risk analysis, 116–117
RNA viral load test, 139–140
Rural communities, 29–30, 38
Rural culture and health behaviors, 29
Rural health inequities, 27
Rural New Mexicans, 38
Rural pandemic inequities, 27–28
Rural residents, 27, 66–67
Rural vaccine inequities, 28–29
Sampling strategy, 30–31
Segregation, 8–11
Self-efficacy, 109
Serious Psychological Distress, 89
Sexual orientation and gender identity (SOGI), 51
Signed Exact English (SEE), 112
Social class, 140
Social determinants of health, 27, 29
Social factors, 138
Social inequality, 84–85
Social inequities in receipt of health care, 140–147
findings, 144
methods, 141–144
Social Vulnerability Index (SVI), 70
Socioeconomic status (SES), 67
Southeastern Pennsylvania Household Health Survey (SPHHS), 127
Spatial proximity, 130
Speech, 111
State-specific resources, 27–28
Stigma, 105, 109
Stress, 87
Structural racism, 140
Structural sexism, 140
Structural stigma, 109
Structural/simultaneous equation models (SEMs), 90–91
Superutilizers, 125–126
Surveillance, 142–144
Thematic qualitative analysis, 31
United States (US), 26, 44, 66–67
Urban communities, 27–28
US Census Bureau’s Household Pulse Survey (US Census Bureau’s HPS), 50
US Department of Health and Human Services (US Department of HHS), 31
Vaccination, 67, 69–70
hesitancy among rural population, 35
rates, 5, 9–11, 15
vaccination-hesitant group, 35–36
Vaccination status, 52
informal caregiving and, 49–50
Vaccine hesitancy, 28
among vaccinated, 37
Vaccines as means to freedom, 32–34
Viral load testing, 138
HCV diagnosis and care, 139–140
importance, 140–147
Vulnerability hypothesis, 87
Vulnerable population, 67
conscience, 73–74
World Health Organization, 46–47
ZIP codes, 9
Gender
, 55, 140
informal caregiving and
, 48
Generalized structural equation models (GSEM)
, 90–91
Generation Z
, 52
Generations
, 52
Genocide
, 108
Global pandemic
, 5–6
Goffman’s theory of stigma
, 109
Good parent
, 114–116
Government agencies
, 28
Grounded theory
, 31
Health behaviors
, 29
Health care access
, 125, 127
Health disparities
, 26–27, 67, 124–125
Health insurance
, 142–144
Health Resource Services Administration (HRSA)
, 127–128
Hepatitis C testing (HCV testing)
, 138
diagnosis and care
, 139–140
Household Pulse Survey, The
, 60
HPS
, 60
HPS Public Use File (HPS PUF)
, 50–51
Human papillomavirus (HPV)
, 68–70
Ideology, 67, 73–74
Income inequality, 140
Independent variables, 10–11, 51–52
Informal caregivers, 44–45
Informal caregiving, 46–50
and gender, 48
by generation, 48–49
and vaccination status, 49–50
Information sources in favor of vaccines, 34–35
Institutional Review Board (IRB), 128
Intersectionality of racism, 140
Johnson & Johnson’s Janssen COVID-19 viral vector vaccine (J&J/Janssen COVID-19 viral vector vaccine), 10
Language development, 111
Latino-White dissimilarity, 10–11
Learning, 67
Lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ), 47
LGBT caregivers, 47–48
LGBT community, 47, 58–59
Long-term disability, 86
Marginalized minority identities, 46–50
Medicaid, 112–113, 124–125
Medical professions, 107–108
Medical stigma, 109
Medical technology, 108
Medicalization, 105, 107, 109
Medicare programs, 124–125
Mental health, 48, 84–85
Millennials, 52
MIT Election Data and Science Lab dataset, 10
Mixed racial/ethnic groups, 88
Moderation analysis, 92
Moderna, 10
Multifactorial etiology of disability, 86
Multinomial logistic regression, 128
Musculoskeletal disorders, 86
National Alliance for Caregiving, 57
National Survey of Drug Use and Health, 86–87
National Vital Statistics Report, 52
Native Americans, 88
New Mexico, 29–30
Normality, 105–107, 113–114
Novel coronavirus, 5–6
Office of Management and Budget (OMB), 9–10
OLS regression models, 16
Osteoarthritis, 86
Pandemic, 67, 70–71
Parents’ medical decision-making process, 109–111
People who inject drugs (PWID), 138
Percent Asian, 15–16
Pfizer-BioNTech, 10
