Index
Inequality, Crime, and Health Among African American Males
ISBN: 978-1-78635-052-7, eISBN: 978-1-78635-051-0
ISSN: 0195-7449
Publication date: 14 December 2018
This content is currently only available as a PDF
Citation
(2018), "Index", Inequality, Crime, and Health Among African American Males (Research in Race and Ethnic Relations, Vol. 20), Emerald Publishing Limited, Leeds, pp. 229-235. https://doi.org/10.1108/S0195-744920180000020012
Publisher
:Emerald Publishing Limited
Copyright © 2019 Emerald Publishing Limited
INDEX
African American male murder rates, 147, 148
Age-adjusted suicide rate, 97–99
Age-graded theory, 16
“Aging boomers” theory, 139
Akathisia, 78
American Association of Public Opinion Research (AAPOR) guidelines, 40
Anti-Black force, 150
Atypical neuroleptics, 78
Black masculinity, 210
Brown’s social economic status, 216–217
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) study, 103
National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, 138
technical package, 114, 115
Cigarette smoking
arrest rates and histories, 46
blood-borne illnesses, 36
chronic health conditions, 36
criminal justice system, 36
drug-related charges, 36
Eighth Amendment standard, 46, 47
health-care staff, 49
incarceration
and oral health, 37–39
and physical health, 37
limitations, 47
methods
criminal justice, regression analysis, 43–45
data collection, 40
dependent variables, 40–42
descriptive characteristics, 43
independent variables, 40, 42
linear regression analyses, 42
multinomial logistic regression, 42–43
National Survey of American Life (NSAL), 40
ordinary least squares regression analysis, 42
self-rated health, 43
sociodemographic characteristics, 42
Taylor expansion approximation technique, 43
multiple chronic health problems, 46
prevention and treatment, 36
risks and resources, 48–49
smoking relapse, 47
treatments, 47
Collective consciousness, 187, 188, 202
black communities, 196
characteristics, 191
definition, 191
fatal incidents, 194
Grand Rapids Police Department, 197
health issue, 198–201
information and autopsy reports, 191
law enforcement, 197
negative health outcomes, 195
organic solidarity, 193
systemic police terror, 192, 193, 197
Connectedness, 116
“Crack is wack” thesis, 140
Cultural social isolation, 24
Culture-specific beliefs, 113
Death penalty, 136
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 77
Drug-induced parkinsonism, 78
Eighth Amendment standard, 46, 47
Electroconvulsive therapy, 78
Emotional labor and emotion work, 187–188
management of, 189
negative health outcomes, 187
policing outcomes, 188
social structure, 190
Emotional trauma, 76
Fear-inducing behaviour, 84
Federal Bureau of Prisons, 38
Federal Communications Commission, 18
Ferguson Police Department, 210
Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study, 19
Framing physicality and public safety
Black masculinity, 210
Brown’s social economic status, 216–217
content analysis, 213
death rates, 208
exclusion criteria, 216
Ferguson Police Department, 210
frame analysis, 214–215
health consequences, 208
hegemonic masculinity, 213–214
intersectionality, 213
Lexis Nexis database, 215
limitations and strengths, 224
mass media, 214
media framing, 214
NVivo 10 qualitative analysis software, 216
policing and black men, 210–212
race-police-perception-health-status feedback loop, 209
social science literature, 222
socioeconomic background, 221
Wilson’s social, economic status, 217–218
Wilson’s testimony, 219–221
working-class neighborhood, 222
Gatekeeper training, 116–117
Gendered racism
criminal justice outcomes, 157
cultural forces and mechanisms, 157
federal database, 156
institutional racism, 160–161
Mapping Police Violence, 156–157
negative race- and gender-based stereotypes, 159
public safety and public health, police role, 161–163
racial ideologies, 158
racism, definition, 158
stereotypes and myths, 158
structural racism, 158
unarmed Black men, police-involved shootings, 156
criminal justice system, 165
decision-making, 166
“fear of life”, 165
inequities, 163
Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 164
violent responses, 165
unarmed White Americans rate, 157
Grand Rapids Police Department, 197
“Happy pill thesis”, 139
Homicide death
“abortion filter”, 139
African American male murder rates, 148, 149
African Americans populations, 142, 143
“aging boomers” theory, 139
anti-Black force, 150
Black gender gap, 135
cause, 129, 130, 136
CDC’s National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, 138
crime rates, 140, 141
dead and missing black babies
abortions vs. US population, 132
fertility rates, 132, 133
infant mortality rate, 131
death penalty, 136
death rate, Black men, 145
death-related facts, 135
government-sanctioned segregation policy, 151
“happy pill thesis”, 139
“immigration and gentrification” thesis, 140, 141
incarceration and early deaths, 135
Injury Statistics Query and Reporting System, 137
investigation, 128
“lead hypothesis”, 139
murder rate drop, 144
National Vital Statistics System, 138
peak homicide rates and percentage decline, 144
percentage differences, 147, 149–150
“police on the beat” theory, 140
“prison boom” thesis, 140
pro-immigration thesis, 141
psychological abuse, 151
“roaring ’90s, and Obamamania”, 140
“tech thesis”, 139
US murder rates, 138, 139
US population, 129, 130
“Immigration and gentrification” thesis, 140
Injury Statistics Query and Reporting System, 137
Insulin coma therapy, 78
“Justifiable homicides”
blackness and black-maleness, 172–173
health disparities, 180
Public Health Critical Race Praxis (PHCRP)
contributions, 179
intersectional framework, 179
principles, 178
systemic and structural barriers, 178
research methods, 181
social determinants, 180
social institution, 180
violence
interracial violence, 173–174
public health problem, 173
self-defense doctrines, 174
social control, 174
social media, 175–178
US violent crime rate, 174
Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act, 175
Law enforcement, 197
“Lead hypothesis”, 139
Lexis Nexis database, 215
Linear regression analysis, 42
Logistic regression models, 59, 62, 63
Macrosystem
collateral consequences, 24
cultural social isolation, 24
economic and social benefits, 22
evidence documents, 23
policies and initiatives, 23
post-civil rights, 23
prison system and structural inequalities, 23
racial segregation, 22
residential segregation, 24
state-sanctioned mechanism, 24
structural disorganization, 24
Mapping Police Violence, 156–157
Mental Health Foundation, 89
Meso/ecosystem
education systems
exclusionary school discipline, juvenile justice outcomes, 19
health behaviors, 20
incarceration rates, 20
levels, 20
non-incarcerated parents, 20
paternal and maternal incarceration, 21
policies and practices, 19
post-release employment, 19
practices and outcomes, 19
programs, 19
recidivism, 19
school exclusion, 19
school-to-prison pipeline, 19
social resources, 20
healthcare systems, 21–22
Microsystem
age-graded theory, 16
criminal justice, 17
disciplinary reports, 17–18
family disruption, 19
indirect effects, imprisonment, 18
marital functioning, 17
marriage and parenthood research, 17
parental incarceration impacts, 18
Multinomial logistic regression, 42–43
National Electronic Injury Surveillance System-All Injury Program, 100
National Strategy for Suicide Prevention, 114
National Survey of American Life (NSAL), 39, 40
National Survey of Family Growth (NSFG), 54
National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH), 100
National Vital Statistics System, 138
NVivo 10 qualitative analysis software, 216
Odds ratios, 60, 63
Oral health
black markets, 39
cosmetic dental problems, 37
Federal Bureau of Prisons, 38
incarcerated populations, 37
incarceration and, 37–38
inmates report, 37
second-hand smoke, 37
smoke-free prison policies, 39
tobacco policy, 38
Ordinary least squares regression analysis, 42
“Police on the beat” theory, 140
“Prison boom” thesis, 140
Program on Human Development in Chicago Neighborhoods, 56
Psychosis
akathisia effect, 78
atypical neuroleptics, 78
biologistic approach, 76
carceral confinement, 86–87
case study, 74
diagnosis
“Black culture”, 81
first-rank psychotic symptoms, 81
psychological consequences, racism, 81, 82
rates of, 80
“White culture”, 81
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 77
drug-induced parkinsonism, 78
electroconvulsive therapy, 78
emotional trauma, 76
hallucinations and delusions, 76
insulin coma therapy, 78
life experiences, 75
Mental Health Foundation, 89
mental illness, 76, 88
myths and stereotypes, 75
bipolar disorder, 85
characteristics, 84
fear-inducing behaviour, 84
institutional violence, 85
mental health professionals, 84
neuroleptics, 85
neurochemical imbalance, 77
neuroleptics usage, 77
racism and vulnerability, 83
schizophrenia rates, 74
scientific and pseudoscientific discourses, 87
selective destigmatization, 76
sexual abuse, 79
shock therapies, 78
social death, 80
societal attitudes, 75
“ voice hearers”, 88
Public Health Critical Race Praxis (PHCRP), 181
contributions, 179
intersectional framework, 179
principles, 178
systemic and structural barriers, 178
Public safety and public health, police role, 161–163
Racial segregation, 22
Regression analysis, criminal justice, 43–45
Residential segregation, 24
Schizophrenia. See Psychosis
School-to-prison pipeline, 19
Self-directed violence, 96, 117
Self-rated physical health and oral health, 43, 46
Sexually transmitted infections (STIs)
demographic and behavioral factors, 57
dependent variable, 60
incarceration status, respondents percentage, 62
independent variables, 60
limitations, 68
logistic regression models, 59
results, 62, 63
mass incarceration and racial disparities
criminal justice system, 54
employment problems, 55
health-care resources, 55
health outcomes, 56
Program on Human Development in Chicago Neighborhoods, 56
short- and long-term consequences, 55
multivariate analysis, 59
National Survey of Family Growth (NSFG), 54
near-zero coefficient, 60
non-random sample design, 57–58
odds ratios, 60, 63
operationalizations
age, 58
age at first sex, 58
anal sex, 59
concurrent partners, 59
condom use, 59
core members, 59
drug use, 59
education, 58
income, 58
marital status, 58
MSM, 59
periphery members, 59
racial background, 58
racial bridge, 59
risky partner, 59
percentage distribution, 60, 61
predicted probabilities, 64–67
sample data, 57–58
sexual network factors, 56–57
social inequalities, 54
Social ecological framework
direct pathways, 9
economic disadvantage, 8
empirical examinations, 9
high-income countries, 8
human development, 10
macrosystem, 11
(See also Macrosystem)
meso/exosystem, 10, 11
(See also Meso/exosystem)
microsystem, 10
(See also Microsystem)
illness and mortality, 8
incarcerated vs. non-incarcerated persons, 8
individual-level health effects, 10
age-standardized prevalence, 11
chronic conditions, 11–12
criminal injustice, 16
criminological theory, 12
employment discrimination, 16
equal access healthcare system, 10, 14–15
health following release, 10, 15–16
hypertension and diabetes population, 12
noninstitutionalized population, 12
obesity prevalence, 12
prison life deprivation, 10, 13–14
population-based survey, 9
prison population, 8
stress-related process, 9
State-sanctioned mechanism, 24
STIs. See Sexually transmitted infections (STIs)
Suicidal behavior
age-adjusted suicide rate, 97–99
by age group and circumstances, 104, 109–111
alcohol usage, 112
“black suicide”, 97
circumstance information, 104–106
culture-specific beliefs, 113
death causes, 97, 98
depression/dysthymia diagnosis, 112
descriptive analysis, 96
health-care worker, 113
method and location, 104, 107–108
morbidity and mortality, 119
National Electronic Injury Surveillance System-All Injury Program, 100
National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH), 100
non-fatal suicide attempts, 98
prevention strategies
access and delivery, suicide care, 115
CDC’s technical package, 114, 115
connectedness, 116
economic supports, 114
evidence-based, 118
gatekeeper training, 116–117
lessen harms, 117
National Strategy for Suicide Prevention, 114
online prevention education, 117
protective environments creation, 115–116
public health approach, 113
