Index

Citation

(2020), "Index", Hassan, A. and Sharma, A. (Ed.) The Emerald Handbook of ICT in Tourism and Hospitality, Emerald Publishing Limited, Leeds, pp. 509-522. https://doi.org/10.1108/978-1-83982-688-720201034

Publisher

:

Emerald Publishing Limited

Copyright © 2021 Emerald Publishing Limited

---

INDEX

Accelerating Social Cause Entrepreneurs program (ASCEnt program)

, 402

Accessibility

, 285

Accommodation

, 46

Accountability

, 447

Advertising cookies

, 38

Affective residency

, 361

Airbnb

, 4, 47–50, 53–54, 61, 365

‘Alexa’ (virtual assistants)

, 2, 476

Alipay

, 478

American Marketing Association

, 68, 262

ApPanormus

, 354–356

Arab–Norman itinerary

, 355

Artificial intelligence (AI)

, 476

web

, 200

‘Asusability’

, 474

Attraction sector, ICT in

, 240–241

‘Auditory elements affects tourists’ perceptions

, 197–198

Augmented reality (AR)

, 2, 10, 286–287, 348, 476

applied to mobile cultural heritage

, 351–353

technology

, 282

in tourism

, 348–351

Authentic tourism

, 363

Authentic tourist destinations, villages as

, 360–362

Authentic Villages of Italy

, 362

Authenticity

, 360–364

Automated teller machine (ATM)

, 505

Automation

, 480

Average variance extracted values (AVE values)

, 436

Beacons

, 34

Behavior of customers

, 337

Bibliometric review

, 482–483

Big Data

, 2, 338, 476–477

‘Bizcations’

, 479

Bleisure Travel

, 479–480

Blockchain technology

, 2, 477

Blog posts

, 327

Bloggers

, 327–328

Bloggers

, 328

Blogs

, 116, 324, 461

promoting of tourism experience and

, 326–327

Booking.com

, 117, 119

Bookmark

, 117

Brand equity

, 395

Branding

, 414

Business(es)

, 69, 71, 263–265

innovation models

, 325

integrated marketing for

, 75–76, 269–270

Cell Phone applications

, 217

Central reservation system (CRS)

, 494, 497, 500–501, 504

ChatBots

, 476, 480

City marketing

, 416–417

City of Waterloo

, 401–403

Classical process innovations

, 419

Cloud Adoption (CAD)

, 435

Cloud computing

, 288, 428

hospitality industry benefits from adoption

, 429

Co-creation

concept

, 412, 417

principle

, 396

Co-operation

, 414

Collaborative governance

, 398

Collaborative Writing/Editing

, 216

Colour

, 89–90

Communication technology

, 233, 366

Community Informatics (CI)

, 253

Competencies in tourism and hospitality business

, 449–450

Competition

, 70, 264

Competitive pressure (CMP)

, 431, 435, 437

Competitiveness

, 414

Computer

simulations

, 254

systems

, 1

Concierge

, 376

Conscious travel

, 481

Consumer

behavior

, 120

perception

, 197

services

, 200

Content-based reliable decision-making systems

, 446

Convenient sampling

, 218

Cookie(s)

, 34

disclosure

, 37

usage by global hotel chains

, 38

Corporate information

, 201

Correlation(s)

, 221

analysis

, 59–61

Cost Saving (CTS)

, 435, 437

Cronbach’s alpha coefficient

, 57

Cultural

event

, 155

tourism

, 392

Customer relationship management (CRM)

, 449

platforms

, 376–377

Customer-oriented marketing

, 70–71

approach

, 81

in hotels

, 275

in integrated marketing

, 268–269

product-oriented marketing to

, 264–265

Customer(s)

