Prelims

Half Title Page

Intercultural Management in Practice

Title Page

Intercultural Management in Practice: Learning to Lead Diverse Global Organizations

Edited by

Meena Chavan

Macquarie University, Australia

And

Lucy Taksa

Macquarie University, Australia

United Kingdom – North America – Japan – India – Malaysia – China

Copyright Page

Emerald Publishing Limited

Howard House, Wagon Lane, Bingley BD16 1WA, UK

First edition 2021

Selection and editorial matter and Chapters 2 to 15, Copyright © 2021 Emerald Publishing Limited.

Chapter 1, [Cross-Cultural Interaction: What We Know and What We Need to Know], Copyright © 2018 Nancy J. Adler and Zeynep Aycan.

Published under exclusive licence by Emerald Publishing Limited.

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British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

ISBN: 978-1-83982-827-0 (Print)

ISBN: 978-1-83982-826-3 (Online)

ISBN: 978-1-83982-828-7 (Epub)

Dedication

This book is dedicated to my mother, a compassionate, lively, and resilient woman who taught me to be accepting and respectful of all cultures (Meena Chavan).

The book is dedicated to my parents and grandparents, who experienced multiple forms of exclusion and discrimination throughout their lives in Eastern Europe, particularly during World War Two, and subsequently as refugees and migrants. Their resilience and struggles for inclusion have contributed to my life and my research. I particularly acknowledge my mother's wisdom, acceptance of all people regardless of background and identity, and her efforts to provide me with educational opportunities in pursuit of equitable outcomes (Lucy Taksa).

List of Figures and Tables

About the Contributors

Nancy J. Adler is the S. Bronfman Professor Emerita in Management at McGill University, and she researches and consults worldwide on global leadership. Adler has published 150 articles and 10 books. She is a Fellow of the Academy of Management, Academy of International Business, and Royal Society of Canada. As a visual artist, Nancy's paintings and ceramics are held in private collections worldwide. (ORCID No: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4251-3213)

Ilan Alon is a Professor of Strategy and International Marketing at the University of Agder, Norway. He is Editor in Chief of International Journal of Emerging Markets and European Journal of International Management. The author of several books, he has taught at top business schools globally and consulted in marketing and international business for multinational corporations and government organizations. (ORCID No: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6927-593X)

Zeynep Aycan is the Koc Holding Chair in Management and Strategy at Koc University, Istanbul. Aycan received her PhD at Queen's University and postdoc at McGill University. Her awards include the American Psychological Association (APA) Ursula Gielens Book Award and Best Leadership Book of the Year Award from the Chartered Management Institute (CMI), London. She is the Elected Fellow of Society for Industrial and Organizational Psychology (SIOP) and Association for Psychological Sciences (APS). (ORCID No: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4784-334X)

Dharm Bhawuk is a Founding Fellow of International Academy of Intercultural Research (IAIR), Fellow of Indian Academy of Management (INDAM), Foreign Fellow of National Academy of Psychology (NAoP), India, and was the H Smith Richardson, Jr. Visiting Fellow, Center for Creative Leadership, Greensboro, North Carolina (2009–2010), and recipients of many awards.

Elizabeth Christopher was an Adjunct Professor at Macquarie University, New South Wales (NSW), Australia, until retirement in 2016. From 2016 to 2019, she was deputy chair, Academic Board, Asia Pacific International College, Sydney; and a reviewer for Palgrave Macmillan, UK, and the Eastern Academy of Management (US). In 2017, she was leading guest editor of a Special Issue for the Journal of Management Education, Vol. 41(6), and in 2018, she edited Meeting Expectations in Management Education (Palgrave Macmillan).

Andreas Diedrich, PhD, is Associate Professor of Management and Organization Studies at the Dept. of Business Administration, School of Business, Economics and Law, University of Gothenburg, Sweden. In his research, Andreas applies a constructivist perspective on organizing, exploring the role of organizational change, technology and knowledge in the integration support efforts for refugees and other immigrants. His work has appeared in Organization Studies, Culture and Organization, Public Management Review, and elsewhere. He is also an associate editor for European Management Journal. Andreas currently heads a multidisciplinary research program, financed by the Swedish Research Council for Health, Working Life and Welfare (FORTE), which explores the labor market integration of immigrants arriving to Sweden.

Shea X. Fan is Senior Lecturer of International Business at Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology (RMIT) University, Australia. Her key research interests include cross-cultural management and international management, with a special focus on an identity perspective. Shea has published in Human Resource Management, the Journal of World Business, Applied Psychology: An International Review, and the International Journal of Human Resource Management. (ORCID No: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7791-7229)

Bella L. Galperin, PhD, is Dana Professor of Management and Senior Associate Director of the TECO Energy Center for Leadership at the Sykes College of Business at the University of Tampa. Her interests relate to cross-cultural management and entrepreneurship. She is former associate editor of Cross Cultural Management: An International Journal.