Political conservatism, 72–73
Preliminary bivariate analyses, 57
Psychiatric disorders, 86
Psychological distress, 85–86
Psychosocial stress, 85
Public health, 124–125, 138
Christian nationalism, 70–72
political conservatism, 72–73
preconception, personal belief, and vulnerable population in, 69–70
recommendations, 74
structural, socioeconomic, and health literacy dynamics of rural areas, 67–69
“vulnerable” population exercising “conscience”, 73–74
Race/ethnicity, 5, 7–8, 18–19, 51
Racial/ethnic minority populations, 87
Racial/ethnic-minority variant of framework, 84–85
Reddit, 49
Religious groups, 70–71
Residential segregation
COVID-19 health outcomes, 6–7
COVID-19 vaccine uptake, 7–9
data, 9–10
dependent variable, 10
independent variables, 10–11
literature review and theoretical framework, 5–9
methods, 9, 11
results, 12–16
Risk analysis, 116–117
RNA viral load test, 139–140
Rural communities, 29–30, 38
Rural culture and health behaviors, 29
Rural health inequities, 27
Rural New Mexicans, 38
Rural pandemic inequities, 27–28
Rural residents, 27, 66–67
Rural vaccine inequities, 28–29
Sampling strategy, 30–31
Segregation, 8–11
Self-efficacy, 109
Serious Psychological Distress, 89
Sexual orientation and gender identity (SOGI), 51
Signed Exact English (SEE), 112
Social class, 140
Social determinants of health, 27, 29
Social factors, 138
Social inequality, 84–85
Social inequities in receipt of health care, 140–147
findings, 144
methods, 141–144
Social Vulnerability Index (SVI), 70
Socioeconomic status (SES), 67
Southeastern Pennsylvania Household Health Survey (SPHHS), 127
Spatial proximity, 130
Speech, 111
State-specific resources, 27–28
Stigma, 105, 109
Stress, 87
Structural racism, 140
Structural sexism, 140
Structural stigma, 109
Structural/simultaneous equation models (SEMs), 90–91
Superutilizers, 125–126
Surveillance, 142–144
Thematic qualitative analysis, 31
United States (US), 26, 44, 66–67
Urban communities, 27–28
US Census Bureau’s Household Pulse Survey (US Census Bureau’s HPS), 50
US Department of Health and Human Services (US Department of HHS), 31
Vaccination, 67, 69–70
hesitancy among rural population, 35
rates, 5, 9–11, 15
vaccination-hesitant group, 35–36
Vaccination status, 52
informal caregiving and, 49–50
Vaccine hesitancy, 28
among vaccinated, 37
Vaccines as means to freedom, 32–34
Viral load testing, 138
HCV diagnosis and care, 139–140
importance, 140–147
Vulnerability hypothesis, 87
Vulnerable population, 67
conscience, 73–74
World Health Organization, 46–47
ZIP codes, 9
Ideology
, 67, 73–74
Income inequality
, 140
Independent variables
, 10–11, 51–52
Informal caregivers
, 44–45
Informal caregiving
, 46–50
and gender
, 48
by generation
, 48–49
and vaccination status
, 49–50
Information sources in favor of vaccines
, 34–35
Institutional Review Board (IRB)
, 128
Intersectionality of racism
, 140
Johnson & Johnson’s Janssen COVID-19 viral vector vaccine (J&J/Janssen COVID-19 viral vector vaccine)
, 10
Language development, 111
Latino-White dissimilarity, 10–11
Learning, 67
Lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ), 47
LGBT caregivers, 47–48
LGBT community, 47, 58–59
Long-term disability, 86
Marginalized minority identities, 46–50
Medicaid, 112–113, 124–125
Medical professions, 107–108
Medical stigma, 109
Medical technology, 108
Medicalization, 105, 107, 109
Medicare programs, 124–125
Mental health, 48, 84–85
Millennials, 52
MIT Election Data and Science Lab dataset, 10
Mixed racial/ethnic groups, 88
Moderation analysis, 92
Moderna, 10
Multifactorial etiology of disability, 86
Multinomial logistic regression, 128
Musculoskeletal disorders, 86
National Alliance for Caregiving, 57
National Survey of Drug Use and Health, 86–87
National Vital Statistics Report, 52
Native Americans, 88
New Mexico, 29–30
Normality, 105–107, 113–114
Novel coronavirus, 5–6
Office of Management and Budget (OMB), 9–10