resources communities, 114
teaching coping and problem-solving skills, 116
psychological autopsy studies, 112
racial discrimination and oppression, 96
risk and protective factors, 96, 97
age and sex differences, 102
at-risk populations, 104
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) study, 103
cultural influences, 100
depressive symptoms, 102
economic and social inequities, 101
epidemiological data, 100
interpersonal and community violence, 101
monitoring and research, 103
risk factors, 101
social and cultural factors, 102
source documents, 103
toxicology analysis, 101
risk factor, 112
sadness and depression, 96
self-devaluation, 96
self-directed violence, 96, 117
suicidal ideation, 100
surveillance system, 113
US hospital emergency departments, 100
years of potential life lost (YPLL), 98
Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System, 100
Systemic police terror, 192, 193, 197
Taylor expansion approximation technique, 43
“Tech thesis”, 139
Unarmed Black men, police-involved shootings, 156
criminal justice system, 165
decision-making, 166
“fear of life”, 165
inequities, 163
Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 164
violent responses, 165
Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 164
University of Michigan Institutional Review Board, 40
Violence
interracial violence, 173–174
public health problem, 173
self-defense doctrines, 174
social control, 174
social media, 175–178
US violent crime rate, 174
Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act, 175
Years of potential life lost (YPLL), 98
Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System, 100
African American male murder rates
, 147, 148
Age-adjusted suicide rate
, 97–99
Age-graded theory
, 16
“Aging boomers” theory
, 139
Akathisia
, 78
American Association of Public Opinion Research (AAPOR) guidelines
, 40
Anti-Black force
, 150
Atypical neuroleptics
, 78
Black masculinity
, 210
Brown’s social economic status
, 216–217
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) study, 103
National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, 138
technical package, 114, 115
Cigarette smoking
arrest rates and histories, 46
blood-borne illnesses, 36
chronic health conditions, 36
criminal justice system, 36
drug-related charges, 36
Eighth Amendment standard, 46, 47
health-care staff, 49
incarceration
and oral health, 37–39
and physical health, 37
limitations, 47
methods
criminal justice, regression analysis, 43–45
data collection, 40
dependent variables, 40–42
descriptive characteristics, 43
independent variables, 40, 42
linear regression analyses, 42
multinomial logistic regression, 42–43
National Survey of American Life (NSAL), 40
ordinary least squares regression analysis, 42
self-rated health, 43
sociodemographic characteristics, 42
Taylor expansion approximation technique, 43
multiple chronic health problems, 46
prevention and treatment, 36
risks and resources, 48–49
smoking relapse, 47
treatments, 47
Collective consciousness, 187, 188, 202
black communities, 196
characteristics, 191
definition, 191
fatal incidents, 194
Grand Rapids Police Department, 197
health issue, 198–201
information and autopsy reports, 191
law enforcement, 197
negative health outcomes, 195
organic solidarity, 193
systemic police terror, 192, 193, 197
Connectedness, 116
“Crack is wack” thesis, 140
Cultural social isolation, 24
Culture-specific beliefs, 113
Death penalty, 136
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 77
Drug-induced parkinsonism, 78
Eighth Amendment standard, 46, 47
Electroconvulsive therapy, 78
Emotional labor and emotion work, 187–188
management of, 189
negative health outcomes, 187
policing outcomes, 188
social structure, 190
Emotional trauma, 76
Fear-inducing behaviour, 84
Federal Bureau of Prisons, 38
Federal Communications Commission, 18
Ferguson Police Department, 210
Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study, 19
Framing physicality and public safety
Black masculinity, 210
Brown’s social economic status, 216–217
content analysis, 213
death rates, 208
exclusion criteria, 216
Ferguson Police Department, 210
frame analysis, 214–215
health consequences, 208
hegemonic masculinity, 213–214
intersectionality, 213
Lexis Nexis database, 215
limitations and strengths, 224
mass media, 214
media framing, 214
NVivo 10 qualitative analysis software, 216
policing and black men, 210–212
race-police-perception-health-status feedback loop, 209
social science literature, 222
socioeconomic background, 221
Wilson’s social, economic status, 217–218
Wilson’s testimony, 219–221
working-class neighborhood, 222
Gatekeeper training, 116–117
Gendered racism
criminal justice outcomes, 157
cultural forces and mechanisms, 157
federal database, 156
institutional racism, 160–161
Mapping Police Violence, 156–157
negative race- and gender-based stereotypes, 159
public safety and public health, police role, 161–163
racial ideologies, 158
racism, definition, 158
stereotypes and myths, 158
structural racism, 158
unarmed Black men, police-involved shootings, 156
criminal justice system, 165
decision-making, 166
“fear of life”, 165
inequities, 163
Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 164
violent responses, 165
unarmed White Americans rate, 157
Grand Rapids Police Department, 197
“Happy pill thesis”, 139
Homicide death
“abortion filter”, 139
African American male murder rates, 148, 149
African Americans populations, 142, 143
“aging boomers” theory, 139
anti-Black force, 150
Black gender gap, 135
cause, 129, 130, 136
CDC’s National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, 138
crime rates, 140, 141
dead and missing black babies
abortions vs. US population, 132
fertility rates, 132, 133
infant mortality rate, 131
death penalty, 136
death rate, Black men, 145
death-related facts, 135
government-sanctioned segregation policy, 151
“happy pill thesis”, 139
“immigration and gentrification” thesis, 140, 141
incarceration and early deaths, 135
Injury Statistics Query and Reporting System, 137
investigation, 128
“lead hypothesis”, 139
murder rate drop, 144
National Vital Statistics System, 138
peak homicide rates and percentage decline, 144
percentage differences, 147, 149–150
“police on the beat” theory, 140
“prison boom” thesis, 140
pro-immigration thesis, 141
psychological abuse, 151
“roaring ’90s, and Obamamania”, 140
“tech thesis”, 139
US murder rates, 138, 139
US population, 129, 130
“Immigration and gentrification” thesis, 140
Injury Statistics Query and Reporting System, 137
Insulin coma therapy, 78
“Justifiable homicides”
blackness and black-maleness, 172–173
health disparities, 180
Public Health Critical Race Praxis (PHCRP)
contributions, 179
intersectional framework, 179
principles, 178
systemic and structural barriers, 178
research methods, 181
social determinants, 180
social institution, 180
violence
interracial violence, 173–174
public health problem, 173
self-defense doctrines, 174
social control, 174
social media, 175–178
US violent crime rate, 174
Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act, 175
Law enforcement, 197
“Lead hypothesis”, 139
Lexis Nexis database, 215
Linear regression analysis, 42
Logistic regression models, 59, 62, 63
Macrosystem
collateral consequences, 24
cultural social isolation, 24
economic and social benefits, 22
evidence documents, 23
policies and initiatives, 23
post-civil rights, 23
prison system and structural inequalities, 23
racial segregation, 22
residential segregation, 24
state-sanctioned mechanism, 24
structural disorganization, 24
Mapping Police Violence, 156–157
Mental Health Foundation, 89
Meso/ecosystem
education systems
exclusionary school discipline, juvenile justice outcomes, 19
health behaviors, 20
incarceration rates, 20
levels, 20
non-incarcerated parents, 20
paternal and maternal incarceration, 21
policies and practices, 19
post-release employment, 19
practices and outcomes, 19
programs, 19
recidivism, 19
school exclusion, 19
school-to-prison pipeline, 19
social resources, 20
healthcare systems, 21–22
Microsystem
age-graded theory, 16
criminal justice, 17
disciplinary reports, 17–18
family disruption, 19
indirect effects, imprisonment, 18
marital functioning, 17
marriage and parenthood research, 17
parental incarceration impacts, 18
Multinomial logistic regression, 42–43
National Electronic Injury Surveillance System-All Injury Program, 100
National Strategy for Suicide Prevention, 114
National Survey of American Life (NSAL), 39, 40
National Survey of Family Growth (NSFG), 54
National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH), 100
National Vital Statistics System, 138
NVivo 10 qualitative analysis software, 216
Odds ratios, 60, 63
Oral health
black markets, 39
cosmetic dental problems, 37
Federal Bureau of Prisons, 38
incarcerated populations, 37
incarceration and, 37–38
inmates report, 37
second-hand smoke, 37
smoke-free prison policies, 39
tobacco policy, 38
Ordinary least squares regression analysis, 42
“Police on the beat” theory, 140
“Prison boom” thesis, 140
Program on Human Development in Chicago Neighborhoods, 56
Psychosis
akathisia effect, 78
atypical neuroleptics, 78
biologistic approach, 76
carceral confinement, 86–87
case study, 74
diagnosis
“Black culture”, 81
first-rank psychotic symptoms, 81
psychological consequences, racism, 81, 82
rates of, 80
“White culture”, 81
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 77
drug-induced parkinsonism, 78
electroconvulsive therapy, 78
emotional trauma, 76
hallucinations and delusions, 76
insulin coma therapy, 78
life experiences, 75
Mental Health Foundation, 89
mental illness, 76, 88
myths and stereotypes, 75
bipolar disorder, 85
characteristics, 84
fear-inducing behaviour, 84
institutional violence, 85
mental health professionals, 84
neuroleptics, 85
neurochemical imbalance, 77
neuroleptics usage, 77
racism and vulnerability, 83
schizophrenia rates, 74
scientific and pseudoscientific discourses, 87
selective destigmatization, 76
sexual abuse, 79
shock therapies, 78
social death, 80
societal attitudes, 75
“ voice hearers”, 88
Public Health Critical Race Praxis (PHCRP), 181
contributions, 179
intersectional framework, 179
principles, 178
systemic and structural barriers, 178
Public safety and public health, police role, 161–163
Racial segregation, 22
Regression analysis, criminal justice, 43–45
Residential segregation, 24
Schizophrenia. See Psychosis
School-to-prison pipeline, 19
Self-directed violence, 96, 117
Self-rated physical health and oral health, 43, 46
Sexually transmitted infections (STIs)
demographic and behavioral factors, 57
dependent variable, 60
incarceration status, respondents percentage, 62
independent variables, 60
limitations, 68
logistic regression models, 59
results, 62, 63
mass incarceration and racial disparities
criminal justice system, 54
employment problems, 55
health-care resources, 55
health outcomes, 56
Program on Human Development in Chicago Neighborhoods, 56
short- and long-term consequences, 55
multivariate analysis, 59
National Survey of Family Growth (NSFG), 54
near-zero coefficient, 60
non-random sample design, 57–58
odds ratios, 60, 63
operationalizations
age, 58
age at first sex, 58
anal sex, 59
concurrent partners, 59
condom use, 59
core members, 59
drug use, 59
education, 58
income, 58
marital status, 58
MSM, 59
periphery members, 59
racial background, 58
racial bridge, 59
risky partner, 59
percentage distribution, 60, 61
predicted probabilities, 64–67
sample data, 57–58
sexual network factors, 56–57
social inequalities, 54
Social ecological framework
direct pathways, 9
economic disadvantage, 8
empirical examinations, 9
high-income countries, 8
human development, 10
macrosystem, 11
(See also Macrosystem)
meso/exosystem, 10, 11
(See also Meso/exosystem)
microsystem, 10
(See also Microsystem)
illness and mortality, 8
incarcerated vs. non-incarcerated persons, 8
individual-level health effects, 10
age-standardized prevalence, 11
chronic conditions, 11–12
criminal injustice, 16
criminological theory, 12
employment discrimination, 16
equal access healthcare system, 10, 14–15
health following release, 10, 15–16
hypertension and diabetes population, 12
noninstitutionalized population, 12
