Ability diversity

, 19–20

Accessing new markets

, 81–82

Action planning

, 97

Activism

, 1–2

Adaptive preferences

, 73

Adhocracy organizational cultures

, 105

Affirmative action (AA)

, 28–29, 73, 117–118

Age diversity

, 18–19

Agricultural revolution

, 37–38

Ambivalent discrimination

, 101

Ambivalent prejudice

, 66–67

Anti-Discrimination Agency (ADS)

, 2–3

Anxiety

, 42

Assimilating

, 95

Assimilating organizations

, 104

Attitude, nature of

, 52

Attracting top talent

, 82

Authority ranking (AR)

, 54

Autostereotypes

, 65

Aversive prejudice

, 66–67

Baby bounty

, 12–13

Bartlett, Frederic

, 53–54

Bias

, 2–3

Biculturalism

, 81

Bilingualism

, 81

Blind spots

, 3, 96, 119

Bribe

, 100

Bribery

, 100

Broad category-based definition of diversity

, 29–30

Carroll, Archie

, 83

CEO

, 60

Chelsea Football Club

, 108

Chinese Culture Connection

, 44

Chinese Value Survey (CVS)

, 44

Circular migration

, 15–16

Civil Rights Act (1964)

, 69–70

Civilization

, 37–38

Clan culture

, 104–105

Closed systems cultures

, 106

Cognitions

, 59–60

Cognitive diversity

culture and self

, 51

organizational implications

, 59–61

relational mental models

, 53–56

social cognition

, 51–53

task and time orientation

, 56–59

Cognitive diversity

, 6

Collectivism

, 38, 49

cultures

, 40–42

Collectivist cultures

, 40–43, 72

Columbus Day

, 109

Commercial bribery

, 100

Common hand gestures

, 47–48

Communal relationships

, 55

Communal sharing (CS)

, 54–55

Communication

, 49

Communication barriers

, 46–47

Communication systems

, 46

Competing values framework

, 104–105

Competitive advantage

, 4, 82

Concept of culture

, 37–38

Concept of diversity

, 28–30

Concept of face

, 41

Conceptual challenges

, 114–115

Conflict management

, 92–93

Conformity

, 63–65

Conscious bias

, 92–93

Consumer behavior research

, 81

Context and communication

, 49

Continuous education

, 93

Convergence of oppression

, 5, 35, 67–68

Conversations

, 93

Coping with exclusion

, 73

Coping with social exclusion

, 72–73

Core values

, 103, 106

Corporate social responsibility (CSR)

, 7, 82–83

embedding D&I in CSR strategy

, 84–85

hierarchy

, 83–84

linking diversity and inclusion with

, 82–85

programs

, 114

pyramid

, 83

Corporate strategy

, 84

Costs of exclusion

, 74–75

Counter-preferences

, 73

Covert discrimination

, 2–3, 67

Covert resistance

, 118–119

COVID-19

, 115

Creativity and innovation

, 77–79

Crenshaw, Kimberlé

Cross-cultural barriers

, 46

Cultural communication systems

, 6

Cultural differences

, 49–50

Cultural diversity

cultural differences

, 49–50

dimensions of national culture

, 38–46

diversity in communication

, 46–49

Cultural divisions

, 106–107

Cultural fluency

, 47

Cultural inequalities

, 109

Cultural narratives

, 96

Cultural relativism

, 100

Culture

, 5–6, 37–38, 51

Definition of culture

, 37

Definition of diversity

, 5, 36

DeGraffenreid v. General Motors

, 67–68

Demographic shifts

, 1, 11, 16

international migration trends

, 13–16

international population trends

, 11–13

Developed countries

, 113

Developing countries

, 113

Dìa de la Raza

, 109

Dimensions of national culture

, 38–46

collectivism

, 40–42

femininity

, 43–44

individualism

, 40–42

indulgence vs. restraint

, 45–46

long-term orientation

, 44–45

masculinity

, 43–44

power distance

, 38–40

short-term orientation

, 44–45

uncertainty avoidance

, 42–43

Dimensions of organizational culture

, 105–106

Disability diversity

, 19–20

Discretionary responsibilities

, 84

Discrimination

, 65–69

Dissent

, 79, 121

Diverse groups

, 2

Diversity

, 27–28, 30, 113

attributes

, 5, 35, 67–68

characteristics

, 29–30

in communication

, 6, 46, 49

comparative definitions

, 29–30

competency

, 88–89

definitions

, 29

diversity-related conflict

, 92–93

illustrative example

, 33–34

imperative

, 1–3

inclusion

, 116, 120–121

initiatives

, 99, 115–116

interacting attributes

, 34–36

in interpersonal relationships

, 56–58

levels

, 32–36

linking diversity and inclusion with corporate social responsibility

, 82–85

multinational definition

, 30–32

organizational diversity

, 113–116

organizational performance

, 77–82

reflecting on diversity’s complexity

, 36

training

, 7–8, 91

tree and sample attributes

, 33

value of

, 77–82

Diversity and inclusion (D&I)