, 275

buying process

, 88

customer-focused marketing strategy

, 72

customer-oriented approach in integrated marketing

, 74–75

decision-making process

, 55–57

engagement

, 86

experience

, 480–481

functionality cookies

, 38

satisfaction

, 48

Customisation of e-HRM

, 454

Cyberspace technologies

, 137

Data analysis technique

, 500

Data-driven decision-making process

, 451

Data-driven Planning for Sustainable Tourism in Portugal project

, 373–374

Decision-making in e-HRM

, 447–448

Demographics

, 34

Depopulation

, 360

Desire2Learn (D2L)

, 402

Desk-based review method

, 248

Destination

, 322–323

communication network

, 289

management

, 342

websites

, 196, 205–208

Destination management system (DMS)

, 216, 236, 254

Destination marketing organizations (DMOs)

, 326–327

Development

, 69, 273

Development Management Organizations (DMOs)

, 8, 214–215

promotional tools used by

, 215–217

Diffusion of innovation theory (DOI theory)

, 430, 433

Digital entrepreneurs

, 103

Digital marketing to sustainable tourism

, 464

Digital resources and products

, 383–386

Digital technologies

, 386

Digital VR game

designing game

, 172–176

gaming and tourism

, 169–171

GBR VR game

, 171–172

VR in tourism

, 168–169

Digitalization of tourism

, 100

Distributed computing

, 13

E-Business

, 217

E-commerce

, 114, 215, 217

e-HRM

, 13

application

, 446

architecture

, 452–454

compensation

, 451

competencies in tourism and hospitality business

, 449–450

decision-making in e-HRM

, 447–448

development and customisation of

, 454

human resources in tourism industry

, 448–449

perceived vs. expected performance

, 450–451

Sinai in Egypt

, 446–447

special location of Sinai in Egypt

, 452

e-travel agencies

, 236

Economic development

5G network

, 477

augmented reality

, 476

bibliometric review

, 482–483

Big Data

, 476–477

Bleisure Travel

, 479–480

blockchain

, 477

customer experience

, 480–481

Ecotravel

, 478

emergence of super apps

, 477–478

Fintech innovation and alternative payment methods

, 482

global tourism industry and purposes

, 474

ICT developments and facilitation

, 478

identifying keywords clusters

, 485–488

IoT

, 476

local experience

, 478–479

methodology of study

, 482

mobile technology

, 475

personalisation

, 479

prescriptive analytics

, 477

results

, 483–485

robots, Chatbots, and automation

, 480

social media influencing booking travel

, 481

Solo Travel

, 478

sustainability and conscious travel

, 481

technological advancements

, 473–474

technology, tourism, and economic development

, 475

trending ICT solutions for tourism

, 475

virtual assistants

, 476

Economic sustainability

, 372–373

Ecotravel

, 478

Education

, 52

Egypt, special location of Sinai in

, 452

Electronic Cash Register (ECR)

, 237–238

Electronic commerce (e-commerce)

, 196

Electronic customer relationship management (e-CRM)

, 201

development

, 216

Electronic marketing

, 70

Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator (ENIAC)

, 233

Electronic word of mouth (eWOM)

, 88, 120, 496

marketing

, 134, 140–141

Emigration

, 360

Emotional branding

, 105–107, (see also Influencer marketing)

emotional aspect of tourism

, 102–103

ICT tools in tourism industry

, 103–105

Energy Monitor App

, 376

Enterprise(s)

, 2

brand strategists

, 141

Entertainment

, 272

Entrepreneurial ecosystems

, 371

“Entrepreneurship-focused university”

, 396

Environment Management Information System (EMIS)

, 254

Environmental factors

, 54–55

Environmental Impact Analysis (EIA)

, 253

Essential cookies

, 38

Ethics

, 478

eTourism

, 6, 182, (see also Religious events tourism)

ICTs

, 182–183

innovation impacts on handcrafts

, 188–189

innovation in tourism

, 183–184

methodology and case study

, 187–188

technological innovation

, 185–187

tourist destination development

, 184–185

European Union

, 36

Event tourism

, 149–151, (see also Religious events tourism; Smart tourism)

event types

, 153–156

features of

, 151–153

impact on destination

, 156–157

internet marketing in

, 160–162

marketing and features

, 157–160

promotion

, 158–160

‘Events’