obesity prevalence, 12
prison life deprivation, 10, 13–14
population-based survey, 9
prison population, 8
stress-related process, 9
State-sanctioned mechanism, 24
STIs. See Sexually transmitted infections (STIs)
Suicidal behavior
age-adjusted suicide rate, 97–99
by age group and circumstances, 104, 109–111
alcohol usage, 112
“black suicide”, 97
circumstance information, 104–106
culture-specific beliefs, 113
death causes, 97, 98
depression/dysthymia diagnosis, 112
descriptive analysis, 96
health-care worker, 113
method and location, 104, 107–108
morbidity and mortality, 119
National Electronic Injury Surveillance System-All Injury Program, 100
National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH), 100
non-fatal suicide attempts, 98
prevention strategies
access and delivery, suicide care, 115
CDC’s technical package, 114, 115
connectedness, 116
economic supports, 114
evidence-based, 118
gatekeeper training, 116–117
lessen harms, 117
National Strategy for Suicide Prevention, 114
online prevention education, 117
protective environments creation, 115–116
public health approach, 113
resources communities, 114
teaching coping and problem-solving skills, 116
psychological autopsy studies, 112
racial discrimination and oppression, 96
risk and protective factors, 96, 97
age and sex differences, 102
at-risk populations, 104
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) study, 103
cultural influences, 100
depressive symptoms, 102
economic and social inequities, 101
epidemiological data, 100
interpersonal and community violence, 101
monitoring and research, 103
risk factors, 101
social and cultural factors, 102
source documents, 103
toxicology analysis, 101
risk factor, 112
sadness and depression, 96
self-devaluation, 96
self-directed violence, 96, 117
suicidal ideation, 100
surveillance system, 113
US hospital emergency departments, 100
years of potential life lost (YPLL), 98
Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System, 100
Systemic police terror, 192, 193, 197
Taylor expansion approximation technique, 43
“Tech thesis”, 139
Unarmed Black men, police-involved shootings, 156
criminal justice system, 165
decision-making, 166
“fear of life”, 165
inequities, 163
Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 164
violent responses, 165
Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 164
University of Michigan Institutional Review Board, 40
Violence
interracial violence, 173–174
public health problem, 173
self-defense doctrines, 174
social control, 174
social media, 175–178
US violent crime rate, 174
Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act, 175
Years of potential life lost (YPLL), 98
Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System, 100
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) study
, 103
National Center for Injury Prevention and Control
, 138
technical package
, 114, 115
Cigarette smoking
arrest rates and histories
, 46
blood-borne illnesses
, 36
chronic health conditions
, 36
criminal justice system
, 36
drug-related charges
, 36
Eighth Amendment standard
, 46, 47
health-care staff
, 49
incarceration
and oral health
, 37–39
and physical health
, 37
limitations
, 47
methods
criminal justice, regression analysis
, 43–45
data collection
, 40
dependent variables
, 40–42
descriptive characteristics
, 43
independent variables
, 40, 42
linear regression analyses
, 42
multinomial logistic regression
, 42–43
National Survey of American Life (NSAL)
, 40
ordinary least squares regression analysis
, 42
self-rated health
, 43
sociodemographic characteristics
, 42
Taylor expansion approximation technique
, 43
multiple chronic health problems
, 46
prevention and treatment
, 36
risks and resources
, 48–49
smoking relapse
, 47
treatments
, 47
Collective consciousness
, 187, 188, 202
black communities
, 196
characteristics
, 191
definition
, 191
fatal incidents
, 194
Grand Rapids Police Department
, 197
health issue
, 198–201
information and autopsy reports
, 191
law enforcement
, 197
negative health outcomes
, 195
organic solidarity
, 193
systemic police terror
, 192, 193, 197
Connectedness
, 116
“Crack is wack” thesis
, 140
Cultural social isolation
, 24
Culture-specific beliefs
, 113
Death penalty
, 136
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
, 77
Drug-induced parkinsonism
, 78
Eighth Amendment standard, 46, 47
Electroconvulsive therapy, 78
Emotional labor and emotion work, 187–188
management of, 189
negative health outcomes, 187
policing outcomes, 188
social structure, 190
Emotional trauma, 76
Fear-inducing behaviour, 84
Federal Bureau of Prisons, 38
Federal Communications Commission, 18
Ferguson Police Department, 210
Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study, 19
Framing physicality and public safety
Black masculinity, 210
Brown’s social economic status, 216–217
content analysis, 213
death rates, 208
exclusion criteria, 216
Ferguson Police Department, 210
frame analysis, 214–215
health consequences, 208
hegemonic masculinity, 213–214
intersectionality, 213
Lexis Nexis database, 215
limitations and strengths, 224
mass media, 214
media framing, 214
NVivo 10 qualitative analysis software, 216
policing and black men, 210–212
race-police-perception-health-status feedback loop, 209
social science literature, 222
socioeconomic background, 221
Wilson’s social, economic status, 217–218
Wilson’s testimony, 219–221
working-class neighborhood, 222
Gatekeeper training, 116–117
Gendered racism
criminal justice outcomes, 157
cultural forces and mechanisms, 157
federal database, 156
institutional racism, 160–161
Mapping Police Violence, 156–157
negative race- and gender-based stereotypes, 159
public safety and public health, police role, 161–163
racial ideologies, 158
racism, definition, 158
stereotypes and myths, 158
structural racism, 158
unarmed Black men, police-involved shootings, 156
criminal justice system, 165
decision-making, 166
“fear of life”, 165
inequities, 163
Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 164
violent responses, 165
unarmed White Americans rate, 157
Grand Rapids Police Department, 197
“Happy pill thesis”, 139
Homicide death
“abortion filter”, 139
African American male murder rates, 148, 149
African Americans populations, 142, 143
“aging boomers” theory, 139
anti-Black force, 150
Black gender gap, 135
cause, 129, 130, 136
CDC’s National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, 138
crime rates, 140, 141
dead and missing black babies
abortions vs. US population, 132
fertility rates, 132, 133
infant mortality rate, 131
death penalty, 136
death rate, Black men, 145
death-related facts, 135
government-sanctioned segregation policy, 151
“happy pill thesis”, 139
“immigration and gentrification” thesis, 140, 141
incarceration and early deaths, 135
Injury Statistics Query and Reporting System, 137
investigation, 128
“lead hypothesis”, 139
murder rate drop, 144
National Vital Statistics System, 138
peak homicide rates and percentage decline, 144
percentage differences, 147, 149–150
“police on the beat” theory, 140
“prison boom” thesis, 140
pro-immigration thesis, 141
psychological abuse, 151
“roaring ’90s, and Obamamania”, 140
“tech thesis”, 139
US murder rates, 138, 139
US population, 129, 130
“Immigration and gentrification” thesis, 140
Injury Statistics Query and Reporting System, 137
Insulin coma therapy, 78
“Justifiable homicides”
blackness and black-maleness, 172–173
health disparities, 180
Public Health Critical Race Praxis (PHCRP)
contributions, 179
intersectional framework, 179
principles, 178
systemic and structural barriers, 178
research methods, 181
social determinants, 180
social institution, 180
violence
interracial violence, 173–174
public health problem, 173
self-defense doctrines, 174
social control, 174
social media, 175–178
US violent crime rate, 174
Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act, 175
Law enforcement, 197
“Lead hypothesis”, 139
Lexis Nexis database, 215
Linear regression analysis, 42
Logistic regression models, 59, 62, 63
Macrosystem
collateral consequences, 24
cultural social isolation, 24
economic and social benefits, 22
evidence documents, 23
policies and initiatives, 23
post-civil rights, 23
prison system and structural inequalities, 23
racial segregation, 22
residential segregation, 24
state-sanctioned mechanism, 24
structural disorganization, 24
Mapping Police Violence, 156–157
Mental Health Foundation, 89
Meso/ecosystem
education systems
exclusionary school discipline, juvenile justice outcomes, 19
health behaviors, 20
incarceration rates, 20
levels, 20
non-incarcerated parents, 20
paternal and maternal incarceration, 21
policies and practices, 19
post-release employment, 19
practices and outcomes, 19
programs, 19
recidivism, 19
school exclusion, 19
school-to-prison pipeline, 19
social resources, 20
healthcare systems, 21–22
Microsystem
age-graded theory, 16
criminal justice, 17
disciplinary reports, 17–18
family disruption, 19
indirect effects, imprisonment, 18
marital functioning, 17
marriage and parenthood research, 17
parental incarceration impacts, 18
Multinomial logistic regression, 42–43
National Electronic Injury Surveillance System-All Injury Program, 100
National Strategy for Suicide Prevention, 114
National Survey of American Life (NSAL), 39, 40
National Survey of Family Growth (NSFG), 54
National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH), 100
National Vital Statistics System, 138
NVivo 10 qualitative analysis software, 216
Odds ratios, 60, 63
Oral health
black markets, 39
cosmetic dental problems, 37
Federal Bureau of Prisons, 38
incarcerated populations, 37
incarceration and, 37–38
inmates report, 37
second-hand smoke, 37
smoke-free prison policies, 39
tobacco policy, 38
Ordinary least squares regression analysis, 42
“Police on the beat” theory, 140
“Prison boom” thesis, 140
Program on Human Development in Chicago Neighborhoods, 56
Psychosis
akathisia effect, 78
atypical neuroleptics, 78
biologistic approach, 76
carceral confinement, 86–87
case study, 74
diagnosis
“Black culture”, 81
first-rank psychotic symptoms, 81
psychological consequences, racism, 81, 82
rates of, 80
“White culture”, 81
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 77
drug-induced parkinsonism, 78
electroconvulsive therapy, 78
emotional trauma, 76
hallucinations and delusions, 76
insulin coma therapy, 78
life experiences, 75
Mental Health Foundation, 89
mental illness, 76, 88
myths and stereotypes, 75
bipolar disorder, 85
characteristics, 84
fear-inducing behaviour, 84
institutional violence, 85
mental health professionals, 84
neuroleptics, 85
neurochemical imbalance, 77
neuroleptics usage, 77
racism and vulnerability, 83
schizophrenia rates, 74
scientific and pseudoscientific discourses, 87
selective destigmatization, 76
sexual abuse, 79
shock therapies, 78
social death, 80
societal attitudes, 75
“ voice hearers”, 88
Public Health Critical Race Praxis (PHCRP), 181
contributions, 179
intersectional framework, 179
principles, 178
systemic and structural barriers, 178
Public safety and public health, police role, 161–163
Racial segregation, 22
Regression analysis, criminal justice, 43–45
Residential segregation, 24
Schizophrenia. See Psychosis
School-to-prison pipeline, 19
Self-directed violence, 96, 117
Self-rated physical health and oral health, 43, 46
Sexually transmitted infections (STIs)
demographic and behavioral factors, 57
dependent variable, 60
incarceration status, respondents percentage, 62
independent variables, 60
limitations, 68
logistic regression models, 59
results, 62, 63
mass incarceration and racial disparities
criminal justice system, 54
employment problems, 55
health-care resources, 55
health outcomes, 56
Program on Human Development in Chicago Neighborhoods, 56
short- and long-term consequences, 55
multivariate analysis, 59
National Survey of Family Growth (NSFG), 54
near-zero coefficient, 60
non-random sample design, 57–58
odds ratios, 60, 63
operationalizations
age, 58
age at first sex, 58
anal sex, 59
concurrent partners, 59
condom use, 59
core members, 59
drug use, 59
education, 58
income, 58
marital status, 58
MSM, 59
periphery members, 59
racial background, 58
racial bridge, 59