, 1, 77, 87–88, 118

benefits

, 2–3, 7

commitment

, 85–86

efforts

, 31–32

embedding D&I in CSR strategy

, 84–85

initiatives

, 2

organizational development approach to

, 3–4

as value-adding activity

, 120–121

Diversity and inclusion organizational development (D&IOD)

, 4, 104

Diversity in context

global demographic shifts

, 11–16

national labor force trends

, 16–24

Diversity management

, 7–8, 28–29, 87, 93

recruiting for diversity

, 87–89

retaining diverse employees

, 89–93

Diversity Prediction Theorem

, 80

Dogma

, 53

Dogmatism

, 53

Dominating

, 95

Dominating organizations

, 8, 95

Dynegy

, 109

Emotional labor

, 57

Emotional overcoat

, 57

Employee Assistance Plans (EAPs)

, 92

Employee engagement

, 60, 103

Employee orientation

, 105–106

Employee turnover

, 74–75

Employee-oriented cultures

, 105–106

Employers of choice

, 82

Employment discrimination

, 67

Entrepreneurial mindset

, 39–40

Entrepreneurs

, 40

Environmental, social, and governance factors (ESG factors)

, 85

Environmental sustainability

, 115

Equal employment opportunities (EEOs)

, 28–29, 89–90

Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC)

, 2–3

Equality in organizations

, 116–117

Equality matching (EM)

, 54–55

Equity

, 117

Equivalence

, 55

Ethnic diversity

, 17–18

Ethnocentrism

, 99

“Euro Disney” theme park

, 81–82

European Union (EU)

, 12

Evaluation procedures

, 91–92

Examples of diversity definitions

, 88

Exclusion. See also Inclusion; Social exclusion

, 3, 7, 69, 73

costs of

, 74–75

Exclusionism

, 101

Exclusive

, 94

Exclusive organizations

, 95

Explicit bias

, 73

Explicit diversity

, 32–34

Face

, 41

Factor analysis

, 78–79

Fear

, 42

Federal Anti-Discrimination Agency

, 70

Female board seats

, 21

Feminine societies

, 43

Femininity

, 38, 43–44

Fertility rates

, 17–18

in Europe

, 5

Fiske, Allen Page

, 54

Floating holidays

, 109

Florida Hospital

, 97–99

Forbes Insight study

, 25

Foreign-born colleague

, 66–67

Freedom

, 41–42

Freidman, Milton

, 84–85

Geertz, Clifford

, 5–6, 37

Gender diversity

, 20–21

Gender identity diversity

, 22

Gender inequality

, 74

Gender roles

, 43, 48

Global context

, 111

Global demographic trends

, 24–25

Global population

, 11, 104

Globalization

, 81

Great cultures

, 107

Grievance procedures

, 91–92

Gross domestic product (GDP)

, 74

Group

, 63

norms

, 63–64

Grundfos

, 108

Grundfos Olympics

, 108

Guanxi in Asian business

, 44–45

Guest workers

, 13

Hall, Edward T.

, 6, 49

Hard work

, 118

Haslam, Nick

, 54

Heterogenous

, 77–78

Heterogenous groups

, 79–80

Heterostereotypes

, 65

Hewlett-Packard’s diversity programs (HP diversity programs)

, 31–32

Hierarchy cultures

, 105

High indulgence

, 45

High restraint

, 45–46

High-context communication

, 49

High-skilled immigrants

, 16

High-skilled migration

, 16

Hiring quotas

, 28–29

Historically marginalized groups

, 73, 117–118

Historically underrepresented groups

, 87, 114

Hofstede, Geert

, 5–6, 38, 105

Hofstede, Gert Jan

, 38

Homogenous

, 63

Homogenous groups

, 79, 86

Horizontal learning organization

, 54

Human capital

, 77, 120

Human resources (HR)

, 1

HR-driven program

, 3–4

Human resources (HR)

, 116

Immigrants

, 16

inflows

, 14–16

workers

, 15–16

Immigration

, 5, 113

Implementation

, 97

Implicit bias. See Subtle prejudice

Implicit diversity

, 32–34

In-groups

, 63

Inclusion

, 116, 120–121

hard work

, 118

resistance to change

, 118–120

striving for equity

, 116–118

Inclusive

, 120

Inclusive companies

, 84–85

Inclusive culture

, 104

Inclusive language

, 110–111

Inclusive leadership

, 8, 96

Inclusive organizational culture

, 100–101

Inclusive organizational development

, 94–95

challenges in multinational environments

, 99–101

diversity management

, 87–93

management to organizational development

, 93–95

in practice

, 95–99

Inclusive organizations

, 112

Inclusive workplace

, 7–8

Indigenous Peoples Day

, 109

Individualism

, 38, 40, 42, 49

Individualist cultures

, 40, 72

Indulgence vs. restraint (IVR)

