Prelims

Half Title Page

HANDBOOK OF TRANSPORT SYSTEMS AND TRAFFIC CONTROL

HANDBOOKS IN TRANSPORT

3

Series Editors

DAVID A. HENSHER

KENNETH J. BUTTON

Title Page

HANDBOOK OF TRANSPORT SYSTEMS AND TRAFFIC CONTROL

Edited by

KENNETH J. BUTTON

The School of Public Policy, George Mason University

DAVID A. HENSHER

Institute of Transport Studies, University of Sydney

United Kingdom — North America — Japan —

India — Malaysia — China

Copyright Page

Emerald Group Publishing Limited

Howard House, Wagon Lane, Bingley BD16 1WA, UK

First edition 2001. Reprinted 2006.

Copyright © 2009 Emerald Group Publishing Limited

No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, transmitted in any form or by any means electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without either the prior written permission of the publisher or a licence permitting restricted copying issued in the UK by The Copyright Licensing Agency and in the USA by The Copyright Clearance Center. No responsibility is accepted for the accuracy of information contained in the text, illustrations or advertisements. The opinions expressed in these chapters are not necessarily those of the Editor or the publisher.

British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

ISBN: 978-1-61-583246-0

Printed and bound in Great Britain by

CPI Antony Rowe, Chippenham and Eastbourne

INTRODUCTION TO THE SERIES

Transportation and logistics research has now reached maturity, with a solid foundation of established methodology for professionals to turn to and for future researchers and practitioners to build on. Elsevier is marking this stage in the life of the subject by launching a landmark series of reference works: Elsevier’s Handbooks in Transport. Comprising specially commissioned chapters from the leading experts of their topics, each title in the series will encapsulate the essential knowledge of a major area within transportation and logistics. To practitioners, researchers and students alike, these books will be authoritative, accessible and invaluable.

David A. Hensher

Kenneth J. Button

THE INSTITUTION OF HIGHWAYS & TRANSPORTATION

This Handbook is supported by The Institution of Highways & Transportation (IHT).

The Institution is the foremost learned society in the U.K. concerned specifically with the design, construction, maintenance and operation of sustainable transport systems and infrastructure.

It aims to provide a forum for the exchange of technical information and views on highways and transport policy; to produce practical technical publications; to provide specialist advice to government and other bodies; to make roads safer for the travelling public; and to encourage training and professional development to meet today’s requirements.

Membership, which is currently 10,400 world-wide, is open to all those working in Highways and Transportation whatever their discipline.

The Institution of Highways & Transportation

6 Endsleigh Street

London WC1H 0DZ

U.K.

Tel: (0)207 387 2525

Fax: (0)207 387 2808

E-mail: iht@iht.org

Website: www.iht@iht.org.uk