risky partner, 59
percentage distribution, 60, 61
predicted probabilities, 64–67
sample data, 57–58
sexual network factors, 56–57
social inequalities, 54
Social ecological framework
direct pathways, 9
economic disadvantage, 8
empirical examinations, 9
high-income countries, 8
human development, 10
macrosystem, 11
(See also Macrosystem)
meso/exosystem, 10, 11
(See also Meso/exosystem)
microsystem, 10
(See also Microsystem)
illness and mortality, 8
incarcerated vs. non-incarcerated persons, 8
individual-level health effects, 10
age-standardized prevalence, 11
chronic conditions, 11–12
criminal injustice, 16
criminological theory, 12
employment discrimination, 16
equal access healthcare system, 10, 14–15
health following release, 10, 15–16
hypertension and diabetes population, 12
noninstitutionalized population, 12
obesity prevalence, 12
prison life deprivation, 10, 13–14
population-based survey, 9
prison population, 8
stress-related process, 9
State-sanctioned mechanism, 24
STIs. See Sexually transmitted infections (STIs)
Suicidal behavior
age-adjusted suicide rate, 97–99
by age group and circumstances, 104, 109–111
alcohol usage, 112
“black suicide”, 97
circumstance information, 104–106
culture-specific beliefs, 113
death causes, 97, 98
depression/dysthymia diagnosis, 112
descriptive analysis, 96
health-care worker, 113
method and location, 104, 107–108
morbidity and mortality, 119
National Electronic Injury Surveillance System-All Injury Program, 100
National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH), 100
non-fatal suicide attempts, 98
prevention strategies
access and delivery, suicide care, 115
CDC’s technical package, 114, 115
connectedness, 116
economic supports, 114
evidence-based, 118
gatekeeper training, 116–117
lessen harms, 117
National Strategy for Suicide Prevention, 114
online prevention education, 117
protective environments creation, 115–116
public health approach, 113
resources communities, 114
teaching coping and problem-solving skills, 116
psychological autopsy studies, 112
racial discrimination and oppression, 96
risk and protective factors, 96, 97
age and sex differences, 102
at-risk populations, 104
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) study, 103
cultural influences, 100
depressive symptoms, 102
economic and social inequities, 101
epidemiological data, 100
interpersonal and community violence, 101
monitoring and research, 103
risk factors, 101
social and cultural factors, 102
source documents, 103
toxicology analysis, 101
risk factor, 112
sadness and depression, 96
self-devaluation, 96
self-directed violence, 96, 117
suicidal ideation, 100
surveillance system, 113
US hospital emergency departments, 100
years of potential life lost (YPLL), 98
Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System, 100
Systemic police terror, 192, 193, 197
Taylor expansion approximation technique, 43
“Tech thesis”, 139
Unarmed Black men, police-involved shootings, 156
criminal justice system, 165
decision-making, 166
“fear of life”, 165
inequities, 163
Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 164
violent responses, 165
Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 164
University of Michigan Institutional Review Board, 40
Violence
interracial violence, 173–174
public health problem, 173
self-defense doctrines, 174
social control, 174
social media, 175–178
US violent crime rate, 174
Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act, 175
Years of potential life lost (YPLL), 98
Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System, 100
Eighth Amendment standard
, 46, 47
Electroconvulsive therapy
, 78
Emotional labor and emotion work
, 187–188
management of
, 189
negative health outcomes
, 187
policing outcomes
, 188
social structure
, 190
Emotional trauma
, 76
Fear-inducing behaviour
, 84
Federal Bureau of Prisons
, 38
Federal Communications Commission
, 18
Ferguson Police Department
, 210
Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study
, 19
Framing physicality and public safety
Black masculinity
, 210
Brown’s social economic status
, 216–217
content analysis
, 213
death rates
, 208
exclusion criteria
, 216
Ferguson Police Department
, 210
frame analysis
, 214–215
health consequences
, 208
hegemonic masculinity
, 213–214
intersectionality
, 213
Lexis Nexis database
, 215
limitations and strengths
, 224
mass media
, 214
media framing
, 214
NVivo 10 qualitative analysis software
, 216
policing and black men
, 210–212
race-police-perception-health-status feedback loop
, 209
social science literature
, 222
socioeconomic background
, 221
Wilson’s social, economic status
, 217–218
Wilson’s testimony
, 219–221
working-class neighborhood
, 222
Gatekeeper training, 116–117
Gendered racism
criminal justice outcomes, 157
cultural forces and mechanisms, 157
federal database, 156
institutional racism, 160–161
Mapping Police Violence, 156–157
negative race- and gender-based stereotypes, 159
public safety and public health, police role, 161–163
racial ideologies, 158
racism, definition, 158
stereotypes and myths, 158
structural racism, 158
unarmed Black men, police-involved shootings, 156
criminal justice system, 165
decision-making, 166
“fear of life”, 165
inequities, 163
Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 164
violent responses, 165
unarmed White Americans rate, 157
Grand Rapids Police Department, 197
“Happy pill thesis”, 139
Homicide death
“abortion filter”, 139
African American male murder rates, 148, 149
African Americans populations, 142, 143
“aging boomers” theory, 139
anti-Black force, 150
Black gender gap, 135
cause, 129, 130, 136
CDC’s National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, 138
crime rates, 140, 141
dead and missing black babies
abortions vs. US population, 132
fertility rates, 132, 133
infant mortality rate, 131
death penalty, 136
death rate, Black men, 145
death-related facts, 135
government-sanctioned segregation policy, 151
“happy pill thesis”, 139
“immigration and gentrification” thesis, 140, 141
incarceration and early deaths, 135
Injury Statistics Query and Reporting System, 137
investigation, 128
“lead hypothesis”, 139
murder rate drop, 144
National Vital Statistics System, 138
peak homicide rates and percentage decline, 144
percentage differences, 147, 149–150
“police on the beat” theory, 140
“prison boom” thesis, 140
pro-immigration thesis, 141
psychological abuse, 151
“roaring ’90s, and Obamamania”, 140
“tech thesis”, 139
US murder rates, 138, 139
US population, 129, 130
“Immigration and gentrification” thesis, 140
Injury Statistics Query and Reporting System, 137
Insulin coma therapy, 78
“Justifiable homicides”
blackness and black-maleness, 172–173
health disparities, 180
Public Health Critical Race Praxis (PHCRP)
contributions, 179
intersectional framework, 179
principles, 178
systemic and structural barriers, 178
research methods, 181
social determinants, 180
social institution, 180
violence
interracial violence, 173–174
public health problem, 173
self-defense doctrines, 174
social control, 174
social media, 175–178
US violent crime rate, 174
Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act, 175
Law enforcement, 197
“Lead hypothesis”, 139
Lexis Nexis database, 215
Linear regression analysis, 42
Logistic regression models, 59, 62, 63
Macrosystem
collateral consequences, 24
cultural social isolation, 24
economic and social benefits, 22
evidence documents, 23
policies and initiatives, 23
post-civil rights, 23
prison system and structural inequalities, 23
racial segregation, 22
residential segregation, 24
state-sanctioned mechanism, 24
structural disorganization, 24
Mapping Police Violence, 156–157
Mental Health Foundation, 89
Meso/ecosystem
education systems
exclusionary school discipline, juvenile justice outcomes, 19
health behaviors, 20
incarceration rates, 20
levels, 20
non-incarcerated parents, 20
paternal and maternal incarceration, 21
policies and practices, 19
post-release employment, 19
practices and outcomes, 19
programs, 19
recidivism, 19
school exclusion, 19
school-to-prison pipeline, 19
social resources, 20
healthcare systems, 21–22
Microsystem
age-graded theory, 16
criminal justice, 17
disciplinary reports, 17–18
family disruption, 19
indirect effects, imprisonment, 18
marital functioning, 17
marriage and parenthood research, 17
parental incarceration impacts, 18
Multinomial logistic regression, 42–43
National Electronic Injury Surveillance System-All Injury Program, 100
National Strategy for Suicide Prevention, 114
National Survey of American Life (NSAL), 39, 40
National Survey of Family Growth (NSFG), 54
National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH), 100
National Vital Statistics System, 138
NVivo 10 qualitative analysis software, 216
Odds ratios, 60, 63
Oral health
black markets, 39
cosmetic dental problems, 37
Federal Bureau of Prisons, 38
incarcerated populations, 37
incarceration and, 37–38
inmates report, 37
second-hand smoke, 37
smoke-free prison policies, 39
tobacco policy, 38
Ordinary least squares regression analysis, 42
“Police on the beat” theory, 140
“Prison boom” thesis, 140
Program on Human Development in Chicago Neighborhoods, 56
Psychosis
akathisia effect, 78
atypical neuroleptics, 78
biologistic approach, 76
carceral confinement, 86–87
case study, 74
diagnosis
“Black culture”, 81
first-rank psychotic symptoms, 81
psychological consequences, racism, 81, 82
rates of, 80
“White culture”, 81
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 77
drug-induced parkinsonism, 78
electroconvulsive therapy, 78
emotional trauma, 76
hallucinations and delusions, 76
insulin coma therapy, 78
life experiences, 75
Mental Health Foundation, 89
mental illness, 76, 88
myths and stereotypes, 75
bipolar disorder, 85
characteristics, 84
fear-inducing behaviour, 84
institutional violence, 85
mental health professionals, 84
neuroleptics, 85
neurochemical imbalance, 77
neuroleptics usage, 77
racism and vulnerability, 83
schizophrenia rates, 74
scientific and pseudoscientific discourses, 87
selective destigmatization, 76
sexual abuse, 79
shock therapies, 78
social death, 80
societal attitudes, 75
“ voice hearers”, 88
Public Health Critical Race Praxis (PHCRP), 181
contributions, 179
intersectional framework, 179
principles, 178
systemic and structural barriers, 178
Public safety and public health, police role, 161–163
Racial segregation, 22
Regression analysis, criminal justice, 43–45
Residential segregation, 24
Schizophrenia. See Psychosis
School-to-prison pipeline, 19
Self-directed violence, 96, 117
Self-rated physical health and oral health, 43, 46
Sexually transmitted infections (STIs)
demographic and behavioral factors, 57
dependent variable, 60
incarceration status, respondents percentage, 62
independent variables, 60
limitations, 68
logistic regression models, 59
results, 62, 63
mass incarceration and racial disparities
criminal justice system, 54
employment problems, 55
health-care resources, 55
health outcomes, 56
Program on Human Development in Chicago Neighborhoods, 56
short- and long-term consequences, 55
multivariate analysis, 59
National Survey of Family Growth (NSFG), 54
near-zero coefficient, 60
non-random sample design, 57–58
odds ratios, 60, 63
operationalizations
age, 58
age at first sex, 58
anal sex, 59
concurrent partners, 59
condom use, 59
core members, 59
drug use, 59
education, 58
income, 58
marital status, 58
MSM, 59
periphery members, 59
racial background, 58
racial bridge, 59
risky partner, 59
percentage distribution, 60, 61
predicted probabilities, 64–67
sample data, 57–58
sexual network factors, 56–57
social inequalities, 54
Social ecological framework
direct pathways, 9
economic disadvantage, 8
empirical examinations, 9
high-income countries, 8
human development, 10
macrosystem, 11
(See also Macrosystem)
meso/exosystem, 10, 11
(See also Meso/exosystem)
microsystem, 10
(See also Microsystem)
illness and mortality, 8
incarcerated vs. non-incarcerated persons, 8
individual-level health effects, 10
age-standardized prevalence, 11
chronic conditions, 11–12
criminal injustice, 16
criminological theory, 12
employment discrimination, 16
equal access healthcare system, 10, 14–15
health following release, 10, 15–16