, 150

Existential authenticity

, 361

Expedia

, 70, 117, 119, 263

Experience-based tourism services

, 323–324

Experiential marketing

, 158

Eye-tracking

, 336

Facebook

, 5, 114, 118, 120–122, 461, 496

Faith-based travel

, 458–459

Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce and Industry (FICCI)

, 459

Finnish 21st Century Skills

, 450

Fintech innovation and alternative payment methods

, 482

Fishbone analysis

, 482, 488

5G

network

, 477

technology

, 2–3

5-point Likert scale

, 57

Flesch Reading Ease tests

, 40

Flesch-Kincaid Grade Level tests

, 40

Food and beverage management system

, 237–238

Forum

, 117

Front office management system

, 237

Functional competencies, ICT-based marketing and

, 311–312

Futurity

, 249

Gamifying

, 171

Gaming and tourism

, 169–171

General Data Protection Regulations

, 36–37

Generation theory

, 50–51

Generation Y (Gen Y)

, 4, 47–48, 50

correlation analysis

, 59–61

customer’s decision-making process

, 55–57

demographic breakdown of sample

, 59

environmental factors

, 54–55

generation theory

, 50–51

reliability test

, 58–59

research methodology

, 57–58

social media influence

, 54

socio-economic factors

, 51–52

technological factors

, 52–54

Generation Z

, 50

Generic variables

, 34–35

Geographical information systems (GIS)

, 286

Ghostery. com privacy tool

, 38

Global Distribution System (GDS)

, 106, 214, 239, 494, 497

Global Information System (GIS)

, 253

Global Positioning System (GPS)

, 2, 217, 253, 348

tracking devices

, 343

“GlobeXplore”

, 286

Google Assistant

, 476

Google Cardboard headsets

, 172

Google Earth

, 386

“Google Maps”

, 286, 386–387

Google online survey

, 90

Google Pay

, 478

Governance-related sustainability

, 373

Government tourism policies

, 341

Great Barrier Reef (GBR)

, 168

VR game

, 171–172

Green economy

, 360

Hallmark

, 155–156

Handcrafts, innovation impacts on

, 188–189

“Headset”

, 291

Health and wellness tourism

, 325

HearPlanet

, 288

Holidaycheck

, 119

Holidaywatchdog

, 119

Hospitality

, 1–2, 47, 262, 270, 446

competencies in

, 449–450

ICT in hospitality sector

, 236–238

industry benefits from cloud computing adoption

, 429

influencer marketing future for

, 142–143

SM in

, 134–137

SM tools in

, 137–138

and tourism industry

, 48

Host community, religious events tourism impact on

, 462

Hotel Concierge App

, 376

Hotel management

customer satisfaction

, 76–77

customer-oriented marketing in hotels

, 81–82, 275

hotel business market

, 79–80, 273

integrated marketing approach in

, 76, 270

integrated marketing in hotels

, 82–83, 275–276

properties and operations of hotels

, 77–79, 271–273

strategic marketing planning in

, 80–81, 274

Hotels

, 68

business market

, 79–80, 273

industry

, 428

marketing of

, 69

Human Resources Department

, 79, 272

Human resources in tourism industry

, 448–449

‘Image recognition’

, 353

Importance–performance analysis (IPA)

, 412

India, religious event tourism in

, 462–464

Indian tourism and hospitality industry

, 301–302

data analysis and research findings

, 306

ICT and functional competencies

, 303–304

ICT-based marketing

, 302–303, 307–310

ICT-based marketing and functional competencies

, 311–312

ICT-based marketing and profitability

, 304–305

ICT-based marketing business profitability

, 310–311

methodology

, 305–306

result of hypotheses

, 312–315

tourism and hospitality organizations and employees

, 307

Individual Internet

, 196

Indoor tourist guides

, 376

Industry 4. 0

, 370–371

ICT aligned with SDG in tourism

, 372–373

smart tourism

, 371–372

Tourism 4. 0 case studies in Portugal

, 373–377

Influencer marketing

, 138, 140, (see also Online marketing)

future for travel, tourism and hospitality enterprises

, 142–143

influence of SM for marketing implementation

, 132–138

strategies

, 140–142

Information

, 89

governance

, 403

society

, 232–234

systems

, 428

Information and communication (IC)