, 45–46

Innovation

, 77–79

Innovative organizations

, 78–79

Institute for Research on Intercultural Cooperation (IRIC)

, 105

Integrating

, 95

Integrating organizations

, 8

Interacting attributes

, 34–36

International Labor Organization (ILO)

, 19

International migration

, 17

International migration trends

, 13–16

International population trends

, 11–13

Interpersonal relational styles

, 57

Interpersonal relationships, diversity in

, 56–58

Intersectionality

, 34–35, 67–68

Intolerance of ambiguity

, 80–81

Intrinsically inclusive

, 89

Involuntary turnover

, 3

Jelly bean model

, 30

Job-oriented cultures

, 105–106

Karoshi

, 41

Keiretsu system

, 41

Labor force trends

, 16–24

Labor migrants

, 14–15

Language

, 9, 110–111

fluency

, 47

Learning organization

, 45–46

Legacy phrases

, 110–111

Lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer people (LGBTQ people)

, 68

Levels of diversity

, 32–36

LGBTQ

community

, 69–70, 72–73

employees

, 22

Likert-type scale

, 78–79

Linguistic diversity

, 46–47

Long-term orientation (LTO)

, 38, 44–45

Losing face

, 41

Low-context communication

, 49

Majority groups

, 70

Māori posture dance

, 107–108

Marginalization

, 68

Marginalized groups

, 74

Market cultures

, 104–105

Market pricing (MP)

, 54, 56

Masculine societies

, 43–44

Masculinity

, 38, 43–44

Mead, Margaret

, 37

Mental health disabilities

, 19–20

Mental models

, 6

Mentoring

, 89–90

Meritocracy

, 101

Microaggression

, 66

Migration pull factors

, 14

Migration push factors

, 14

Minkov, Michael

, 38

Minorities

, 69–70

Minority groups

, 88

Mission, vision, and purpose

, 107

Monochronic time orientation

, 58

Moore v. Hughes Helicopter, Inc.

, 67–68

Moral relativism

, 99–100

Motivation

, 3

Multi-dimensional diversity frameworks

, 34–35

Multicultural

, 39–40

Multicultural organizational development (MCOD)

, 94

Multinational environments, challenges in

, 99–101

Multinational organizations

, 4–5, 111

Narrow category-based definition of diversity

, 29

National labor force trends

, 16–24

ability and disability diversity

, 19–20

age diversity

, 18–19

gender diversity

, 20–21

political diversity

, 23–24

racial and ethnic diversity

, 17–18

religious diversity

, 22–23

sexual orientation and gender identity diversity

, 22

Networking

, 71–72

New Zealand All Blacks

, 107–108

Nonverbal communication

, 47–48

Normative cultures

, 106

Onboarding

, 89–90

Open system cultures

, 106

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)

, 19–20, 70

Organizational change

, 4, 116

Organizational culture

, 8, 103, 106–107

dimensions

, 105–106

functions

, 103–104

shared meaning

, 107–111

sustaining culture

, 111–112

types

, 104–106

Organizational development (OD). See also Inclusive organizational development

, 4, 93, 114

approach to diversity and inclusion

, 3–4

management to

, 93–95

Organizational diversity

, 31, 113, 116

conceptual challenges

, 114–115

practical challenges

, 115–116

Organizational effectiveness

, 4

Organizational flexibility

, 80–81

Organizational for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD)

, 1

Organizational holidays

, 109–110

Organizational leaders

, 68–69

Organizational performance

, 77–82

value of diversity

, 77–82

Organizational productivity

, 4

Organizational readiness

, 96–97

Organizational subcultures

, 106–107

Organizational success

, 8, 115–116

Organizations

, 1–2, 84, 89, 104–105

Out-groups

, 63

Overt discrimination

, 2–3

Overt resistance

, 118–119

Page, Scott

, 78

Parental leave

, 20–21

Patent Cooperation Treaty

, 16

Payne v. Travenol

, 67–68

People with disabilities

, 19

Perception of time

, 58–59

Performance evaluations

, 91

Permanent immigrant inflows

, 15–16

Personality

, 50

Pew-Templeton Global Religious Futures project

, 23

Physical contact

, 55

Political diversity

, 23–24

Political ideology

, 23–24

Polychronic time orientation

, 58

Population

, 5, 12–13

Population growth

, 12

Positive action programs

, 117–118

Positive self-concept

, 65

Power distance

, 38, 40

Practical challenges

, 115–116

Pragmatic cultures

, 106

Prejudice

, 65–69

Privilege

, 5

Privileged groups

, 9

Problem-solving

, 79–80

Professional development

, 7

Professional development opportunities

, 7–8

Prosocial behavior

, 47

Protestant relational ideology (PRI)