Dr Sunaina Gowan is the Deputy Head, School of Business, at Excelsia College, Sydney. She received a PhD in Management from Western Sydney University. Her research interests span student formation and belonging, diversity, inclusion, and emotional labor. Her area of expertise is in building organizational capabilities, multiliteracies pedagogies, internationalization of education, sociocultural approaches to identity, and developing sustainable operations. (ORCID No: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2583-1420)

Anne-Wil Harzing is Professor of International Management at Middlesex University, UK, and visiting professor at Tilburg University, the Netherlands. Harzing has published more than 100 articles and book chapters and has been among the top 1% most cited academics in Economics and Business worldwide since 2007. More than a dozen of her papers have received awards or distinctions. She is a Fellow of the Academy of International Business. (ORCID No: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1509-3003)

Iuliana Ancuţa Ilie is a Research Assistant at Pforzheim University, Germany. She supports tertiary education and publication projects in the areas of cross-cultural management, international human resource management, and management accounting. Her research interests include cross-cultural management, diversity management, migration, and the mobility of ideas.

Erik Lankut is a Dual PhD Candidate in International Business at School of Business and Law at the University of Agder, Norway, and Department of Marketing and Management, Southern Denmark University. He is a researcher on the role of culture in the field of international business, cultural intelligence, national culture, and values. (ORCID No: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2197-3410)

Eun Su Lee, PhD, is a Lecturer in Management at the University of Newcastle, Australia. Her research interests are in the fields of international human resource management and global mobility, focusing on migrants' integration journeys in foreign countries and the role of support organizations in facilitating such integrative efforts. (ORCID No: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1593-9902)

Chenchen Li is Associate Professor in Human Resource Management at Southwestern University of Finance and Economics, China. Her research interests include cross-cultural differences, cultural identification, as well as the psychology of globalization. Li has published at academic journals such as the Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology. (ORCID No: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9994-1315)

Jasmin Mahadevan is Professor of International Management and Cross-Cultural Management at Pforzheim University, Germany. She investigates cultures and identity, drawing from disciplines such as cross-cultural management, human resource management, and international business studies, often employing ethnographic, critical, or interpretive methods. She has published, edited, and convened extensively on these topics.

Claude-Hélène Mayer (Dr habil., PhD, PhD) is a Professor in Industrial and Organizational Psychology, Department of Industrial Psychology and People Management, University of Johannesburg, South Africa, and Adjunct Professor, Europa Universität Viadrina, Frankfurt, Germany. Her research areas are transcultural studies on salutogenesis, shame, women in leadership, psychobiography, and Fourth Industrial Revolution workplaces. (ORCID No: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9445-7591)

Franziska Müller is a Research Assistant at the University of Tübingen, Germany, Division of Academic Affairs. She supports teaching and learning methods in the area of international service learning and civic engagement. Her research interests include service learning and biographical meaning of international volunteering.

Rudolf M. Oosthuizen (DLitt et Phil) is an Associate Professor in the Department of Industrial and Organizational Psychology at the University of South Africa and an Adjunct Professor at the University of Southern Queensland, Australia. His research interests are: (1) career psychology, (2) positive psychology, (3) employment relations, and (4) the Fourth Industrial Revolution. (ORCID No: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6856-3182)

Massiel Carolina Henríquez Parodi is a PhD Research Fellow at the University of Agder and the University of Udine. She has bachelor studies from Universidad del Norte, Colombia, L'École Supérieure de Commerce de Montpellier, and an MSc from the University of Agder. Her research is within the field of marketing and international business. (ORCID No: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8928-4921)

Betty Jane Punnett, PhD (IB, NYU), is Professor Emerita, Cave Hill Campus, UWI. A native of St. Vincent and the Grenadines, her research focuses on culture and management, particularly in the Caribbean/Africa. She has published internationally, with over 75 journal papers, as well as books and chapters.

Tish Robinson (PhD, MIT) helps managers transform conflict at Hitotsubashi and Keio Universities in Japan, as well as at Stanford, 3M, Berlitz, Goldman Sachs, Nikkei Newspaper, Mizuho Bank, SMBC, Bank of Scotland, Yamaha, etc. She's received three Fulbrights, the AOM Richman Prize and AIB Farmer Prize, and has published in ASQ, AOMP, and HRM Review, among others. Email: CuriousAboutConflict@gmail.com

Priya A. Roy is currently completing her PhD in International Business at the University of Sydney Business School. Her research is focused on refugees in a business context. She is a coauthor on the Sage Handbook chapter making the case for refugee research in cross-cultural contemporary management. (ORCID No: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7259-0255)