, 104

Information and Communication Technology (ICT)

, 1, 3–6, 10–11, 20–21, 52, 101, 135, 182–183, 186, 214, 233, 253, 290, 302, 336–337, 348, 448, 450–451, 473, 496

aligned with SDG in tourism

, 372–373

attraction sector

, 240–241

business profitability in tourism and hospitality organizations

, 310–311

emotional branding and

, 105–107

and functional competencies

, 303–304, 311–312

future in tourism sector

, 241–242

hospitality sector

, 236–238

ICT-based marketing

, 302–303

ICT-based marketing and profitability in India

, 304–305

tools in tourism industry

, 103–105

tourism and

, 214–215

in tourism and hospitality

, 24

in tourism sector

, 234–236

travel sector

, 238–240

usage among tourism and hospitality organizations

, 307–310

Information technology (IT)

, 7, 103, 160, 232, 429–431, 494

future of ICTs in tourism sector

, 241–242

ICT in tourism sector

, 234–241

information society and ICT

, 232–234

in tourism

, 285

travel agencies and information technology

, 497–498

Informativeness

, 285–286

Innovation

, 187, 371

in destinations

, 414

impacts on handcrafts

, 188–189

process

, 419

in tourism

, 183–184

Innovative city development

literature review

, 412–419

methodology

, 419–420

results

, 420–422

technology application and innovation process

, 419

Innovative social technologies

, 416

Innovative thinking

, 414

Instagram

, 5, 114, 118, 122, 461

Institutional innovations

, 394, 419

Integrated marketing approach

, 68, 69, 263

for businesses

, 75–76

customer-oriented approach in

, 74–75, 268–269

definition, content and scope of

, 71–72, 265–266

difference between IMCs and

, 266–267

difference between integrated marketing and IMC

, 72–73

in hotel management

, 76–83, 270–276

integrated marketing for businesses

, 269–270

marketing hotel

, 68–69

from product-oriented marketing to customer-oriented marketing

, 70–71

relation between integrated marketing and strategic management

, 73–74, 267–268

transition from product-oriented marketing to customer-oriented marketing

, 264–265

WOM advertising

, 262

Integrated marketing communications (IMC)

, 72, 179, 266

difference between integrated marketing and

, 72–73, 266–267

Intelligent Transportation System (ITS)

, 253

Inter-departmental coordination

, 265

Inter-generational equity (see Futurity)

Interaction

, 285

Interdisciplinary approach

, 172

International Air Transport Association (IATA)

, 494

Internet

, 1, 46–47, 52–53, 69, 196, 239, 447

advertising

, 240–241

information systems

, 285

internet-digital-viral-interactive-SM marketing

, 132

technologies

, 114

Internet Discussion Forums

, 216

Internet marketing

, 498

in event tourism

, 160–162

Internet of Things (IoT)

, 2, 284, 476

Internet Relay Chat

, 216

Internet Telephony

, 216

Intra-site navigation

, 200

Inventory management system

, 238

Investment in technology

, 428

Italian cities

ApPanormus

, 354–356

AR applied to mobile cultural heritage

, 351–353

AR in tourism

, 348–351

‘Sicily the Island of Wonders’ app

, 353–354

technology in tourism

, 347–348

Italian Responsible Tourism Association

, 363

Italian Sabbatical

, 365

Job types

, 47

Joint marketing

, 185

Kaiser–Meyer–Olkin values (KMO values)