hypertension and diabetes population, 12
noninstitutionalized population, 12
obesity prevalence, 12
prison life deprivation, 10, 13–14
population-based survey, 9
prison population, 8
stress-related process, 9
State-sanctioned mechanism, 24
STIs. See Sexually transmitted infections (STIs)
Suicidal behavior
age-adjusted suicide rate, 97–99
by age group and circumstances, 104, 109–111
alcohol usage, 112
“black suicide”, 97
circumstance information, 104–106
culture-specific beliefs, 113
death causes, 97, 98
depression/dysthymia diagnosis, 112
descriptive analysis, 96
health-care worker, 113
method and location, 104, 107–108
morbidity and mortality, 119
National Electronic Injury Surveillance System-All Injury Program, 100
National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH), 100
non-fatal suicide attempts, 98
prevention strategies
access and delivery, suicide care, 115
CDC’s technical package, 114, 115
connectedness, 116
economic supports, 114
evidence-based, 118
gatekeeper training, 116–117
lessen harms, 117
National Strategy for Suicide Prevention, 114
online prevention education, 117
protective environments creation, 115–116
public health approach, 113
resources communities, 114
teaching coping and problem-solving skills, 116
psychological autopsy studies, 112
racial discrimination and oppression, 96
risk and protective factors, 96, 97
age and sex differences, 102
at-risk populations, 104
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) study, 103
cultural influences, 100
depressive symptoms, 102
economic and social inequities, 101
epidemiological data, 100
interpersonal and community violence, 101
monitoring and research, 103
risk factors, 101
social and cultural factors, 102
source documents, 103
toxicology analysis, 101
risk factor, 112
sadness and depression, 96
self-devaluation, 96
self-directed violence, 96, 117
suicidal ideation, 100
surveillance system, 113
US hospital emergency departments, 100
years of potential life lost (YPLL), 98
Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System, 100
Systemic police terror, 192, 193, 197
Taylor expansion approximation technique, 43
“Tech thesis”, 139
Unarmed Black men, police-involved shootings, 156
criminal justice system, 165
decision-making, 166
“fear of life”, 165
inequities, 163
Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 164
violent responses, 165
Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 164
University of Michigan Institutional Review Board, 40
Violence
interracial violence, 173–174
public health problem, 173
self-defense doctrines, 174
social control, 174
social media, 175–178
US violent crime rate, 174
Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act, 175
Years of potential life lost (YPLL), 98
Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System, 100
Gatekeeper training
, 116–117
Gendered racism
criminal justice outcomes
, 157
cultural forces and mechanisms
, 157
federal database
, 156
institutional racism
, 160–161
Mapping Police Violence
, 156–157
negative race- and gender-based stereotypes
, 159
public safety and public health, police role
, 161–163
racial ideologies
, 158
racism, definition
, 158
stereotypes and myths
, 158
structural racism
, 158
unarmed Black men, police-involved shootings
, 156
criminal justice system
, 165
decision-making
, 166
“fear of life”
, 165
inequities
, 163
Universal Declaration of Human Rights
, 164
violent responses
, 165
unarmed White Americans rate
, 157
Grand Rapids Police Department
, 197
“Happy pill thesis”
, 139
Homicide death
“abortion filter”
, 139
African American male murder rates
, 148, 149
African Americans populations
, 142, 143
“aging boomers” theory
, 139
anti-Black force
, 150
Black gender gap
, 135
cause
, 129, 130, 136
CDC’s National Center for Injury Prevention and Control
, 138
crime rates
, 140, 141
dead and missing black babies
abortions vs. US population
, 132
fertility rates
, 132, 133
infant mortality rate
, 131
death penalty
, 136
death rate, Black men
, 145
death-related facts
, 135
government-sanctioned segregation policy
, 151
“happy pill thesis”
, 139
“immigration and gentrification” thesis
, 140, 141
incarceration and early deaths
, 135
Injury Statistics Query and Reporting System
, 137
investigation
, 128
“lead hypothesis”
, 139
murder rate drop
, 144
National Vital Statistics System
, 138
peak homicide rates and percentage decline
, 144
percentage differences
, 147, 149–150
“police on the beat” theory
, 140
“prison boom” thesis
, 140
pro-immigration thesis
, 141
psychological abuse
, 151
“roaring ’90s, and Obamamania”
, 140
“tech thesis”
, 139
US murder rates
, 138, 139
US population
, 129, 130
“Immigration and gentrification” thesis, 140
Injury Statistics Query and Reporting System, 137
Insulin coma therapy, 78
“Justifiable homicides”
blackness and black-maleness, 172–173
health disparities, 180
Public Health Critical Race Praxis (PHCRP)
contributions, 179
intersectional framework, 179
principles, 178
systemic and structural barriers, 178
research methods, 181
social determinants, 180
social institution, 180
violence
interracial violence, 173–174
public health problem, 173
self-defense doctrines, 174
social control, 174
social media, 175–178
US violent crime rate, 174
Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act, 175
Law enforcement, 197
“Lead hypothesis”, 139
Lexis Nexis database, 215
Linear regression analysis, 42
Logistic regression models, 59, 62, 63
Macrosystem
collateral consequences, 24
cultural social isolation, 24
economic and social benefits, 22
evidence documents, 23
policies and initiatives, 23
post-civil rights, 23
prison system and structural inequalities, 23
racial segregation, 22
residential segregation, 24
state-sanctioned mechanism, 24
structural disorganization, 24
Mapping Police Violence, 156–157
Mental Health Foundation, 89
Meso/ecosystem
education systems
exclusionary school discipline, juvenile justice outcomes, 19
health behaviors, 20
incarceration rates, 20
levels, 20
non-incarcerated parents, 20
paternal and maternal incarceration, 21
policies and practices, 19
post-release employment, 19
practices and outcomes, 19
programs, 19
recidivism, 19
school exclusion, 19
school-to-prison pipeline, 19
social resources, 20
healthcare systems, 21–22
Microsystem
age-graded theory, 16
criminal justice, 17
disciplinary reports, 17–18
family disruption, 19
indirect effects, imprisonment, 18
marital functioning, 17
marriage and parenthood research, 17
parental incarceration impacts, 18
Multinomial logistic regression, 42–43
National Electronic Injury Surveillance System-All Injury Program, 100
National Strategy for Suicide Prevention, 114
National Survey of American Life (NSAL), 39, 40
National Survey of Family Growth (NSFG), 54
National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH), 100
National Vital Statistics System, 138
NVivo 10 qualitative analysis software, 216
Odds ratios, 60, 63
Oral health
black markets, 39
cosmetic dental problems, 37
Federal Bureau of Prisons, 38
incarcerated populations, 37
incarceration and, 37–38
inmates report, 37
second-hand smoke, 37
smoke-free prison policies, 39
tobacco policy, 38
Ordinary least squares regression analysis, 42
“Police on the beat” theory, 140
“Prison boom” thesis, 140
Program on Human Development in Chicago Neighborhoods, 56
Psychosis
akathisia effect, 78
atypical neuroleptics, 78
biologistic approach, 76
carceral confinement, 86–87
case study, 74
diagnosis
“Black culture”, 81
first-rank psychotic symptoms, 81
psychological consequences, racism, 81, 82
rates of, 80
“White culture”, 81
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 77
drug-induced parkinsonism, 78
electroconvulsive therapy, 78
emotional trauma, 76
hallucinations and delusions, 76
insulin coma therapy, 78
life experiences, 75
Mental Health Foundation, 89
mental illness, 76, 88
myths and stereotypes, 75
bipolar disorder, 85
characteristics, 84
fear-inducing behaviour, 84
institutional violence, 85
mental health professionals, 84
neuroleptics, 85
neurochemical imbalance, 77
neuroleptics usage, 77
racism and vulnerability, 83
schizophrenia rates, 74
scientific and pseudoscientific discourses, 87
selective destigmatization, 76
sexual abuse, 79
shock therapies, 78
social death, 80
societal attitudes, 75
“ voice hearers”, 88
Public Health Critical Race Praxis (PHCRP), 181
contributions, 179
intersectional framework, 179
principles, 178
systemic and structural barriers, 178
Public safety and public health, police role, 161–163
Racial segregation, 22
Regression analysis, criminal justice, 43–45
Residential segregation, 24
Schizophrenia. See Psychosis
School-to-prison pipeline, 19
Self-directed violence, 96, 117
Self-rated physical health and oral health, 43, 46
Sexually transmitted infections (STIs)
demographic and behavioral factors, 57
dependent variable, 60
incarceration status, respondents percentage, 62
independent variables, 60
limitations, 68
logistic regression models, 59
results, 62, 63
mass incarceration and racial disparities
criminal justice system, 54
employment problems, 55
health-care resources, 55
health outcomes, 56
Program on Human Development in Chicago Neighborhoods, 56
short- and long-term consequences, 55
multivariate analysis, 59
National Survey of Family Growth (NSFG), 54
near-zero coefficient, 60
non-random sample design, 57–58
odds ratios, 60, 63
operationalizations
age, 58
age at first sex, 58
anal sex, 59
concurrent partners, 59
condom use, 59
core members, 59
drug use, 59
education, 58
income, 58
marital status, 58
MSM, 59
periphery members, 59
racial background, 58
racial bridge, 59
risky partner, 59
percentage distribution, 60, 61
predicted probabilities, 64–67
sample data, 57–58
sexual network factors, 56–57
social inequalities, 54
Social ecological framework
direct pathways, 9
economic disadvantage, 8
empirical examinations, 9
high-income countries, 8
human development, 10
macrosystem, 11
(See also Macrosystem)
meso/exosystem, 10, 11
(See also Meso/exosystem)
microsystem, 10
(See also Microsystem)
illness and mortality, 8
incarcerated vs. non-incarcerated persons, 8
individual-level health effects, 10
age-standardized prevalence, 11
chronic conditions, 11–12
criminal injustice, 16
criminological theory, 12
employment discrimination, 16
equal access healthcare system, 10, 14–15
health following release, 10, 15–16
hypertension and diabetes population, 12
noninstitutionalized population, 12
obesity prevalence, 12
prison life deprivation, 10, 13–14
population-based survey, 9
prison population, 8
stress-related process, 9
State-sanctioned mechanism, 24
STIs. See Sexually transmitted infections (STIs)
Suicidal behavior
age-adjusted suicide rate, 97–99
by age group and circumstances, 104, 109–111
alcohol usage, 112
“black suicide”, 97
circumstance information, 104–106
culture-specific beliefs, 113
death causes, 97, 98
depression/dysthymia diagnosis, 112
descriptive analysis, 96
health-care worker, 113
method and location, 104, 107–108
morbidity and mortality, 119
National Electronic Injury Surveillance System-All Injury Program, 100
National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH), 100
non-fatal suicide attempts, 98
prevention strategies
access and delivery, suicide care, 115
CDC’s technical package, 114, 115
connectedness, 116
economic supports, 114
evidence-based, 118
gatekeeper training, 116–117
lessen harms, 117
National Strategy for Suicide Prevention, 114
online prevention education, 117
protective environments creation, 115–116
public health approach, 113
resources communities, 114
teaching coping and problem-solving skills, 116
psychological autopsy studies, 112
racial discrimination and oppression, 96
risk and protective factors, 96, 97
age and sex differences, 102
at-risk populations, 104
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) study, 103
cultural influences, 100
depressive symptoms, 102
economic and social inequities, 101
epidemiological data, 100
interpersonal and community violence, 101
monitoring and research, 103
risk factors, 101
social and cultural factors, 102
source documents, 103
toxicology analysis, 101
risk factor, 112
sadness and depression, 96
self-devaluation, 96
