Index
International Case Studies in the Management of Disasters
ISBN: 978-1-83982-187-5, eISBN: 978-1-83982-186-8
Publication date: 30 November 2020
This content is currently only available as a PDF
Citation
(2020), "Index", George, B. and Mahar, Q. (Ed.) International Case Studies in the Management of Disasters (Tourism Security-Safety and Post Conflict Destinations), Emerald Publishing Limited, Leeds, pp. 281-287. https://doi.org/10.1108/978-1-83982-186-820201017
Publisher
:Emerald Publishing Limited
Copyright © 2021 Emerald Publishing Limited
INDEX
Absolute hospitality, 203
Academic mobility, 152
Accountable Care Organizations (ACOs), 272
Active surveillance programs, 135
Adaptation techniques, 48–49
Adverse Drug Reaction (ADR), 255
Amae relationships, 105
American Medical Association (AMA), 274
Annual Holidays Act, 219
Association of South-East Asian Nations (ASEAN), 101–102
Auschwitz Nazi concentration in Poland, 100
Avalanche, 5
Axiological floods, 50
Balance of payments (BoP), 87–88
Blaming and heroes, 177
Business model, 155–156, 158–159
Cambodian battlefields, 101
Capital Expenditure boom cycle, 224
Case study design, 74–76
characteristics, 77
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 234
Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS), 274
Central Disaster and Safety Countermeasures Headquarters (CDSCHQ), 237
Centre of Research on the Epidemiology of Disaster (CRED), 64, 73, 78
Closed circuit television coverage (CCTV coverage), 14
Community, 49–50
adaptation to flood risk, 54–55
Community Relief Fund, 164–165
Comparative design, 75–76
Computed tomography examination room (CT examination room), 215
Computerized decision support systems (CDSSs), 256–257
Conditioned hospitality, 203
Consumer price index (CPI), 87–88
Contain-Prevent-Protect model (CPP model), 220–225
flattening curve, 223
impact of public health measures, 220–224
recovery path, 225
slowing and suppressing outbreak, 223–224
threat of COVID-19 on economy in Finland, 224
Content analysis, 178
Corona Map, 239
Coronavirus. See also Nipah virus (NiV), 156, 213–214
maps, 238–239
COVID-19, 1–3, 155–156, 169–170, 197–198, 232, 271–272
case studies, 7
crisis management, 4, 234–244, 275
early lessons, 215
effects, 198–199
and end of hospitality, 208–209
forecast in Finland, 217
Global Business Week Program at UDEM, 145–146
global pandemic, 146–149
international mobility of academics, 149–150
pandemic, 144
threats to consumers in target economies, 162–163
threats to restaurants in target economies, 161–162
and tourism in Buenos Aires, 205–208
Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED), 10, 11
Crisis, 171
communication, 171
management, 163–165, 234–244, 253
Cross-sectional design, 75–76
Customer care, 163–164
Dark tourism, 99–101, 103–104
“Dealing with the Enemy Act”, 101–102
Defense, 12
forces, 219
Delivery personnel, 164–165
Democracy, 236–237
Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), 111–112
and Ebola Outbreaks, 120–123, 123–125
Department of Business, Economic Development and Tourism (DBEDT), 105
Disaster(s). See also Natural disasters, 1, 99–100
management, 1
preparedness and prevention, 6–7
readiness, 2
Disease, 111–112
“Doi moi”, 102
Drought, 5
E-business, 3
E-Commerce, 3
E-health, 256
Early recovery phase, 90
Earthquake reconstruction and rehabilitation authority (ERRA), 72
Earthquakes, 5, 72
2004 Earthquake in Haiti, 100
Eastern Caribbean Currency Union (ECCU), 67–68
Ebola, 111–112
Democratic Republic of the Congo and, 120–125
Mali, Nigeria, and Senegal, 117–120
methodology, 112–114
outbreak in West Africa, 115–117
Economic/economy, 216
disrupters, 99–100
implications of natural disasters, 67–69
recessions, 224
Electronic healthcare, 255–256
Electronic Intensive Care Units (eICUs), 272
EM-DAT online database, 78
Emergency measures, 216
Emergency Powers Act, 216
Emergency Telehealth and Navigation (ETHAN), 273–274
Emergency Telemedicine Consultation System (ETCS), 273
Empowerment, 4, 253
End of hospitality, 208–209
Environmental impact assessment (EIA), 71
Ethics of hospitality, 204–205
Experimental design, 75–76
Fact-based content, 179
Federal relief commission (FRC), 72
Feudalization, 3–4
FFC, 70
Financial
crisis, 224
implication of natural disasters, 64–67
system, 256–257
Finland
COVID-19 forecast in, 217
CPP model, 220–225
current situation, 216–219
emergency measures, 218–219
Emergency Powers Act, 216
impact to date in, 217
impact to date worldwide, 217
literature review, 214–215