, 436

KeyForTravel

, 374–375

Knowledge

, 396, 414

capital

, 396

knowledge–attitude–behaviour gap

, 167

KwaZulu-Natal Literary Map

, 387

LCC

, 24

LinkedIn

, 216, 461

Literary maps

, 386–387

Literary tourism

, 11–12, 381–383, 388–390

cases

, 386–388

digital resources and products

, 383–386

Location-Based Services (LBS)

, 216, 254

Lonely Planet

, 496

Loney Planet

, 117, 119

Machine Learning

, 476

Malawi

, 495

targeted travel agencies

, 500

as tourist destination

, 15

Management innovations

, 419

Marketing

, 68, 86–87, 182, 262, 394

promotion and

, 215–216

of religious events tourism

, 461

of territories

, 395

Marketing in tourism

, 447

Massively Multiplayer Online Games (MMIGs)

, 216

Media types

, 87

Mega events

, 155

Mesh-t

, 376

Message board

, 117

Microblogging

, 327

Microblogs

, 117

Millennials (see Generation Y (Gen Y))

Minor tourist destinations

, 363

Mixed reality (MR)

, 2

Mobile

AR applied to mobile cultural heritage

, 351–353

communication

, 2

devices

, 86, 241

technology

, 2, 9, 46, 215–217, 219–221, 285, 475

Mobile augmented reality (MAR)

, 350

“Mobile Key” application

, 241

Monitoring technologies

, 34

Motivation

, 415

MySpace

, 114, 122, 216, 496

National Tourism Authority (NTA)

, 373

Nature-based tourism

, 167

attraction

, 170

Neoliberalism

, 396

Network(s)

, 117

technologies

, 103

New dominant logic

, 398

New Economic Geography

, 394–395

New Information and Communication Technologies

, 53

New product design

designing game

, 172–176

gaming and tourism

, 169–171

GBR VR game

, 171–172

VR in tourism

, 168–169

New Theory of Growth

, 394–395

Non-probability sampling

, 499

Nova SBE University & Telco (NOS)

, 373

One-to-one approach

, 36

Online advertisement

, 215–217, 221–223

Online brand communities

, 134

Online marketing

, 88, (see also Influencer marketing)

colour

, 89–90

data analysis and findings

, 91–94

design

, 88–89

impact in travel agency

, 92

information

, 89

internet

, 85–86

marketing

, 87

picture

, 89

price

, 90

promotion

, 87–88

research methodology

, 90–91

theoretical framework

, 90

Online media

, 460

Online monitoring technologies

, 34, 36

Online tracking

cookie

, 35–37

findings

, 38–41

General Data Protection Regulations

, 36–37

generic variables

, 34–35

research methodology

, 37–38

Online travel agencies

, 117

Organizational innovations

, 183

Outdoor tourist guides

, 376

Overtourism

, 114, 122

Palermo city and heritage sites

, 354–356

Paperless online ticketing system

, 88

Participatory governance

, 398

Partnerships

, 395, 414

Pay-as you-go service

, 428

PayTM

, 478

Pearson Correlation

, 218, 223

Pearson Product Moment Correlation Coefficient Method

, 59

Peer to peer economy

, 367

Perception process

, 197

Personalization

, 285, 479

PhonePe

, 478

Picture

, 89

Place branding

, 415

‘Place excellence’

, 413

Place marketing

, 412–413, 415, 418

Podcast

, 117

Point of Sale (POS)

, 237

Points of interest

, 337

Politic, Economy, Social, Technological, Legal and Environmental (PESTLE)

, 55

Poon’s model of competitiveness

, 398

Price

, 90

Priceline

, 70, 264

Probability sampling

, 499

Process innovations

, 419

Product, partnership, people, accessibility, program, price and promotion (8Ps model)

, 416

Product, price, place, and promotion of marketing (4Ps of marketing)

, 263, 275

Product innovations

, 419

“Product-oriented components”

, 200

Product-oriented marketing

, 70–71

to customer-oriented marketing

, 264–265

Promotion(al)