, 57–58

Psychological research

, 42

Public Religion Research Institute (PRRI)

, 87–88

Purchasing behavior

, 81

Race

, 2–3, 34–35

Racial discrimination

, 67–68

Racial diversity

, 17–18

Racism

, 46–47

Random socialization

, 111–112

Rasse

, 46–47

Readiness assessment

, 97

Recruiting for diversity

, 87–89

Relational mental models

, 53–56

authority ranking

, 54

communal sharing

, 55

equality matching

, 55

market pricing

, 56

Relational models theory

, 6

Relational styles

, 6, 60–61

Relativism

, 99

Relevant diversity

, 80

Religious diversity

, 22–23

Replacement migration

, 17

Resistance to change

, 118–120

Response shift

, 73

Retaining diverse employees

, 89–93

Risk-taking behavior

, 42

Rituals

, 9, 107, 109

Science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM)

, 16

Selection processes

, 111–112

Self

, 51

Sensemaking

, 3

Serial socialization

, 111–112

Sex discrimination

, 67–68

Sexual orientation diversity

, 22

Shared identity

, 107–108

Shared meaning

, 107–111

rituals

, 107–109

Shared purpose

, 31

Short-term orientation

, 38, 44–45

Sincere ignorance

, 116

Single-axis framework

, 34–35

Single-dimensional diversity frameworks

, 34–35

Social attribution

, 52

Social categories

, 6–7, 65

Social categorization

, 63–65

Social cognition

, 51–53

dogmatism

, 53

nature of attitude

, 52

Social competition

, 73

Social conformity

, 63

Social context

, 63

Social emotionality

, 57–58

Social exclusion

, 74

coping with

, 72–73

costs of exclusion

, 74–75

exclusion

, 69–73

illustrative example

, 70–72

social categorization and conformity

, 63–65

stereotypes, prejudice, and discrimination

, 65–69

Social identity

, 63

Social identity theory

, 64–65

Social isolation

, 64

Social justice obligation

, 2

“Social niche” construction of relationships

, 68–69

Social perception

, 51–52

Social psychology research

, 6–7

Social ranking

, 54

Social sciences

, 5

Social significance

, 114–115

Social-emotional relational styles

, 56–57

Socially responsible investments (SRIs)

, 85

Sociocultural identities

, 81

Sound management

, 38

Spoken language

, 46

Stereotypes

, 51–52, 65, 69

Stock prices

, 3

Strategic plan

, 97–98

Strategy

, 4

Striving for equity

, 116–118

Strong culture

, 104

Subcultures

, 50

Subordinates

, 39–40

Subtle prejudice

, 65–66

“Superadditivity” of diverse tools

, 78

Supervisors

, 39–40

Sustainable competitive advantage

, 120

Sustaining culture

, 111–112

Symbols

, 9, 109–110

Systemic discrimination

, 52

Systemic marginalization

, 122

Tajfel, Henri

, 64

Talent pool

, 87–88

Target Corporation

, 96

Task orientation

, 56–59

Task-focused relational styles

, 56–57

Team-building rituals

, 108–109

Teamwork

, 104–105

The Diversity Tree

, 33

Thrift

, 44

Time orientation

, 56–59

Tolerance building

, 80–81

Top-level management

, 4

Traditional organizations

, 78–79

Training

, 7–8

Training and development

, 70

Trivial differences

, 27–28

Turnover

, 3

Uncertainty avoidance

, 38, 42–43

Unconscious bias

, 92–93

Underrepresented groups

, 90

Unemployment

, 19–20

Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR)

, 78

United Nations

, 13

Universalism

, 101

Unspoken language

, 46

US Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC)

, 66

US public schools

, 109–110

Value of diversity

, 77–82

Valued-adding activities

, 120–121

Values

, 1–2

Verbal communication

, 46

Voluntary turnover

, 3

Volunteer work

, 108–109

Weak cultures

, 103

Western cultural bias

, 50

Work cultures

, 1–2

Work-life balance

, 43

Workforce

diversity

, 87

projections

, 16

Workplaces

, 43–44, 81

diversity

, 16, 113

exclusion

, 3

inclusion

, 3

Xenophobic person

, 66–67

Young employee network (YEN)

, 31–32