Index
Islam Abdelbary
(Arab Academy for Science and Technology)
Reviving Arab Reform: Development Challenges and Opportunities
ISBN: 978-1-83982-319-0, eISBN: 978-1-83982-318-3
Publication date: 15 February 2021
This content is currently only available as a PDF
Citation
Abdelbary, I. (2021), "Index", Reviving Arab Reform: Development Challenges and Opportunities, Emerald Publishing Limited, Leeds, pp. 191-196. https://doi.org/10.1108/978-1-83982-318-320211012
Publisher
:Emerald Publishing Limited
Copyright © 2021 Emerald Publishing Limited
INDEX
Note: Page numbers followed by “n” indicated footnotes.
Abuse of political power
, 112
Accountability
, 74
Accountable governance system
, 176
Advanced economies
, 35
estimated panel data models for
, 128–134, 135–141
heterogeneity of panel data models for
, 163–164
relationship between economic growth and public health expenditure
, 166
relationship between economic growth and sanitation
, 167
Aggregate governance indicator
, 161
Aggregate structural reform indicator
, 72–73
Arab Aggregate Demand
, 44
Arab countries (ACs)
, 1–2, 19, 39, 172
adopting reforms to diversify economic structures
, 71
bureaucracy system
, 107
development of financial and banking sector
, 71–72
economic reform programmes
, 99
estimated panel data models for
, 142, 146–154
facing economic shocks and fluctuations
, 53
gains from oil
, 39
governance and institutions in
, 100–102
heterogeneity of panel data models for
, 165–166
percentage of oil and tax revenues
, 60
politics in Arab states
, 2
production structures
, 78
societal development in
, 81
Arab economics
, 39–40
actual and expected GDP of Arab region
, 45
Arab economic growth characteristics
, 44–46
Arab GDP per capita growth
, 41
Arab potential and actual GDP with output gap
, 41, 49
Arab’s Chronic Low-Growth Syndrome
, 45
GDP growth in Arab region
, 46
GDP per capita growth for sub-Arab groups
, 50
growth rates of GDP components in Arab region
, 51
sub-Arab groups, economic growth pattern in
, 43–44
whole region, economic growth pattern in
, 40–43
Arab health indicators
, 88
Arab institutional reform
, 122
Arab Monetary Fund index (AMF index)
, 76
Arab multidimensional poverty index
, 86
Arab oil-exporting countries
, 43
Arab Reform
democracy
, 102–105
evolution
, 46–48
failure to provide inclusive reforms
, 119–125
governance and institutions in ACs
, 100–102
impact on Arab World
, 116–119
inclusive development framework for
, 169–178
public administration capacity
, 105–109
social aspects of
, 82–97
state of law
, 109–114
Arab socialism
, 101
Arab Spring
, 2, 18–19, 40, 62, 162
Arab Stock Markets Combined Index
, 77
Arab Sub-groups
, 36–37
Arab vulnerable governance system
, 123
Arab–Israeli conflict
, 102
Armed conflicts
, 172
Asian financial crisis
, 41–42
Barro-type regression
, 17, 23
Between-country disparities
, 85
Budget balance
, 62
Business reform indicators
, 16–17, 27
Central and South Asian countries (CSA)
, 19
Centralised bureaucratic system in Arab region
, 39
Chronic Low-Growth Syndrome
, 45, 48
Civil wars
, 124–125, 170
Cobb-Douglas production function
, 11
Commodity Structure of Arab Exports
, 79
Communication tools
, 175
Comparative cross-country analysis
, 16
Comparative heuristic approach
, 16
Confessionalism
, 174
Consumer price index
, 56
Control of corruption (CC)
, 111–114, 161
Control variables
, 17–18
Corruption
, 108
Credibility gap
, 175
Crowding effect
, 158
Crowding out effect hypothesis
, 158
Current accounts (CAs)
, 54
balance/GDP
, 66
Data
balance
, 64–66
characteristics
, 19
definition
, 29
missing
, 20–21
sources
, 20
sources
, 29
Debt relief
, 66–68
Democracy
, 102, 173
deficit
, 123
PS indicator
, 103–105
voice and accountability
, 102–103
Developing countries
estimated panel data models for
, 134, 142–145
heterogeneity of panel data models for
, 164–165
relationship between economic growth and public health expenditure
, 166
Developing economies
, 35
Development
, 5–7
Diversification
, 74–75
Drinking water
, 93–96
Dynamic panel data (DPD)
, 22
East Asian countries (EAS)
, 19
Econometric techniques
, 21–23
Economic development
, 5–7, 169
Economic growth and development
, 7
Economic growth pattern
in sub-Arab groups
, 43–44
in whole region
, 40–43
Economic infrastructure
, 161
Economic policies adoption
, 42
Economic reforms
, 76, 173–175
aggregated indicators of
, 24–38
programmes
, 99, 115
Economic stabilisation
external stability indicators
, 63–70
macroeconomic stability indicators
, 54–63
Economic stabilisation policies