, 87–88, 204–205, 240–241

for DMOs

, 217

and marketing

, 215–216

for religious events tourism

, 465–467

strategies

, 276

tools used by DMOs

, 215–217

of tourism products

, 370

Psychographics

, 34

Push–pull factors

, 23–24

QR Code

, 388

Qualitative methods

, 412, 498

Quantitative research

, 90

Queepix

, 376

Rail-cruise-automobile-aviation

, 21

Regression

analysis

, 436

model

, 219–220, 223–225

Relative Advantages (RA)

, 435, 438

Reliability test

, 58–59

Religion

, 457

Religious event

, 458

as opportunity for tourism sustainability and promotion

, 464

SWOT analysis of

, 464–465

Religious events tourism

, (see also eTourism; Smart tourism)

digital marketing to sustainable tourism

, 464

economic and social impact

, 462

generation from religious tourism

, 458

impact on host community

, 462

marketing of religious events tourism

, 461

promotion

, 465–467

religious event tourism in India

, 462–464

religious tourism

, 458–461

religious tourism as particular interest

, 462

SWOT analysis of religious events

, 464–466

tourism

, 457–458

Religious tourism

, 458–461

as particular interest

, 462

Research in Motion (RIM)

, 401–402

Residents

, 361

Rewiewcentre

, 119–120

Robots

, 476, 480

Sampling procedure

, 499

Second Life (SL)

, 169

Security

, 79, 201, 273, 431

Security Concerns (SEC)

, 435, 437

Self-service systems

, 454

Selling

, 81, 275

“Sensation”

, 197

‘Sharing economy’

, 46

and new technologies for tourism development

, 364–367

Shift in technology

, 22

in tourism and hospitality

, 24–26

‘Sicily the Island of Wonders’ app

, 353–354

Simple Linear Regression

, 218

‘Siri’ (virtual assistants)

, 2, 476

Site analytics cookies

, 38

Site security

, 201

6-stars model for territorial purposes

, 400

Slow tourism

, 363–364

Smart business ecosystems

, 372

“Smart City”

, 286, 399

Smart destination

, 284, 372

Smart experience

, 372

Smart information systems 2914

Smart management systems

findings

, 401–404

literature review

, 394–400

methodology

, 400–401

Smart phone

, 286

Smart tourism

, 9, 282, 283–284, 371–372, (see also Religious events tourism)

AR

, 286–287

cloud computing

, 288

destination

, 288–289

informativeness

, 285–286

IoT

, 288

smart concept

, 282–283

smart experience and smart destination

, 284

smart technology use in tourism to stakeholders

, 289–292

technologies

, 284–285

VR

, 287

Smartness

, 283

Smartphone

, 2

Social Bookmarking

, 216

Social Citations

, 216

Social Guides

, 216

Social media (SM)

, 1, 5, 114, 132, 215–217, 223–225, 256, 292, 495–496

cookies

, 38

features and forms

, 114–117

increasing overtourism crisis

, 122–123

influence on Gen Y

, 54

influencing booking travel

, 481

influencing for marketing implementation

, 132

internet

, 132–133

internet-based SM

, 133–134

promoting of tourism experience and

, 326–327

tools

, 117–120

tools in travel, tourism and hospitality

, 137–138

in tourism and hospitality

, 134–137

transforming tourist behavior

, 120–122

Social media influencers (SMI)

, 140

Social media marketing (SMM)

, 134–135

Social networking sites

, 496

Social networks

, 133, 236, 360

Social Reputation Network

, 216

Social sustainability

, 372

Socio-economic factors

, 51–52

Soft factors of development

, 394–395, 398

Solo Travel

, 478

Spying tourists

, 337

Sri Lanka

adopter and non-adopters of cloud computing technology

, 435

AVE

, 436

background of study

, 429–430

cloud computing in

, 428

data analysis and findings

, 433

descriptive statistics

, 434–435

explanatory power of model fitting

, 436–439

hospitality industry benefits from cloud computing adoption

, 429

literature review and theoretical framework

, 430–432

reliability and validity of construct

, 435

research contribution

, 440

research methodology and conceptual framework development

, 432–433

validation test of constructs

, 436

Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS)