self-directed violence, 96, 117
suicidal ideation, 100
surveillance system, 113
US hospital emergency departments, 100
years of potential life lost (YPLL), 98
Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System, 100
Systemic police terror, 192, 193, 197
Taylor expansion approximation technique, 43
“Tech thesis”, 139
Unarmed Black men, police-involved shootings, 156
criminal justice system, 165
decision-making, 166
“fear of life”, 165
inequities, 163
Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 164
violent responses, 165
Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 164
University of Michigan Institutional Review Board, 40
Violence
interracial violence, 173–174
public health problem, 173
self-defense doctrines, 174
social control, 174
social media, 175–178
US violent crime rate, 174
Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act, 175
Years of potential life lost (YPLL), 98
Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System, 100
“Immigration and gentrification” thesis
, 140
Injury Statistics Query and Reporting System
, 137
Insulin coma therapy
, 78
“Justifiable homicides”
blackness and black-maleness
, 172–173
health disparities
, 180
Public Health Critical Race Praxis (PHCRP)
contributions
, 179
intersectional framework
, 179
principles
, 178
systemic and structural barriers
, 178
research methods
, 181
social determinants
, 180
social institution
, 180
violence
interracial violence
, 173–174
public health problem
, 173
self-defense doctrines
, 174
social control
, 174
social media
, 175–178
US violent crime rate
, 174
Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act
, 175
Law enforcement, 197
“Lead hypothesis”, 139
Lexis Nexis database, 215
Linear regression analysis, 42
Logistic regression models, 59, 62, 63
Macrosystem
collateral consequences, 24
cultural social isolation, 24
economic and social benefits, 22
evidence documents, 23
policies and initiatives, 23
post-civil rights, 23
prison system and structural inequalities, 23
racial segregation, 22
residential segregation, 24
state-sanctioned mechanism, 24
structural disorganization, 24
Mapping Police Violence, 156–157
Mental Health Foundation, 89
Meso/ecosystem
education systems
exclusionary school discipline, juvenile justice outcomes, 19
health behaviors, 20
incarceration rates, 20
levels, 20
non-incarcerated parents, 20
paternal and maternal incarceration, 21
policies and practices, 19
post-release employment, 19
practices and outcomes, 19
programs, 19
recidivism, 19
school exclusion, 19
school-to-prison pipeline, 19
social resources, 20
healthcare systems, 21–22
Microsystem
age-graded theory, 16
criminal justice, 17
disciplinary reports, 17–18
family disruption, 19
indirect effects, imprisonment, 18
marital functioning, 17
marriage and parenthood research, 17
parental incarceration impacts, 18
Multinomial logistic regression, 42–43
National Electronic Injury Surveillance System-All Injury Program, 100
National Strategy for Suicide Prevention, 114
National Survey of American Life (NSAL), 39, 40
National Survey of Family Growth (NSFG), 54
National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH), 100
National Vital Statistics System, 138
NVivo 10 qualitative analysis software, 216
Odds ratios, 60, 63
Oral health
black markets, 39
cosmetic dental problems, 37
Federal Bureau of Prisons, 38
incarcerated populations, 37
incarceration and, 37–38
inmates report, 37
second-hand smoke, 37
smoke-free prison policies, 39
tobacco policy, 38
Ordinary least squares regression analysis, 42
“Police on the beat” theory, 140
“Prison boom” thesis, 140
Program on Human Development in Chicago Neighborhoods, 56
Psychosis
akathisia effect, 78
atypical neuroleptics, 78
biologistic approach, 76
carceral confinement, 86–87
case study, 74
diagnosis
“Black culture”, 81
first-rank psychotic symptoms, 81
psychological consequences, racism, 81, 82
rates of, 80
“White culture”, 81
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 77
drug-induced parkinsonism, 78
electroconvulsive therapy, 78
emotional trauma, 76
hallucinations and delusions, 76
insulin coma therapy, 78
life experiences, 75
Mental Health Foundation, 89
mental illness, 76, 88
myths and stereotypes, 75
bipolar disorder, 85
characteristics, 84
fear-inducing behaviour, 84
institutional violence, 85
mental health professionals, 84
neuroleptics, 85
neurochemical imbalance, 77
neuroleptics usage, 77
racism and vulnerability, 83
schizophrenia rates, 74
scientific and pseudoscientific discourses, 87
selective destigmatization, 76
sexual abuse, 79
shock therapies, 78
social death, 80
societal attitudes, 75
“ voice hearers”, 88
Public Health Critical Race Praxis (PHCRP), 181
contributions, 179
intersectional framework, 179
principles, 178
systemic and structural barriers, 178
Public safety and public health, police role, 161–163
Racial segregation, 22
Regression analysis, criminal justice, 43–45
Residential segregation, 24
Schizophrenia. See Psychosis
School-to-prison pipeline, 19
Self-directed violence, 96, 117
Self-rated physical health and oral health, 43, 46
Sexually transmitted infections (STIs)
demographic and behavioral factors, 57
dependent variable, 60
incarceration status, respondents percentage, 62
independent variables, 60
limitations, 68
logistic regression models, 59
results, 62, 63
mass incarceration and racial disparities
criminal justice system, 54
employment problems, 55
health-care resources, 55
health outcomes, 56
Program on Human Development in Chicago Neighborhoods, 56
short- and long-term consequences, 55
multivariate analysis, 59
National Survey of Family Growth (NSFG), 54
near-zero coefficient, 60
non-random sample design, 57–58
odds ratios, 60, 63
operationalizations
age, 58
age at first sex, 58
anal sex, 59
concurrent partners, 59
condom use, 59
core members, 59
drug use, 59
education, 58
income, 58
marital status, 58
MSM, 59
periphery members, 59
racial background, 58
racial bridge, 59
risky partner, 59
percentage distribution, 60, 61
predicted probabilities, 64–67
sample data, 57–58
sexual network factors, 56–57
social inequalities, 54
Social ecological framework
direct pathways, 9
economic disadvantage, 8
empirical examinations, 9
high-income countries, 8
human development, 10
macrosystem, 11
(See also Macrosystem)
meso/exosystem, 10, 11
(See also Meso/exosystem)
microsystem, 10
(See also Microsystem)
illness and mortality, 8
incarcerated vs. non-incarcerated persons, 8
individual-level health effects, 10
age-standardized prevalence, 11
chronic conditions, 11–12
criminal injustice, 16
criminological theory, 12
employment discrimination, 16
equal access healthcare system, 10, 14–15
health following release, 10, 15–16
hypertension and diabetes population, 12
noninstitutionalized population, 12
obesity prevalence, 12
prison life deprivation, 10, 13–14
population-based survey, 9
prison population, 8
stress-related process, 9
State-sanctioned mechanism, 24
STIs. See Sexually transmitted infections (STIs)
Suicidal behavior
age-adjusted suicide rate, 97–99
by age group and circumstances, 104, 109–111
alcohol usage, 112
“black suicide”, 97
circumstance information, 104–106
culture-specific beliefs, 113
death causes, 97, 98
depression/dysthymia diagnosis, 112
descriptive analysis, 96
health-care worker, 113
method and location, 104, 107–108
morbidity and mortality, 119
National Electronic Injury Surveillance System-All Injury Program, 100
National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH), 100
non-fatal suicide attempts, 98
prevention strategies
access and delivery, suicide care, 115
CDC’s technical package, 114, 115
connectedness, 116
economic supports, 114
evidence-based, 118
gatekeeper training, 116–117
lessen harms, 117
National Strategy for Suicide Prevention, 114
online prevention education, 117
protective environments creation, 115–116
public health approach, 113
resources communities, 114
teaching coping and problem-solving skills, 116
psychological autopsy studies, 112
racial discrimination and oppression, 96
risk and protective factors, 96, 97
age and sex differences, 102
at-risk populations, 104
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) study, 103
cultural influences, 100
depressive symptoms, 102
economic and social inequities, 101
epidemiological data, 100
interpersonal and community violence, 101
monitoring and research, 103
risk factors, 101
social and cultural factors, 102
source documents, 103
toxicology analysis, 101
risk factor, 112
sadness and depression, 96
self-devaluation, 96
self-directed violence, 96, 117
suicidal ideation, 100
surveillance system, 113
US hospital emergency departments, 100
years of potential life lost (YPLL), 98
Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System, 100
Systemic police terror, 192, 193, 197
Taylor expansion approximation technique, 43
“Tech thesis”, 139
Unarmed Black men, police-involved shootings, 156
criminal justice system, 165
decision-making, 166
“fear of life”, 165
inequities, 163
Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 164
violent responses, 165
Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 164
University of Michigan Institutional Review Board, 40
Violence
interracial violence, 173–174
public health problem, 173
self-defense doctrines, 174
social control, 174
social media, 175–178
US violent crime rate, 174
Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act, 175
Years of potential life lost (YPLL), 98
Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System, 100
Law enforcement
, 197
“Lead hypothesis”
, 139
Lexis Nexis database
, 215
Linear regression analysis
, 42
Logistic regression models
, 59, 62, 63
Macrosystem
collateral consequences
, 24
cultural social isolation
, 24
economic and social benefits
, 22
evidence documents
, 23
policies and initiatives
, 23
post-civil rights
, 23
prison system and structural inequalities
, 23
racial segregation
, 22
residential segregation
, 24
state-sanctioned mechanism
, 24
structural disorganization
, 24
Mapping Police Violence
, 156–157
Mental Health Foundation
, 89
Meso/ecosystem
education systems
exclusionary school discipline, juvenile justice outcomes
, 19
health behaviors
, 20
incarceration rates
, 20
levels
, 20
non-incarcerated parents
, 20
paternal and maternal incarceration
, 21
policies and practices
, 19
post-release employment
, 19
practices and outcomes
, 19
programs
, 19
recidivism
, 19
school exclusion
, 19
school-to-prison pipeline
, 19
social resources
, 20
healthcare systems
, 21–22
Microsystem
age-graded theory
, 16
criminal justice
, 17
disciplinary reports
, 17–18
family disruption
, 19
indirect effects, imprisonment
, 18
marital functioning
, 17
marriage and parenthood research
, 17
parental incarceration impacts
, 18
Multinomial logistic regression
, 42–43
National Electronic Injury Surveillance System-All Injury Program, 100
National Strategy for Suicide Prevention, 114
National Survey of American Life (NSAL), 39, 40
National Survey of Family Growth (NSFG), 54
National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH), 100
National Vital Statistics System, 138
NVivo 10 qualitative analysis software, 216
Odds ratios, 60, 63
Oral health
black markets, 39
cosmetic dental problems, 37
Federal Bureau of Prisons, 38
incarcerated populations, 37
incarceration and, 37–38
inmates report, 37
second-hand smoke, 37
smoke-free prison policies, 39
tobacco policy, 38
Ordinary least squares regression analysis, 42
“Police on the beat” theory, 140
“Prison boom” thesis, 140
Program on Human Development in Chicago Neighborhoods, 56
Psychosis
akathisia effect, 78
atypical neuroleptics, 78
biologistic approach, 76
carceral confinement, 86–87
case study, 74
diagnosis
“Black culture”, 81
first-rank psychotic symptoms, 81
psychological consequences, racism, 81, 82
rates of, 80
“White culture”, 81
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 77
drug-induced parkinsonism, 78
electroconvulsive therapy, 78
emotional trauma, 76
hallucinations and delusions, 76
insulin coma therapy, 78
life experiences, 75
Mental Health Foundation, 89
mental illness, 76, 88
myths and stereotypes, 75
bipolar disorder, 85
characteristics, 84
fear-inducing behaviour, 84