, 115
Economic stability
, 53–54
Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU) Country Data
, 20
Economy diversification structure
, 77–80
Education sector reform
, 90–91
Electricity
, 93–96
Empirical model
, 17–19
configuration
, 127
principal components
, 24
Endogenous growth theory. See New growth theory
Estimated panel data models
for ACs
, 142–154
for advanced economies
, 128–134
for developing countries
, 134–142
Estimation approaches
, 21–23
European countries (ECS)
, 19
European sovereign debt crisis
, 77
Evolution of Arab reform
, 46–48
Exchange rates
, 57–59
Explanatory variables
, 17–18
definition and sources of data
, 29
Export Concentration Index
, 78, 158
Export Diversification Index
, 78
External debt-to-exports of goods and services
, 68
External debts
, 54
External demand
, 45–46
External stability
, 129, 134, 156–157
reform indicators
, 16, 26
External stability indicators
, 63–64. See also Macroeconomic stability indicators
current account balance/GDP
, 66
debt relief
, 66–68
external debt-to-exports of goods and services
, 68
international reserves
, 68–70
international trade and CA balance
, 64–66
total Arab exports by subregions
, 65
total reserves in months of imports
, 69
External stabilization
, 121
External sustainability
, 53–54
F-statistics
, 127
Financial liberalisation
, 75–77
Financial reforms
, 71–72
Fixed effect
, 23, 127–128, 142
Fixed Telephone Subscriptions
, 97
Foreign direct investment (FDI)
, 20, 42, 44, 62, 73–75, 134
Formal social security
, 176
Generalised Methods of Moments (GMM)
, 22–23
Global recession
, 42
Governance
, 160–162
in ACs
, 100–102
aggregated indicators of
, 24–38
gap
, 100
indicators
, 17, 28, 100
Government effectiveness (GE)
, 105–109, 161
Gross Domestic Product (GDP)
, 5, 17, 53, 73, 40, 128
Growth
, 6–7
Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC)
, 19, 43, 116, 118, 156
Gulf Cooperation Council Countries (GCCC)
, 81, 105, 109
governance effectiveness factor
, 173
Hausman test
, 21, 23, 128
Health expenditures
, 89–90
Health sector reform
, 87–90
Heterogeneity of panel data models
, 127–128
for ACs
, 165–166
for advanced economies
, 163–164
for developing countries
, 164–165
Hodrick–Prescott filter (HP filter)
, 40n1
Human capital
, 86–87, 134, 158–159
aggregated indicators of
, 24–38
education sector reform
, 90–91
health sector reform
, 87–90
indicators
, 17, 27, 87
research and innovation
, 91–92
Inclusive development framework for Arab Reform
, 169–170
economic reform
, 173–175
influential factors
, 176–177
political and institutional reform
, 170–173
social reform
, 175–176
Inclusive institutions
, 101
Indebted Poor Country (HIPC)
, 69
Industrial Research Institute report (IRI report)
, 91
Ineffectual reform plan
, 123
Inequality
, 82–86
Infant mortality rates
, 88–89
Inflation
, 55–56
relationship with unemployment
, 122
Information and communication technology (ICT)
, 93, 96–97
Innovation
, 91–92
Institutional reform
, 170–173
Institutions
, 171–172
in ACs
, 100–102
indicators
, 28
Instrumental Variable technique (IV technique)
, 21
Internal stabilisation
, 121
Internal stability
, 129
International Monetary Fund (IMF)
, 67, 115, 157
International reserves
, 68–70
International trade
, 64–66
Internet Protocol (VoIP)
, 97
Kafala system
, 86
Kaiser–Meyer–Olkin test (KMO test)
, 25
Knowledge
, 8
Knowledge-based economy
, 9
Lacklustre performance in fighting poverty
, 83
Lagrange Multiplier test (LM test)
, 21, 128
Large-scale corruption
, 112
Latin America countries (LCN)
, 19
Least Square Dummy Variable technique (LSDVC technique)
, 23
Levin–Lin–Chu test (LLC test)
, 21
Life expectancy at birth
, 89–90
Low-Income Countries (LICs)
, 19, 54–55, 63, 79, 89, 101, 102
Macroeconomic fragility
, 120–122
Macroeconomic instability
, 129, 134, 146
Macroeconomic stability
, 154–156
reform indicators
, 16, 18, 25
relationship with structural reform
, 117
Macroeconomic stability indicators
, 54–55. See also External stability indicators
budget balance
, 62
consumer price index
, 56
exchange rates
, 57–59
prices and inflation
, 55–56
public debt
, 63
public finance indicators
, 59–63
unemployment
, 56, 58
MENA region
, 85
Millennium Development Goal (MDG)
, 160
Mobile telephony
, 97
Modern economic development theories
, 7
neoclassical theory
, 7–8
new growth theory
, 8–9
NIE theory
, 5, 9
underpinning theory of research
, 9–10
Modified operationalisation of model
, 19
Monetary policy
, 174
Natural resources abundance
, 170
Neoclassical School
, 8