, 57

SPSS Version 21

, 433

SPSS 20

, 90

Statistical tests

, 57

Storytelling

, 348

Strategic approaches

, 414

Strategic Development Plan for Tourism

, 362

Strategic management

, 72, 266

relation between integrated marketing and

, 267–268

Strategic marketing

decisions

, 74

planning in hotels

, 80–81, 274

Stratified Random Probability Sampling method

, 57

Stress

, 396

Supply and demand

, 70, 264

Supply side event development

, 151

Sustainability

, 360, 478, 481

in minor destinations

, 362–363

Sustainability development goals (SDGs)

, 372

ICT aligned with SDG in tourism

, 372–373

SDG 10

, 372

SDG 11

, 372

SDG 12

, 372

SDG 16

, 372

SDG 8

, 372

SDG 9

, 372

“Sustainable branding”

, 256

“Sustainable destination management”

, 256

Sustainable development

, 247, 250

development objective

, 249–250

objectives and principles of

, 249

policy implications

, 256

requirements for

, 250

research methodology

, 248

technology and

, 251–252

technology-led sustainable tourism

, 252–256

“Sustainable marketing”

, 256

Sustainable tourism

, 252, 363

digital marketing to

, 464

SWOT analysis of religious events

, 464–466

Synergy

, 251

Technological/technology

, 46, 86, 103, 248, 284, 289, 396, 474, 480

advancements

, 473–474

in Amavido

, 366

assist civilisation

, 19

available forms in travel agencies

, 500–504

benefits in travel agencies

, 504–505

challenges of technology use in

, 26

data analysis

, 500

data collection

, 499

ethical consideration

, 500

factors

, 52–54

impacts, shifts

, 24–26

innovations

, 19–20, 185–187, 281–282

literature review

, 495–497

poses challenges to travel agencies in developing countries

, 505–507

research methodology

, 498

resources

, 370

results

, 500

review of approaches

, 20

sampling procedure

, 499

study area

, 499

and sustainable development

, 251–252

targeted travel agencies and study limitations

, 500

technological innovations

, 19–20

technology-economic development tourism

, 475

technology-led sustainable tourism

, 252–256

in tourism and hospitality

, 20–24

in travel

, 494–495

travel agencies and information technology

, 497–498

travel agencies’ strategies to overcoming challenges of technological use

, 507–508

Technology, Organization, and Environment framework (TOE framework)

, 430, 433

Technology-led Sustainable Tourism Development Process (TSTD)

, 252, 254

Telekom Network Malawi Ltd (TNM)

, 503, 507

‘Teleportation’

, 2

Territory

, 394, 412–413

marketing of

, 395

Theory of Growth

, 12

‘Third-party cookies’

, 35

3D technologies

, 402

TOMI

, 374

Top Management Support (TMS)

, 435, 437

Tourism

, 1–2, 46, 100–101, 182, 247–248, 322–323, 446, 494

agents

, 273

attraction

, 168

competencies in

, 449–450

context of technology use

, 22

and economic development

, 475

emotional aspect of

, 102–103

emotional branding and ICT tools in

, 105–107

and employees in India

, 307

exchange through blogs impacting destination promotion

, 327–329

experience

, 322

experience-based tourism services

, 323–324

gaming and

, 169–171

and hospitality

, 20, 307

human resources in

, 448–449

ICT tools in tourism industry

, 103–105

impacts, shifts, and challenges of technology use in

, 24–26

influencer marketing future for

, 142–143

innovation in

, 183–184

knowledge and experience for tourist

, 324

organizing tourism experience through value-added services

, 324–326

promoting of tourism experience and role of social media and blogs

, 326–327

push–pull factors

, 23–24

SM in

, 134–139

technology in

, 20–23

VR in

, 168–169

websites for

, 203–205

Tourism 4. 0

, 370

case studies in Portugal

, 373

Data-driven Planning for Sustainable Tourism in Portugal project

, 373–374

KeyForTravel

, 374–375

TOMI

, 374

Tourism 360°

, 375–377

Tourism Area Life Cycle (TALC)