Five-year development plans, 71
Flood risk, 52
local knowledge and community adaptation to, 54–55
management, 48
Flood(ing), 5, 62
defenses, 48
management, 48–50
prevention, 48
Food
delivery, 156–158
industry, 157–158
Framing in health communications, 176
Freshets, 52
Gaze, 3–4
Global Business Week Program (GBW Program), 146
at UDEM, 145–146
Global capitalism, 204–205
Globalization, 208
Gods Own Country
, 134
GOP, 70–72, 78, 90–91
Gorkha earthquake in Nepal (2015), 101, 105–106
Governance failure, 112–113
Government, 234–237
of GCC countries, 254
Government Decree, 216
Gross domestic product (GDP), 67, 102
GrubHub, 155–156, 158–161
business model, 159
case, 156–157
COVID-19 threats to consumers in target economies, 162–163
COVID-19 threats to restaurants in target economies, 161–162
crisis management, 163–165
learning outcomes, 156
NYSE Share Prices, 160
online delivery industry, 157–158
Guests, 202–203
Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC), 251–252
readiness for E-healthcare in, 258–261
robust E-healthcare system, 256–258
social media potential to overcoming healthcare crisis in, 253–255
technology as savior, 255–256
Hawaii-based study, 103–104
Hawaii’s Pearl Harbor, 104–105
Health, 116
crisis, 144–145
Health belief model (HBM), 175–176
Health Care professionals (HCPs), 175
Health Consumerism Index, 260–261
Health information system (HIS), 256
Healthcare, 241
information system, 256–257
professionals, 252
Higher education institutions (HEIs), 145
Hiroshima Memorial Park in Japan, 100
HISM, 255–256
Hobbesian society, 200–201
Hospitality, 201–203
COVID-19 and end of, 208–209
Hostility, 203
Human-made disaster, 100
Hurricanes, 5
ICT Development Index (IDI), 238
Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), 135
Industrial hazards, 5–6
Infodemic, 3, 176
Information and communication technology (ICT), 238
Infrared (IR), 14
Infrastructure systems, 14
Innovative approaches, 237–240
Institutional collectivism, 241–244
Instrumental floods, 50
Intensive care unit (ICU), 223
Inter-American Development Bank (IDB), 148
International Governmental Organizations (IGOs), 114
International Health Regulations (IHR), 169–170
International humanitarians, 63
International mobility of academics, 149–150
International reporting of government communications, 182–184
Internationalization at home (IaH), 145, 146
Internationalization of higher education institutions, 144
Internet, 254
Istanbul Sultanahmet Square, 15–16
case study, 15–16
control list, 21–39
literature review, 12–14
methodology, 14–16
project selection criteria, 14
research analysis, 16–20
research methodology, 16
research questions, 16
IT infrastructure, 237–238
Keep-out zone, 12–13
Kerala Nipah Virus Outbreak (2018), 134
Kerala Sasthra Sahithya Parishad (KSSP), 136
Khao Lak Tsunami Memorial in Phuket, Thailand, 100
Khyber Pakhtoon Khuwa (KPK), 62
Killer virus. See Nipah virus (NiV)
Korea, 233
COVID-19 crisis management, 234–244
government and leadership, 234–237
healthcare, 241
innovative approaches, 237–240
institutional collectivism, 241–244
KCDC, 234
methodology, 233–234
press freedom, 237
Korea Center for Disease Control (KCDC), 234
Landscape elements, 12–14
Leadership, 234–237
Less developed countries (LDCs), 61–63, 67
Livestock rearing, 86
Local communities, 50
Local flood management knowledge, 49–50
disregard, 55–56
interactive origin, 52–54
Local knowledge, 48–49
and community adaptation to flood risk, 54–55
conceptual framework, 49–51
engagement into professional flood management, 50–51
findings, 52–56
method, 51–52
Local residents, 54–55
Longitudinal design, 75–76
Maarefah Management, 252
Mali, Ebola outbreak in, 117–120
Management techniques of natural disasters, 69–72
Mask Map, 239
Mass shootings, 6
Mass tourism, 99
Mature trees, 14
Message-centered approach, 173–175
Micro, small, and medium enterprises (MSMEs), 224
Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS). See also Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), 237–238
MERS-CoV, 213–214
Ministry of Health (MOH), 179
Ministry of Health and Welfare (MOHW), 234, 241
Mobility, 3, 197–198, 202
Modeling, 222
More developed countries (MDCs), 61–62
Mortality rate, 233
Mounted Thermal Imaging System, 273
Nation-state, 202–204
National Database and Registration Authority (NADRA), 91
National disaster management authority (NDMA), 62, 72, 89–91
National Emergency Operations Centre (NEOs), 90
National Health Insurance Service (NHIS), 241