Andrew Stow is a Freelance Intercultural Consultant currently based in Fukuoka, Japan. He holds a BA History from Newcastle University, UK, and an MA Intercultural Management from the University of Burgundy, France. He has worked as a consultant and trainer since 2018, originally in Berlin and now in Fukuoka. (ORCID No: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0637-9632)

Betina Szkudlarek is an Associate Professor at the University of Sydney Business School. Her work has been published in top-tier international journals and featured in national and international media. Betina has worked with numerous corporations on developing intercultural competence and fostering global leadership excellence. She is also a Consultant with the United Nations Alliance of Civilizations (UNAOC). (ORCID No: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8667-8872)

Rob Wetton is a social entrepreneur and awarded creative brand builder who has managed diverse teams remotely and in person around the globe with his own organizations and with other leading brands, startups and NGOs, from Apple Inc., BMW, Nestlé and Richemont to IMD, the International Olympic Committee and the United Nations. Rob holds a B.Com in Marketing LLB (Hons).

Ling Eleanor Zhang is Lecturer in International Management at Loughborough University London. She researches expatriates, migrant and global workers, as well as local employees from a language and identity perspective. Zhang has published at different academic journals such as the Journal of World Business, the International Journal of Human Resource Management, International Business Review, and Gender, Work and Organization. She is a member of the Higher Education Academy, UK. (ORCID No: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0750-1540)

List of Contributors

Acknowledgments

We are appreciative of many individuals who helped us with the review process and gave us their time with the reiterative review of versions along the way as this book took shape. We would like to start by acknowledging Macquarie University for the scholastic support in writing this book. We would like to thank staff and students from the Macquarie Business School who inspired us to write this book.

Meena would like to first convey her profound thanks to Prof Elizabeth Christopher who taught her the first lessons in Cross-Cultural Management which cultivated a passion for the subject. She is grateful to coauthor Prof Lucy Taksa for being so generous with her time and accepting to edit this book with her and for her constant mentorship for the last 10 years.

Meena would like to thank the following colleagues and friends for their constant support and motivation: Dr Pheroza Daruwalla, Dr Leanne Carter, Deborah Howlett, Prof Fei Guo, Prof Alison Pullen, Prof Denise Jepsen, Prof Grant Michelson, Dr Rob Jack, Associate Prof Yvonne Breyer. Thank you is also merited to Sandra Hartl, Somayeh Alizadeh, and Choon Hwa Lim Meena and Lucy's PhD students who explored the many facets of Intercultural Management in depth bringing new insights into light.

A special thanks to my research assistant Ankit Surana who provided the timely help in getting this book together; it would not have been possible without his competence. Many thanks to the editorial assistants at Emerald for their patience and working diligently to get the book collated in time. Finally, Meena would like to thank her partner and kids for their support and sacrifices during the many hours spent editing the book chapters.

Lucy would like to convey her thanks to all the teachers she had the privilege to learn from throughout her schooling and university education, who taught her to engage with difference and respect of history, heritage, and culture, regardless of origins. Lucy thanks the academic managers who enabled her to develop and teach university courses on gender, equity, and diversity at UNSW and the NSW Attorney General, Jeff Shaw, who appointed her to the NSW Equal Opportunity Tribunal in 1996, which enabled her to support equity and address discrimination over a 10-year period. She also thanks then Dean of the Faculty of Business and Economics for supporting her efforts to launch mentoring schemes for women students and academics, which enabled her to provide mentoring for colleagues like Meena Chavan, among others. Finally, she acknowledges the wonderful scholars whose PhDs she had the pleasure to supervise, particularly on diversity and equity issues, notably Christie Breakspear, Carol Royal, Dimitria Groutsis, Diane Fieldes, Sarah Gregson, Rosemary Webb, Andrea North-Samardzic, Senia Kalfa, Yousef Alnamlah, Glen Powell, Elise Goiseau, and as associate supervisor with Meena Chavan, Choon Hwa Lim, Somayeh Alizadeh, and Sandra Hartl, many of who have become outstanding academics and some of who are now practitioners promoting the causes of equity and inclusion more broadly.

Acknowledgments are due to the following publishers for permissions granted:

1. Adler, Nancy J. & Aycan, Zeynep (2018). “Cross-Cultural Interaction: What We Know and What We Need to Know,” Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior, Vol. 5: pp. 307–333. Reproduced with permission from the Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior, Volume 5 © 2018 by Annual Reviews, http://www.annualreviews.org. For the chapter:

   “Cross-Cultural Interaction: What We Know and What We Need to Know.”

2. Host country employees' ethnic identity confirmation: Evidence from interactions with ethnically similar expatriates: Shea X. Fan, Anne-Wil Harzing Publication: Journal of World Business, Publisher: Elsevier, Date: September 2017 for the chapter:

   “By Mutual Agreement: How Can Ethnically Similar Expatriates Engage Host Country Employees.”