OLS regression models, 16
Osteoarthritis, 86
Pandemic, 67, 70–71
Parents’ medical decision-making process, 109–111
People who inject drugs (PWID), 138
Percent Asian, 15–16
Pfizer-BioNTech, 10
Political conservatism, 72–73
Preliminary bivariate analyses, 57
Psychiatric disorders, 86
Psychological distress, 85–86
Psychosocial stress, 85
Public health, 124–125, 138
Christian nationalism, 70–72
political conservatism, 72–73
preconception, personal belief, and vulnerable population in, 69–70
recommendations, 74
structural, socioeconomic, and health literacy dynamics of rural areas, 67–69
“vulnerable” population exercising “conscience”, 73–74
Race/ethnicity, 5, 7–8, 18–19, 51
Racial/ethnic minority populations, 87
Racial/ethnic-minority variant of framework, 84–85
Reddit, 49
Religious groups, 70–71
Residential segregation
COVID-19 health outcomes, 6–7
COVID-19 vaccine uptake, 7–9
data, 9–10
dependent variable, 10
independent variables, 10–11
literature review and theoretical framework, 5–9
methods, 9, 11
results, 12–16
Risk analysis, 116–117
RNA viral load test, 139–140
Rural communities, 29–30, 38
Rural culture and health behaviors, 29
Rural health inequities, 27
Rural New Mexicans, 38
Rural pandemic inequities, 27–28
Rural residents, 27, 66–67
Rural vaccine inequities, 28–29
Sampling strategy, 30–31
Segregation, 8–11
Self-efficacy, 109
Serious Psychological Distress, 89
Sexual orientation and gender identity (SOGI), 51
Signed Exact English (SEE), 112
Social class, 140
Social determinants of health, 27, 29
Social factors, 138
Social inequality, 84–85
Social inequities in receipt of health care, 140–147
findings, 144
methods, 141–144
Social Vulnerability Index (SVI), 70
Socioeconomic status (SES), 67
Southeastern Pennsylvania Household Health Survey (SPHHS), 127
Spatial proximity, 130
Speech, 111
State-specific resources, 27–28
Stigma, 105, 109
Stress, 87
Structural racism, 140
Structural sexism, 140
Structural stigma, 109
Structural/simultaneous equation models (SEMs), 90–91
Superutilizers, 125–126
Surveillance, 142–144
Thematic qualitative analysis, 31
United States (US), 26, 44, 66–67
Urban communities, 27–28
US Census Bureau’s Household Pulse Survey (US Census Bureau’s HPS), 50
US Department of Health and Human Services (US Department of HHS), 31
Vaccination, 67, 69–70
hesitancy among rural population, 35
rates, 5, 9–11, 15
vaccination-hesitant group, 35–36
Vaccination status, 52
informal caregiving and, 49–50
Vaccine hesitancy, 28
among vaccinated, 37
Vaccines as means to freedom, 32–34
Viral load testing, 138
HCV diagnosis and care, 139–140
importance, 140–147
Vulnerability hypothesis, 87
Vulnerable population, 67
conscience, 73–74
World Health Organization, 46–47
ZIP codes, 9
Language development
, 111
Latino-White dissimilarity
, 10–11
Learning
, 67
Lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ)
, 47
LGBT caregivers
, 47–48
LGBT community
, 47, 58–59
Long-term disability
, 86
Marginalized minority identities
, 46–50
Medicaid
, 112–113, 124–125
Medical professions
, 107–108
Medical stigma
, 109
Medical technology
, 108
Medicalization
, 105, 107, 109
Medicare programs
, 124–125
Mental health
, 48, 84–85
Millennials
, 52
MIT Election Data and Science Lab dataset
, 10
Mixed racial/ethnic groups
, 88
Moderation analysis
, 92
Moderna
, 10
Multifactorial etiology of disability
, 86
Multinomial logistic regression
, 128
Musculoskeletal disorders
, 86
National Alliance for Caregiving, 57
National Survey of Drug Use and Health, 86–87
National Vital Statistics Report, 52
Native Americans, 88
New Mexico, 29–30
Normality, 105–107, 113–114
Novel coronavirus, 5–6
Office of Management and Budget (OMB), 9–10
OLS regression models, 16
Osteoarthritis, 86
Pandemic, 67, 70–71
Parents’ medical decision-making process, 109–111
People who inject drugs (PWID), 138
Percent Asian, 15–16
Pfizer-BioNTech, 10
Political conservatism, 72–73