institutional violence, 85
mental health professionals, 84
neuroleptics, 85
neurochemical imbalance, 77
neuroleptics usage, 77
racism and vulnerability, 83
schizophrenia rates, 74
scientific and pseudoscientific discourses, 87
selective destigmatization, 76
sexual abuse, 79
shock therapies, 78
social death, 80
societal attitudes, 75
“ voice hearers”, 88
Public Health Critical Race Praxis (PHCRP), 181
contributions, 179
intersectional framework, 179
principles, 178
systemic and structural barriers, 178
Public safety and public health, police role, 161–163
Racial segregation, 22
Regression analysis, criminal justice, 43–45
Residential segregation, 24
Schizophrenia. See Psychosis
School-to-prison pipeline, 19
Self-directed violence, 96, 117
Self-rated physical health and oral health, 43, 46
Sexually transmitted infections (STIs)
demographic and behavioral factors, 57
dependent variable, 60
incarceration status, respondents percentage, 62
independent variables, 60
limitations, 68
logistic regression models, 59
results, 62, 63
mass incarceration and racial disparities
criminal justice system, 54
employment problems, 55
health-care resources, 55
health outcomes, 56
Program on Human Development in Chicago Neighborhoods, 56
short- and long-term consequences, 55
multivariate analysis, 59
National Survey of Family Growth (NSFG), 54
near-zero coefficient, 60
non-random sample design, 57–58
odds ratios, 60, 63
operationalizations
age, 58
age at first sex, 58
anal sex, 59
concurrent partners, 59
condom use, 59
core members, 59
drug use, 59
education, 58
income, 58
marital status, 58
MSM, 59
periphery members, 59
racial background, 58
racial bridge, 59
risky partner, 59
percentage distribution, 60, 61
predicted probabilities, 64–67
sample data, 57–58
sexual network factors, 56–57
social inequalities, 54
Social ecological framework
direct pathways, 9
economic disadvantage, 8
empirical examinations, 9
high-income countries, 8
human development, 10
macrosystem, 11
(See also Macrosystem)
meso/exosystem, 10, 11
(See also Meso/exosystem)
microsystem, 10
(See also Microsystem)
illness and mortality, 8
incarcerated vs. non-incarcerated persons, 8
individual-level health effects, 10
age-standardized prevalence, 11
chronic conditions, 11–12
criminal injustice, 16
criminological theory, 12
employment discrimination, 16
equal access healthcare system, 10, 14–15
health following release, 10, 15–16
hypertension and diabetes population, 12
noninstitutionalized population, 12
obesity prevalence, 12
prison life deprivation, 10, 13–14
population-based survey, 9
prison population, 8
stress-related process, 9
State-sanctioned mechanism, 24
STIs. See Sexually transmitted infections (STIs)
Suicidal behavior
age-adjusted suicide rate, 97–99
by age group and circumstances, 104, 109–111
alcohol usage, 112
“black suicide”, 97
circumstance information, 104–106
culture-specific beliefs, 113
death causes, 97, 98
depression/dysthymia diagnosis, 112
descriptive analysis, 96
health-care worker, 113
method and location, 104, 107–108
morbidity and mortality, 119
National Electronic Injury Surveillance System-All Injury Program, 100
National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH), 100
non-fatal suicide attempts, 98
prevention strategies
access and delivery, suicide care, 115
CDC’s technical package, 114, 115
connectedness, 116
economic supports, 114
evidence-based, 118
gatekeeper training, 116–117
lessen harms, 117
National Strategy for Suicide Prevention, 114
online prevention education, 117
protective environments creation, 115–116
public health approach, 113
resources communities, 114
teaching coping and problem-solving skills, 116
psychological autopsy studies, 112
racial discrimination and oppression, 96
risk and protective factors, 96, 97
age and sex differences, 102
at-risk populations, 104
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) study, 103
cultural influences, 100
depressive symptoms, 102
economic and social inequities, 101
epidemiological data, 100
interpersonal and community violence, 101
monitoring and research, 103
risk factors, 101
social and cultural factors, 102
source documents, 103
toxicology analysis, 101
risk factor, 112
sadness and depression, 96
self-devaluation, 96
self-directed violence, 96, 117
suicidal ideation, 100
surveillance system, 113
US hospital emergency departments, 100
years of potential life lost (YPLL), 98
Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System, 100
Systemic police terror, 192, 193, 197
Taylor expansion approximation technique, 43
“Tech thesis”, 139
Unarmed Black men, police-involved shootings, 156
criminal justice system, 165
decision-making, 166
“fear of life”, 165
inequities, 163
Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 164
violent responses, 165
Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 164
University of Michigan Institutional Review Board, 40
Violence
interracial violence, 173–174
public health problem, 173
self-defense doctrines, 174
social control, 174
social media, 175–178
US violent crime rate, 174
Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act, 175
Years of potential life lost (YPLL), 98
Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System, 100
National Electronic Injury Surveillance System-All Injury Program
, 100
National Strategy for Suicide Prevention
, 114
National Survey of American Life (NSAL)
, 39, 40
National Survey of Family Growth (NSFG)
, 54
National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH)
, 100
National Vital Statistics System
, 138
NVivo 10 qualitative analysis software
, 216
Odds ratios
, 60, 63
Oral health
black markets
, 39
cosmetic dental problems
, 37
Federal Bureau of Prisons
, 38
incarcerated populations
, 37
incarceration and
, 37–38
inmates report
, 37
second-hand smoke
, 37
smoke-free prison policies
, 39
tobacco policy
, 38
Ordinary least squares regression analysis
, 42
“Police on the beat” theory, 140
“Prison boom” thesis, 140
Program on Human Development in Chicago Neighborhoods, 56
Psychosis
akathisia effect, 78
atypical neuroleptics, 78
biologistic approach, 76
carceral confinement, 86–87
case study, 74
diagnosis
“Black culture”, 81
first-rank psychotic symptoms, 81
psychological consequences, racism, 81, 82
rates of, 80
“White culture”, 81
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 77
drug-induced parkinsonism, 78
electroconvulsive therapy, 78
emotional trauma, 76
hallucinations and delusions, 76
insulin coma therapy, 78
life experiences, 75
Mental Health Foundation, 89
mental illness, 76, 88
myths and stereotypes, 75
bipolar disorder, 85
characteristics, 84
fear-inducing behaviour, 84
institutional violence, 85
mental health professionals, 84
neuroleptics, 85
neurochemical imbalance, 77
neuroleptics usage, 77
racism and vulnerability, 83
schizophrenia rates, 74
scientific and pseudoscientific discourses, 87
selective destigmatization, 76
sexual abuse, 79
shock therapies, 78
social death, 80
societal attitudes, 75
“ voice hearers”, 88
Public Health Critical Race Praxis (PHCRP), 181
contributions, 179
intersectional framework, 179
principles, 178
systemic and structural barriers, 178
Public safety and public health, police role, 161–163
Racial segregation, 22
Regression analysis, criminal justice, 43–45
Residential segregation, 24
Schizophrenia. See Psychosis
School-to-prison pipeline, 19
Self-directed violence, 96, 117
Self-rated physical health and oral health, 43, 46
Sexually transmitted infections (STIs)
demographic and behavioral factors, 57
dependent variable, 60
incarceration status, respondents percentage, 62
independent variables, 60
limitations, 68
logistic regression models, 59
results, 62, 63
mass incarceration and racial disparities
criminal justice system, 54
employment problems, 55
health-care resources, 55
health outcomes, 56
Program on Human Development in Chicago Neighborhoods, 56
short- and long-term consequences, 55
multivariate analysis, 59
National Survey of Family Growth (NSFG), 54
near-zero coefficient, 60
non-random sample design, 57–58
odds ratios, 60, 63
operationalizations
age, 58
age at first sex, 58
anal sex, 59
concurrent partners, 59
condom use, 59
core members, 59
drug use, 59
education, 58
income, 58
marital status, 58
MSM, 59
periphery members, 59
racial background, 58
racial bridge, 59
risky partner, 59
percentage distribution, 60, 61
predicted probabilities, 64–67
sample data, 57–58
sexual network factors, 56–57
social inequalities, 54
Social ecological framework
direct pathways, 9
economic disadvantage, 8
empirical examinations, 9
high-income countries, 8
human development, 10
macrosystem, 11
(See also Macrosystem)
meso/exosystem, 10, 11
(See also Meso/exosystem)
microsystem, 10
(See also Microsystem)
illness and mortality, 8
incarcerated vs. non-incarcerated persons, 8
individual-level health effects, 10
age-standardized prevalence, 11
chronic conditions, 11–12
criminal injustice, 16
criminological theory, 12
employment discrimination, 16
equal access healthcare system, 10, 14–15
health following release, 10, 15–16
hypertension and diabetes population, 12
noninstitutionalized population, 12
obesity prevalence, 12
prison life deprivation, 10, 13–14
population-based survey, 9
prison population, 8
stress-related process, 9
State-sanctioned mechanism, 24
STIs. See Sexually transmitted infections (STIs)
Suicidal behavior
age-adjusted suicide rate, 97–99
by age group and circumstances, 104, 109–111
alcohol usage, 112
“black suicide”, 97
circumstance information, 104–106
culture-specific beliefs, 113
death causes, 97, 98
depression/dysthymia diagnosis, 112
descriptive analysis, 96
health-care worker, 113
method and location, 104, 107–108
morbidity and mortality, 119
National Electronic Injury Surveillance System-All Injury Program, 100
National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH), 100
non-fatal suicide attempts, 98
prevention strategies
access and delivery, suicide care, 115
CDC’s technical package, 114, 115
connectedness, 116
economic supports, 114
evidence-based, 118
gatekeeper training, 116–117
lessen harms, 117
National Strategy for Suicide Prevention, 114
online prevention education, 117
protective environments creation, 115–116
public health approach, 113
resources communities, 114
teaching coping and problem-solving skills, 116
psychological autopsy studies, 112
racial discrimination and oppression, 96
risk and protective factors, 96, 97
age and sex differences, 102
at-risk populations, 104
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) study, 103
cultural influences, 100
depressive symptoms, 102
economic and social inequities, 101
epidemiological data, 100
interpersonal and community violence, 101
monitoring and research, 103
risk factors, 101
social and cultural factors, 102
source documents, 103
toxicology analysis, 101
risk factor, 112
sadness and depression, 96
self-devaluation, 96
self-directed violence, 96, 117
suicidal ideation, 100
surveillance system, 113
US hospital emergency departments, 100
years of potential life lost (YPLL), 98
Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System, 100
Systemic police terror, 192, 193, 197
Taylor expansion approximation technique, 43
“Tech thesis”, 139
Unarmed Black men, police-involved shootings, 156
criminal justice system, 165
decision-making, 166
“fear of life”, 165
inequities, 163
Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 164
violent responses, 165
Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 164
University of Michigan Institutional Review Board, 40
Violence
interracial violence, 173–174
public health problem, 173
self-defense doctrines, 174
social control, 174
social media, 175–178
US violent crime rate, 174
Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act, 175
Years of potential life lost (YPLL), 98
Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System, 100
“Police on the beat” theory
, 140
“Prison boom” thesis
, 140
Program on Human Development in Chicago Neighborhoods
, 56
Psychosis
akathisia effect
, 78
atypical neuroleptics
, 78
biologistic approach
, 76
carceral confinement
, 86–87
case study
, 74
diagnosis
“Black culture”
, 81
first-rank psychotic symptoms
, 81