Natural disasters, 61–62, 100
data analysis and findings, 78–94
data collection, 76–78
economic implications, 67–69
financial and economic impacts, 87–89
financial impacts on agriculture, crop, and livestock, 83–84
financial impacts on infrastructure, 78–83
financial implication, 64–67
financial losses, 64
government response, 89–92
impacts on livelihood, 86–87
literature review, 63–73
local and international humanitarian response, 92–94
management techniques, 69–72
market situation, 84–86
objectives, 63
Pakistan government to earthquake, 72–73
research design, 74–76
research justification, 73
research methodology and design, 73–78
research questions, 74
Nature hospitality, 201–205
Nazi concentration camps, 101
Nepal Earthquake, 105–106
New Hampshire (NH), 161
New Public Governance (NPG), 112
New Public Management (NPM), 112
Nigeria, Ebola outbreak in, 117–120
Nipah virus (NiV), 3, 131
2019 outbreak, 137
impact, 132–133
Kerala Nipah Virus Outbreak (2018), 134
lessons from Kerala model, 138–139
measures to control Nipah virus outbreak in Kerala, 134–137
morbidity and mortality rates, 133
need for global surveillance, 139–140
trail in World, 131–132
Nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), 62–63, 78, 93, 114
Oculacentrism, 205
“One Health” concept, 138
Ontological floods, 50
Organization of Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), 241
Pakistan government to earthquake, 72–73
Pakistani Rupee (PKR), 84–86
Pandemic(s), 6, 144–145, 214, 232–233
Patient empowerment, 252–253
Patient health (p-health), 257–258
Patient-centered model, 252–253
Pearl Harbor, 104
Pearl Harbor War Memorial, 105
Pearson correlation test, 261
Personalized health, 257–258
Phone apps, 238–239
Policy recession, 224
Precautionary doctrine, 199–200
Precogs, 201
Preparedness communications, 172–173
Press freedom, 237
Private sector in disaster management, 6
Professional knowledge, 50–51
Provider’s reputation, 253–254
Pteropodidae, 132
Pteropus genus, 132
Public health, 169–170
Public space, 10, 12
Public trust, 244
Quantitative descriptive research, 258
Real recession, 224
Reconstruction and rehabilitation phase, 90
Regulations, 277
Rescue and relief phase, 90
Restaurant support, 164
Riots, 6
Risk, 171
communication, 171
perception, 172–173
Robust E-healthcare system, 256–258
Royal Institute of British Architects (RIBA), 11
Russian approach, 48
Russian water management regulations, 48
rVSV-ZEBOV Ebola vaccine, 122–123
Scientific knowledge, 50–51
Screening algorithms, 273
Secondary data, 78
Security of urban spaces, 10
Self-quarantine protection apps, 238–239
Senegal, Ebola outbreak in, 117–120
Sensationalism in health communications, 176
Seoul National University (SNU), 243
Services, 161
Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), 237–238
lessons from past with, 214–215
SARS-CoV, 213–214
SARS-CoV-2, 169–170
Site security, 13–14
Social capital, 7
Social distancing measures, 273
Social media, 170–171, 255
potential to overcoming healthcare crisis in GCC, 253–255
social media–based empowerment, 253
technologies, 4, 274–275
websites, 254
Social survey design, 75–76
Soopikada in Kozhikode district, 134
Technology, 7, 274
as savior, 255–256
Telehealth, 4, 271–272
COVID-19 in context, 272–275
future research directions, 276
Telehealth Resource Centers (TRCs), 274
Telemedicine, 271
Terrorism, 6
attacks, 10
“Thana” tourism, 100
Thorny plants, 14
Titanic syndrome, 200–201
Tornados, 5
Tourism, 99, 106, 197–198
Hawaii’s Pearl Harbor, 104–105
Nepal Earthquake, 105–106
Vietnam, 101–104
Tourist gaze, 198–199
COVID-19 and end of hospitality, 208–209
COVID-19 and tourism in Buenos Aires, 205–208
nature hospitality, 201–205
state of emergency, 199–201
Transparency, 180–181
Tsunami, 5
UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), 144
UN World Tourism Organizations (UNWTO), 99
Uncle Dam, 188–190
Universidad de Monterrey in Mexico (UDEM), 144–145
academic organizational structure, 145
Business School, 146
Global Business Week Program at, 145–146
Urban Design and Security Plan for Washington DC, 14
Urban security planning, 11
V-shaped, U-shaped, L-shaped scenarios (V-U-L scenarios), 225
Vietnam
COVID-19 in, 169–170
factual, transparent, and timely communications, 179–181
few incidences of challenging communications, 186–187
findings, 179–187
international reporting of government communications, 182–184
literature review, 170–177
methodology, 178–179
models and frameworks for pandemic communication, 171–176