, 252, 254

Tourism destination promotion

, (see also Online marketing)

changes in tourism destination promotion with technological advancement

, 225–226

impacts on tourism business

, 217

mobile technology

, 219–221

online advertisement

, 221–223

promotional tools used by DMOs

, 215–217

research methods

, 218

result

, 218

social media

, 223–225

technological tools for

, 218–219

technologies

, 213–214

tourism and ICT

, 214–215

Tourism Information Systems (TISs)

, 253

Tourist destination

, 182

development

, 183–185

Tourist tracking techniques

, 337–339

industry implications of

, 343

problems linked to

, 339–341

Tourists

, 46, 322

knowledge and experience for

, 324

websites for

, 203–205

Tracking

, 335–336, 343

industry implications of tourist tracking techniques

, 343

problems linked to tourist tracking techniques

, 339–341

technologies

, 336–337

tourist tracking techniques

, 337–339

tourists to support policymaking

, 341–343

Traditional marketing

, 86

Traditional media tools

, 134

Transparency principle

, 395

Travel

, 494

decision process

, 290

enthusiasts

, 459

ICT in travel sector

, 238–240

industry 4. 0

, 11

influencer marketing future for

, 142–143

SM tools in

, 137–138

Travel agency

, 494

colour

, 89–90

data analysis and findings

, 91–94

design

, 88–89

in developing countries

, 505–507

information

, 89

and information technology

, 497–498

internet

, 85–86

marketing

, 87

online marketing

, 88

picture

, 89

price

, 90

promotion

, 87–88

research methodology

, 90

strategies to overcome challenges of technological use

, 507–508

technologies available forms in

, 500–504

technologies benefits in

, 504–505

theoretical framework

, 90

TravelBots

, 476

Traveler

, 322

Travelocity

, 70, 263

TripAdvisor

, 117–119, 288, 338, 496

Tripcast

, 288

TripHub

, 119–120

Triple Helix concept

, 394–395

Trust

, 361

Twitter

, 114, 118, 122, 461

Typography

, 199

United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD)

, 303

Urban cultural tourism

, 350

Urbanisation

, 157

US Federal Trade Commission

, 36

Value-added services

tourism experience through

, 324–326

Velocity Case-study

, 403–404

Video blogs

, 117

Villages, tourist development of

, 360–362

Virtual Assistants

, 2, 476

Virtual Presence

, 216

Virtual reality (VR)

, 2, 168, 287, 476

in tourism

, 168–169

Virtualization

, 103

Visual design elements on websites

, 198–199

‘Visual elements affects tourists’ perceptions

, 197–198

Visual objects

, 199

Voice over the Internet Protocol (VOIP)

, 217, 238

Watson Assistant

, 476

Web

bugs

, 34

technology

, 23

Web 1. 0

, 115

Web 2. 0

, 115, 496

Web 3. 0

, 115

Web 4. 0 applications

, 103

Web-based consumer communication platforms

, 120

Web-based networking media

, 5

Web of Science (WOS)

, 482–483, 485

Weblogs

, 116

Website designing

, (see also Online marketing)

destination website design

, 205–208

e-commerce

, 196

features of websites

, 199–201

visual and auditory elements affects tourists’ perceptions

, 197–198

visual design elements on websites

, 198–199

website quality

, 201–203

websites for tourists and tourism destinations

, 203–205

Websites

, 360

WeChat

, 478

WhatsApp

, 288

Wikipedia

, 338

Wikis

, 117

Wonder Grottole project

, 365

Word-of-mouth (WOM)

, 87–88

advertising

, 262–263

marketing

, 69, 132–133, 140

World Tourism Organization (WTO)

, 34, 189, 205, 239, 283

World Wide Web

, 115

“Yahoo Maps”

, 286

Yelp

, 117, 119

YouTube

, 5, 114, 119, 122, 241, 461, 496