Preliminary bivariate analyses, 57
Psychiatric disorders, 86
Psychological distress, 85–86
Psychosocial stress, 85
Public health, 124–125, 138
Christian nationalism, 70–72
political conservatism, 72–73
preconception, personal belief, and vulnerable population in, 69–70
recommendations, 74
structural, socioeconomic, and health literacy dynamics of rural areas, 67–69
“vulnerable” population exercising “conscience”, 73–74
Race/ethnicity, 5, 7–8, 18–19, 51
Racial/ethnic minority populations, 87
Racial/ethnic-minority variant of framework, 84–85
Reddit, 49
Religious groups, 70–71
Residential segregation
COVID-19 health outcomes, 6–7
COVID-19 vaccine uptake, 7–9
data, 9–10
dependent variable, 10
independent variables, 10–11
literature review and theoretical framework, 5–9
methods, 9, 11
results, 12–16
Risk analysis, 116–117
RNA viral load test, 139–140
Rural communities, 29–30, 38
Rural culture and health behaviors, 29
Rural health inequities, 27
Rural New Mexicans, 38
Rural pandemic inequities, 27–28
Rural residents, 27, 66–67
Rural vaccine inequities, 28–29
Sampling strategy, 30–31
Segregation, 8–11
Self-efficacy, 109
Serious Psychological Distress, 89
Sexual orientation and gender identity (SOGI), 51
Signed Exact English (SEE), 112
Social class, 140
Social determinants of health, 27, 29
Social factors, 138
Social inequality, 84–85
Social inequities in receipt of health care, 140–147
findings, 144
methods, 141–144
Social Vulnerability Index (SVI), 70
Socioeconomic status (SES), 67
Southeastern Pennsylvania Household Health Survey (SPHHS), 127
Spatial proximity, 130
Speech, 111
State-specific resources, 27–28
Stigma, 105, 109
Stress, 87
Structural racism, 140
Structural sexism, 140
Structural stigma, 109
Structural/simultaneous equation models (SEMs), 90–91
Superutilizers, 125–126
Surveillance, 142–144
Thematic qualitative analysis, 31
United States (US), 26, 44, 66–67
Urban communities, 27–28
US Census Bureau’s Household Pulse Survey (US Census Bureau’s HPS), 50
US Department of Health and Human Services (US Department of HHS), 31
Vaccination, 67, 69–70
hesitancy among rural population, 35
rates, 5, 9–11, 15
vaccination-hesitant group, 35–36
Vaccination status, 52
informal caregiving and, 49–50
Vaccine hesitancy, 28
among vaccinated, 37
Vaccines as means to freedom, 32–34
Viral load testing, 138
HCV diagnosis and care, 139–140
importance, 140–147
Vulnerability hypothesis, 87
Vulnerable population, 67
conscience, 73–74
World Health Organization, 46–47
ZIP codes, 9
National Alliance for Caregiving
, 57
National Survey of Drug Use and Health
, 86–87
National Vital Statistics Report
, 52
Native Americans
, 88
New Mexico
, 29–30
Normality
, 105–107, 113–114
Novel coronavirus
, 5–6
Office of Management and Budget (OMB)
, 9–10
OLS regression models
, 16
Osteoarthritis
, 86
Pandemic, 67, 70–71
Parents’ medical decision-making process, 109–111
People who inject drugs (PWID), 138
Percent Asian, 15–16
Pfizer-BioNTech, 10
Political conservatism, 72–73
Preliminary bivariate analyses, 57
Psychiatric disorders, 86
Psychological distress, 85–86
Psychosocial stress, 85
Public health, 124–125, 138
Christian nationalism, 70–72
political conservatism, 72–73
preconception, personal belief, and vulnerable population in, 69–70
recommendations, 74
structural, socioeconomic, and health literacy dynamics of rural areas, 67–69
“vulnerable” population exercising “conscience”, 73–74
Race/ethnicity, 5, 7–8, 18–19, 51
Racial/ethnic minority populations, 87
Racial/ethnic-minority variant of framework, 84–85
Reddit, 49
Religious groups, 70–71
Residential segregation
COVID-19 health outcomes, 6–7
COVID-19 vaccine uptake, 7–9
data, 9–10
dependent variable, 10
independent variables, 10–11
literature review and theoretical framework, 5–9
methods, 9, 11
results, 12–16
Risk analysis, 116–117
RNA viral load test, 139–140
Rural communities, 29–30, 38