Neoclassical theory
, 7–8
New growth theory
, 8–9
New Institutional Economics Theory (NIE Theory)
, 5, 9
Next-generation networks (NGNs)
, 97
Non-resource-rich countries
, 43
North American (NAC)
, 19
OECD countries
, 20–21
Oil dependence ‘resource curse’
, 119–120
Oil production
, 177
Oil wealth
, 105
Open access society
, 101
Overstaffing
, 108
Panel data methods
, 21
Panel unit-root test
, 21
Physical infrastructure
, 92–93, 159–160
aggregated indicators of
, 24–38
basic infrastructure facilities
, 93–96
ICT
, 96–97
indicators
, 17, 28, 94
Political conflict
, 124–125
Political reform
, 170–173
Political stability (PS)
, 146, 161
indicator
, 103–105
Pooled OLS regression
, 128
Population growth rate
, 170
Poverty
, 82–86
Power concentration
, 108
Prices
, 55–56
Production productivity frontier (PPF)
, 12
Public administration capacity
, 105
government effectiveness
, 105–109
Public debt
, 62–63, 155
Public debt-to-GDP ratio
, 62
Public expenditure
, 61
Public finance indicators
, 59–63
Public infrastructure
, 92
Public revenues
, 59–60
Public-choice theory
, 7
Quality of life
, 6
Rational fiscal policy
, 174
Reform
, 16
policy
, 169
Reform programme impact on economic growth
, 127
panel estimated results
, 128–162
testing heterogeneity of panel data
, 127–128
Regulatory Quality (RQ)
, 108–109
Regulatory quality complement
, 173
Research
, 91–92
approach
, 15–17
theoretical model of
, 10–12
underpinning theory of
, 9–10
Research and development (R&D)
, 8
Resource abundance
, 177
Resource-poor, labour-abundant countries (RPLA countries)
, 19, 72, 74–75, 79, 87, 89, 92, 102, 116, 118, 120
Resource-poor subgroups
, 54
Resource-rich, labour-abundant countries (RRLA countries)
, 43, 54–56, 63, 58, 69, 74, 87, 101, 102
Resource-rich, labour-importing countries (RRLI countries)
, 19, 43, 55–56, 58, 69, 74, 76, 87, 89, 102
Rule of Law (RL)
, 109–111
Sanitation
, 93–96
Small-scale corruption
, 112–113
Social aspects of Arab Reform
human capital
, 86–92
inequality
, 82–86
physical infrastructure
, 92–97
poverty
, 82–86
Social benefit-cost analysis
, 160
Social infrastructure
, 161
Social reform
, 81, 175–176
Social spending
, 176
Solow growth model
, 17
Solow residual or ignorance of neoclassical growth theory. See Total factor productivity (TFP)
Solow–Swan model
, 8, 10
Sponsorship system
, 86
Stabilisation
, 53
Stagflation
, 121
State of Law
, 109
control of corruption
, 111–114
rule of law
, 109–111
State variables
, 17, 154
Structural adjustment
policies
, 115
programs
, 70
strategies
, 115
Structural Adjustment Plan (SAP)
, 67
Structural reforms
, 71, 157–158
aggregate structural reform indicator
, 72–73
economy diversification structure
, 77–80
financial liberalisation
, 75–77
foreign direct investment
, 73–75
indicators
, 16–17, 27
relationship with macroeconomic stability
, 117
strategies
, 177
Sub-Arab groups
economic growth pattern in
, 43–44
GDP per capita growth for
, 43
GDP per capita growth for
, 50
Sub-Saharan Africa countries (SSF)
, 19
Tax policy
, 176
Tax reforms
, 60
Technology
, 18n2
Theoretical basis
development
, 5–7
growth
, 6–7
modern economic development theories
, 7
Theoretical model of research
, 10–12
Total Arab exports by subregions
, 65
Total factor productivity (TFP)
, 10–12
Total investment
, 44
Tourism
, 61–62
Transparency
, 174
‘Trickle-down’ effect
, 7
Two-stage least squares regression analysis (2SLS regression analysis)
, 21
UNCTADstat
, 20
Unemployment
, 56, 58, 155–156
relationship with inflation
, 122
United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD)
, 20
Value added tax (VAT)
, 56
Violent conflicts
, 95
Voice and accountability (VA)
, 102–103
Vulnerable institutions
, 122–123
Wars
, 95
World Bank
, 67, 115
World Development Indicators (WDI)
, 20
World Health Organisation (WHO)
, 88, 158
World Inequality Report
, 84
World Statistical Database
, 20
Worldwide Governance Indicators (WGIs)
, 20, 99, 101
- Prelims
- Chapter 1: Introduction
- Chapter 2: The Theoretical Basis
- Chapter 3: Methodology
- Chapter 4: Insight of Arab Economics: A Reforming Outlook
- Chapter 5: Economic Stabilisation and Arab Reform
- Chapter 6: Business and Structural Reform
- Chapter 7: Social Aspects of Arab Reform
- Chapter 8: Institutions and Political Aspects of Arab Reform
- Chapter 9: Winners and Losers of Arab Reforms
- Chapter 10: The Impact of Reform Programmes on Economic Growth: An Econometric Analysis
- Chapter 11: Towards an Inclusive Development Framework for Arab Reform
- Concluding Remarks
- References
- Index