psychological consequences, racism
, 81, 82
rates of
, 80
“White culture”
, 81
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
, 77
drug-induced parkinsonism
, 78
electroconvulsive therapy
, 78
emotional trauma
, 76
hallucinations and delusions
, 76
insulin coma therapy
, 78
life experiences
, 75
Mental Health Foundation
, 89
mental illness
, 76, 88
myths and stereotypes
, 75
bipolar disorder
, 85
characteristics
, 84
fear-inducing behaviour
, 84
institutional violence
, 85
mental health professionals
, 84
neuroleptics
, 85
neurochemical imbalance
, 77
neuroleptics usage
, 77
racism and vulnerability
, 83
schizophrenia rates
, 74
scientific and pseudoscientific discourses
, 87
selective destigmatization
, 76
sexual abuse
, 79
shock therapies
, 78
social death
, 80
societal attitudes
, 75
“ voice hearers”
, 88
Public Health Critical Race Praxis (PHCRP)
, 181
contributions
, 179
intersectional framework
, 179
principles
, 178
systemic and structural barriers
, 178
Public safety and public health, police role
, 161–163
Racial segregation
, 22
Regression analysis, criminal justice
, 43–45
Residential segregation
, 24
Schizophrenia. See Psychosis
School-to-prison pipeline, 19
Self-directed violence, 96, 117
Self-rated physical health and oral health, 43, 46
Sexually transmitted infections (STIs)
demographic and behavioral factors, 57
dependent variable, 60
incarceration status, respondents percentage, 62
independent variables, 60
limitations, 68
logistic regression models, 59
results, 62, 63
mass incarceration and racial disparities
criminal justice system, 54
employment problems, 55
health-care resources, 55
health outcomes, 56
Program on Human Development in Chicago Neighborhoods, 56
short- and long-term consequences, 55
multivariate analysis, 59
National Survey of Family Growth (NSFG), 54
near-zero coefficient, 60
non-random sample design, 57–58
odds ratios, 60, 63
operationalizations
age, 58
age at first sex, 58
anal sex, 59
concurrent partners, 59
condom use, 59
core members, 59
drug use, 59
education, 58
income, 58
marital status, 58
MSM, 59
periphery members, 59
racial background, 58
racial bridge, 59
risky partner, 59
percentage distribution, 60, 61
predicted probabilities, 64–67
sample data, 57–58
sexual network factors, 56–57
social inequalities, 54
Social ecological framework
direct pathways, 9
economic disadvantage, 8
empirical examinations, 9
high-income countries, 8
human development, 10
macrosystem, 11
(See also Macrosystem)
meso/exosystem, 10, 11
(See also Meso/exosystem)
microsystem, 10
(See also Microsystem)
illness and mortality, 8
incarcerated vs. non-incarcerated persons, 8
individual-level health effects, 10
age-standardized prevalence, 11
chronic conditions, 11–12
criminal injustice, 16
criminological theory, 12
employment discrimination, 16
equal access healthcare system, 10, 14–15
health following release, 10, 15–16
hypertension and diabetes population, 12
noninstitutionalized population, 12
obesity prevalence, 12
prison life deprivation, 10, 13–14
population-based survey, 9
prison population, 8
stress-related process, 9
State-sanctioned mechanism, 24
STIs. See Sexually transmitted infections (STIs)
Suicidal behavior
age-adjusted suicide rate, 97–99
by age group and circumstances, 104, 109–111
alcohol usage, 112
“black suicide”, 97
circumstance information, 104–106
culture-specific beliefs, 113
death causes, 97, 98
depression/dysthymia diagnosis, 112
descriptive analysis, 96
health-care worker, 113
method and location, 104, 107–108
morbidity and mortality, 119
National Electronic Injury Surveillance System-All Injury Program, 100
National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH), 100
non-fatal suicide attempts, 98
prevention strategies
access and delivery, suicide care, 115
CDC’s technical package, 114, 115
connectedness, 116
economic supports, 114
evidence-based, 118
gatekeeper training, 116–117
lessen harms, 117
National Strategy for Suicide Prevention, 114
online prevention education, 117
protective environments creation, 115–116
public health approach, 113
resources communities, 114
teaching coping and problem-solving skills, 116
psychological autopsy studies, 112
racial discrimination and oppression, 96
risk and protective factors, 96, 97
age and sex differences, 102
at-risk populations, 104
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) study, 103
cultural influences, 100
depressive symptoms, 102
economic and social inequities, 101
epidemiological data, 100
interpersonal and community violence, 101
monitoring and research, 103
risk factors, 101
social and cultural factors, 102
source documents, 103
toxicology analysis, 101
risk factor, 112
sadness and depression, 96
self-devaluation, 96
self-directed violence, 96, 117
suicidal ideation, 100
surveillance system, 113
US hospital emergency departments, 100
years of potential life lost (YPLL), 98
Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System, 100
Systemic police terror, 192, 193, 197
Taylor expansion approximation technique, 43
“Tech thesis”, 139
Unarmed Black men, police-involved shootings, 156
criminal justice system, 165
decision-making, 166
“fear of life”, 165
inequities, 163
Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 164
violent responses, 165
Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 164
University of Michigan Institutional Review Board, 40
Violence
interracial violence, 173–174
public health problem, 173
self-defense doctrines, 174
social control, 174
social media, 175–178
US violent crime rate, 174
Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act, 175
Years of potential life lost (YPLL), 98
Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System, 100
Schizophrenia. See Psychosis
School-to-prison pipeline
, 19
Self-directed violence
, 96, 117
Self-rated physical health and oral health
, 43, 46
Sexually transmitted infections (STIs)
demographic and behavioral factors
, 57
dependent variable
, 60
incarceration status, respondents percentage
, 62
independent variables
, 60
limitations
, 68
logistic regression models
, 59
results
, 62, 63
mass incarceration and racial disparities
criminal justice system
, 54
employment problems
, 55
health-care resources
, 55
health outcomes
, 56
Program on Human Development in Chicago Neighborhoods
, 56
short- and long-term consequences
, 55
multivariate analysis
, 59
National Survey of Family Growth (NSFG)
, 54
near-zero coefficient
, 60
non-random sample design
, 57–58
odds ratios
, 60, 63
operationalizations
age
, 58
age at first sex
, 58
anal sex
, 59
concurrent partners
, 59
condom use
, 59
core members
, 59
drug use
, 59
education
, 58
income
, 58
marital status
, 58
MSM
, 59
periphery members
, 59
racial background
, 58
racial bridge
, 59
risky partner
, 59
percentage distribution
, 60, 61
predicted probabilities
, 64–67
sample data
, 57–58
sexual network factors
, 56–57
social inequalities
, 54
Social ecological framework
direct pathways
, 9
economic disadvantage
, 8
empirical examinations
, 9
high-income countries
, 8
human development
, 10
macrosystem
, 11
(See also Macrosystem)
meso/exosystem
, 10, 11
(See also Meso/exosystem)
microsystem
, 10
(See also Microsystem)
illness and mortality
, 8
incarcerated vs. non-incarcerated persons
, 8
individual-level health effects
, 10
age-standardized prevalence
, 11
chronic conditions
, 11–12
criminal injustice
, 16
criminological theory
, 12
employment discrimination
, 16
equal access healthcare system
, 10, 14–15
health following release
, 10, 15–16
hypertension and diabetes population
, 12
noninstitutionalized population
, 12
obesity prevalence
, 12
prison life deprivation
, 10, 13–14
population-based survey
, 9
prison population
, 8
stress-related process
, 9
State-sanctioned mechanism
, 24
STIs. See Sexually transmitted infections (STIs)
Suicidal behavior
age-adjusted suicide rate
, 97–99
by age group and circumstances
, 104, 109–111
alcohol usage
, 112
“black suicide”
, 97
circumstance information
, 104–106
culture-specific beliefs
, 113
death causes
, 97, 98
depression/dysthymia diagnosis
, 112
descriptive analysis
, 96
health-care worker
, 113
method and location
, 104, 107–108
morbidity and mortality
, 119
National Electronic Injury Surveillance System-All Injury Program
, 100
National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH)
, 100
non-fatal suicide attempts
, 98
prevention strategies
access and delivery, suicide care
, 115
CDC’s technical package
, 114, 115
connectedness
, 116
economic supports
, 114
evidence-based
, 118
gatekeeper training
, 116–117
lessen harms
, 117
National Strategy for Suicide Prevention
, 114
online prevention education
, 117
protective environments creation
, 115–116
public health approach
, 113
resources communities
, 114
teaching coping and problem-solving skills
, 116
psychological autopsy studies
, 112
racial discrimination and oppression
, 96
risk and protective factors
, 96, 97
age and sex differences
, 102
at-risk populations
, 104
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) study
, 103
cultural influences
, 100
depressive symptoms
, 102
economic and social inequities
, 101
epidemiological data
, 100
interpersonal and community violence
, 101
monitoring and research
, 103
risk factors
, 101
social and cultural factors
, 102
source documents
, 103
toxicology analysis
, 101
risk factor
, 112
sadness and depression
, 96
self-devaluation
, 96
self-directed violence
, 96, 117
suicidal ideation
, 100
surveillance system
, 113
US hospital emergency departments
, 100
years of potential life lost (YPLL)
, 98
Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System
, 100
Systemic police terror
, 192, 193, 197
Taylor expansion approximation technique
, 43
“Tech thesis”
, 139
Unarmed Black men, police-involved shootings, 156
criminal justice system, 165
decision-making, 166
“fear of life”, 165
inequities, 163
Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 164
violent responses, 165
Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 164
University of Michigan Institutional Review Board, 40
Violence
interracial violence, 173–174
public health problem, 173
self-defense doctrines, 174
social control, 174
social media, 175–178
US violent crime rate, 174
Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act, 175
Years of potential life lost (YPLL), 98
Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System, 100
Unarmed Black men, police-involved shootings
, 156
criminal justice system
, 165
decision-making
, 166
“fear of life”
, 165
inequities
, 163
Universal Declaration of Human Rights
, 164
violent responses
, 165
Universal Declaration of Human Rights
, 164
University of Michigan Institutional Review Board
, 40
Violence
interracial violence
, 173–174
public health problem
, 173
self-defense doctrines
, 174
social control
, 174
social media
, 175–178
US violent crime rate
, 174
Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act
, 175
Years of potential life lost (YPLL), 98
Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System, 100
Years of potential life lost (YPLL)
, 98
Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System
, 100
- Prelims
- Introduction to Volume 20
- A Social Ecological Framework of Inmate Health: Implications for Black–White Health Disparities
- The Relationship Between Health, Cigarette Smoking and Criminal Justice Contact among African Americans
- The Sexual Health of African American and White Men: Does Former Incarceration Status Matter?
- “Maybe It Was Something Wrong With Me”: On the Psychiatric Pathologization of Black Men
- Suicide among Young African American Males
- Life Under the Veil: Homicide in Black America Before, During, and After the Drop in US Crime
- Gendered Racism is a Key to Explaining and Addressing Police-Involved Shootings of Unarmed Black Men in America
- The Matter of Lives Underneath Black Male Skin: Using Theory and Media to Explore the Case of “Justifiable Homicides” for Black Males
- Solidarity, Double Consciousness, and Collective Emotion Work: Understanding Negative Black Health Outcomes Resulting from Systemic Police Terror
- Framing Physicality and Public Safety: A study of Michael Brown and Darren Wilson
- Index