Rural culture and health behaviors, 29
Rural health inequities, 27
Rural New Mexicans, 38
Rural pandemic inequities, 27–28
Rural residents, 27, 66–67
Rural vaccine inequities, 28–29
Sampling strategy, 30–31
Segregation, 8–11
Self-efficacy, 109
Serious Psychological Distress, 89
Sexual orientation and gender identity (SOGI), 51
Signed Exact English (SEE), 112
Social class, 140
Social determinants of health, 27, 29
Social factors, 138
Social inequality, 84–85
Social inequities in receipt of health care, 140–147
findings, 144
methods, 141–144
Social Vulnerability Index (SVI), 70
Socioeconomic status (SES), 67
Southeastern Pennsylvania Household Health Survey (SPHHS), 127
Spatial proximity, 130
Speech, 111
State-specific resources, 27–28
Stigma, 105, 109
Stress, 87
Structural racism, 140
Structural sexism, 140
Structural stigma, 109
Structural/simultaneous equation models (SEMs), 90–91
Superutilizers, 125–126
Surveillance, 142–144
Thematic qualitative analysis, 31
United States (US), 26, 44, 66–67
Urban communities, 27–28
US Census Bureau’s Household Pulse Survey (US Census Bureau’s HPS), 50
US Department of Health and Human Services (US Department of HHS), 31
Vaccination, 67, 69–70
hesitancy among rural population, 35
rates, 5, 9–11, 15
vaccination-hesitant group, 35–36
Vaccination status, 52
informal caregiving and, 49–50
Vaccine hesitancy, 28
among vaccinated, 37
Vaccines as means to freedom, 32–34
Viral load testing, 138
HCV diagnosis and care, 139–140
importance, 140–147
Vulnerability hypothesis, 87
Vulnerable population, 67
conscience, 73–74
World Health Organization, 46–47
ZIP codes, 9
Pandemic
, 67, 70–71
Parents’ medical decision-making process
, 109–111
People who inject drugs (PWID)
, 138
Percent Asian
, 15–16
Pfizer-BioNTech
, 10
Political conservatism
, 72–73
Preliminary bivariate analyses
, 57
Psychiatric disorders
, 86
Psychological distress
, 85–86
Psychosocial stress
, 85
Public health
, 124–125, 138
Christian nationalism
, 70–72
political conservatism
, 72–73
preconception, personal belief, and vulnerable population in
, 69–70
recommendations
, 74
structural, socioeconomic, and health literacy dynamics of rural areas
, 67–69
“vulnerable” population exercising “conscience”
, 73–74
Race/ethnicity
, 5, 7–8, 18–19, 51
Racial/ethnic minority populations
, 87
Racial/ethnic-minority variant of framework
, 84–85
Reddit
, 49
Religious groups
, 70–71
Residential segregation
COVID-19 health outcomes
, 6–7
COVID-19 vaccine uptake
, 7–9
data
, 9–10
dependent variable
, 10
independent variables
, 10–11
literature review and theoretical framework
, 5–9
methods
, 9, 11
results
, 12–16
Risk analysis
, 116–117
RNA viral load test
, 139–140
Rural communities
, 29–30, 38
Rural culture and health behaviors
, 29
Rural health inequities
, 27
Rural New Mexicans
, 38
Rural pandemic inequities
, 27–28
Rural residents
, 27, 66–67
Rural vaccine inequities
, 28–29
Sampling strategy, 30–31
Segregation, 8–11
Self-efficacy, 109
Serious Psychological Distress, 89
Sexual orientation and gender identity (SOGI), 51
Signed Exact English (SEE), 112
Social class, 140
Social determinants of health, 27, 29
Social factors, 138
Social inequality, 84–85
Social inequities in receipt of health care, 140–147
findings, 144
methods, 141–144
Social Vulnerability Index (SVI), 70
Socioeconomic status (SES), 67
Southeastern Pennsylvania Household Health Survey (SPHHS), 127
Spatial proximity, 130
Speech, 111
State-specific resources, 27–28
Stigma, 105, 109
Stress, 87
Structural racism, 140
Structural sexism, 140
Structural stigma, 109
Structural/simultaneous equation models (SEMs), 90–91
Superutilizers, 125–126
Surveillance, 142–144
Thematic qualitative analysis, 31
United States (US), 26, 44, 66–67
Urban communities, 27–28
US Census Bureau’s Household Pulse Survey (US Census Bureau’s HPS), 50
US Department of Health and Human Services (US Department of HHS), 31
Vaccination, 67, 69–70
hesitancy among rural population, 35
rates, 5, 9–11, 15
vaccination-hesitant group, 35–36
Vaccination status, 52
informal caregiving and, 49–50
Vaccine hesitancy, 28
among vaccinated, 37
Vaccines as means to freedom, 32–34
Viral load testing, 138
HCV diagnosis and care, 139–140
importance, 140–147
Vulnerability hypothesis, 87
Vulnerable population, 67
conscience, 73–74
World Health Organization, 46–47
ZIP codes, 9
Sampling strategy
, 30–31
Segregation
, 8–11
Self-efficacy
, 109
Serious Psychological Distress
, 89
Sexual orientation and gender identity (SOGI)
, 51
Signed Exact English (SEE)
, 112
Social class
, 140
Social determinants of health
, 27, 29
Social factors
, 138
Social inequality
, 84–85
Social inequities in receipt of health care
, 140–147
findings
, 144
methods
, 141–144
Social Vulnerability Index (SVI)
, 70
Socioeconomic status (SES)
, 67
Southeastern Pennsylvania Household Health Survey (SPHHS)
, 127
Spatial proximity
, 130
Speech
, 111
State-specific resources
, 27–28
Stigma
, 105, 109
Stress
, 87
Structural racism
, 140
Structural sexism
, 140
Structural stigma
, 109
Structural/simultaneous equation models (SEMs)
, 90–91
Superutilizers
, 125–126
Surveillance
, 142–144
Thematic qualitative analysis
, 31
United States (US), 26, 44, 66–67
Urban communities, 27–28
US Census Bureau’s Household Pulse Survey (US Census Bureau’s HPS), 50
US Department of Health and Human Services (US Department of HHS), 31
Vaccination, 67, 69–70
hesitancy among rural population, 35
rates, 5, 9–11, 15
vaccination-hesitant group, 35–36
Vaccination status, 52
informal caregiving and, 49–50
Vaccine hesitancy, 28
among vaccinated, 37
Vaccines as means to freedom, 32–34
Viral load testing, 138
HCV diagnosis and care, 139–140
importance, 140–147
Vulnerability hypothesis, 87
Vulnerable population, 67
conscience, 73–74
World Health Organization, 46–47
ZIP codes, 9
United States (US)
, 26, 44, 66–67
Urban communities
, 27–28
US Census Bureau’s Household Pulse Survey (US Census Bureau’s HPS)
, 50
US Department of Health and Human Services (US Department of HHS)
, 31
Vaccination
, 67, 69–70
hesitancy among rural population
, 35
rates
, 5, 9–11, 15
vaccination-hesitant group
, 35–36
Vaccination status
, 52
informal caregiving and
, 49–50
Vaccine hesitancy
, 28
among vaccinated
, 37
Vaccines as means to freedom
, 32–34
Viral load testing
, 138
HCV diagnosis and care
, 139–140
importance
, 140–147
Vulnerability hypothesis
, 87
Vulnerable population
, 67
conscience
, 73–74
World Health Organization, 46–47
ZIP codes, 9
World Health Organization
, 46–47
ZIP codes
, 9
- Prelims
- Section 1 Vaccination
- How Residential Segregation Moderates the Association Between Racial/Ethnic Composition and COVID-19 Vaccination Rates Across Metropolitan Counties in the US
- Perspectives of Rural New Mexicans on the COVID-19 Vaccines: A Qualitative Study of COVID-19 Pandemic Vaccination Experiences in Rural New Mexico
- Full-Time Caregiving During COVID-19 Based on Minority Identifications, Generation, and Vaccination Status
- Redefining the Vulnerable Population in Public Health Research: Incorporating Ideological Determinants of Anti-vaccination Attitudes
- Section 2 Other Topics Linked to Social Factors and Health-Care Inequities
- An Examination of Exposure and Vulnerability to Stress From Chronic Illness and Its Impact on Mental Health and Long-Term Disability Among Non-Hispanic White, African American, and Latinx Populations
- The Cochlear Implant Decision: How Parents Decide to Implant Their Deaf Children With Cochlear Implants
- Gaps in the Safety-Net: Community Health Centers' Diminutive Effect on Having a Regular Source of Care
- Sociodemographic Predictors of Viral Load Testing Among Hepatitis C Antibody-Positive Patients in a Large Southern California County: An Example of Health Care Inequalities
- Index