negative international views for economic actions, 184
operational definitions, 171–172
tone and content, 181–182
tourism market in, 101–104
unconfirmed communications, 176–177
Visa, 203–204
Visiting scholars, 144–145
Volcanic eruptions, 5
Wars, 6
Watan Cards, 91
Wenchuan Earthquake Memorial Museum in China, 100
West Africa, Ebola outbreak in, 115–117
Westminster attack, 11–12
Wicked gaze, 198–199, 205
Wildfires, 5
Working Hours Act, 219
World Health Organization (WHO), 115, 144–145, 179, 197–198, 232
World Travel & Tourism Council, 99–100
Absolute hospitality
, 203
Academic mobility
, 152
Accountable Care Organizations (ACOs)
, 272
Active surveillance programs
, 135
Adaptation techniques
, 48–49
Adverse Drug Reaction (ADR)
, 255
Amae relationships
, 105
American Medical Association (AMA)
, 274
Annual Holidays Act
, 219
Association of South-East Asian Nations (ASEAN)
, 101–102
Auschwitz Nazi concentration in Poland
, 100
Avalanche
, 5
Axiological floods
, 50
Balance of payments (BoP)
, 87–88
Blaming and heroes
, 177
Business model
, 155–156, 158–159
Cambodian battlefields, 101
Capital Expenditure boom cycle, 224
Case study design, 74–76
characteristics, 77
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 234
Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS), 274
Central Disaster and Safety Countermeasures Headquarters (CDSCHQ), 237
Centre of Research on the Epidemiology of Disaster (CRED), 64, 73, 78
Closed circuit television coverage (CCTV coverage), 14
Community, 49–50
adaptation to flood risk, 54–55
Community Relief Fund, 164–165
Comparative design, 75–76
Computed tomography examination room (CT examination room), 215
Computerized decision support systems (CDSSs), 256–257
Conditioned hospitality, 203
Consumer price index (CPI), 87–88
Contain-Prevent-Protect model (CPP model), 220–225
flattening curve, 223
impact of public health measures, 220–224
recovery path, 225
slowing and suppressing outbreak, 223–224
threat of COVID-19 on economy in Finland, 224
Content analysis, 178
Corona Map, 239
Coronavirus. See also Nipah virus (NiV), 156, 213–214
maps, 238–239
COVID-19, 1–3, 155–156, 169–170, 197–198, 232, 271–272
case studies, 7
crisis management, 4, 234–244, 275
early lessons, 215
effects, 198–199
and end of hospitality, 208–209
forecast in Finland, 217
Global Business Week Program at UDEM, 145–146
global pandemic, 146–149
international mobility of academics, 149–150
pandemic, 144
threats to consumers in target economies, 162–163
threats to restaurants in target economies, 161–162
and tourism in Buenos Aires, 205–208
Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED), 10, 11
Crisis, 171
communication, 171
management, 163–165, 234–244, 253
Cross-sectional design, 75–76
Customer care, 163–164
Dark tourism, 99–101, 103–104
“Dealing with the Enemy Act”, 101–102
Defense, 12
forces, 219
Delivery personnel, 164–165
Democracy, 236–237
Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), 111–112
and Ebola Outbreaks, 120–123, 123–125
Department of Business, Economic Development and Tourism (DBEDT), 105
Disaster(s). See also Natural disasters, 1, 99–100
management, 1
preparedness and prevention, 6–7
readiness, 2
Disease, 111–112
“Doi moi”, 102
Drought, 5
E-business, 3
E-Commerce, 3
E-health, 256
Early recovery phase, 90
Earthquake reconstruction and rehabilitation authority (ERRA), 72
Earthquakes, 5, 72
2004 Earthquake in Haiti, 100
Eastern Caribbean Currency Union (ECCU), 67–68
Ebola, 111–112
Democratic Republic of the Congo and, 120–125
Mali, Nigeria, and Senegal, 117–120
methodology, 112–114
outbreak in West Africa, 115–117
Economic/economy, 216
disrupters, 99–100
implications of natural disasters, 67–69
recessions, 224
Electronic healthcare, 255–256
Electronic Intensive Care Units (eICUs), 272
EM-DAT online database, 78
Emergency measures, 216
Emergency Powers Act, 216
Emergency Telehealth and Navigation (ETHAN), 273–274
Emergency Telemedicine Consultation System (ETCS), 273
Empowerment, 4, 253
End of hospitality, 208–209
Environmental impact assessment (EIA), 71
Ethics of hospitality, 204–205
Experimental design, 75–76
Fact-based content, 179
Federal relief commission (FRC), 72
Feudalization, 3–4
FFC, 70
Financial
crisis, 224
implication of natural disasters, 64–67
system, 256–257
Finland
COVID-19 forecast in, 217
CPP model, 220–225
current situation, 216–219
emergency measures, 218–219
Emergency Powers Act, 216
impact to date in, 217
impact to date worldwide, 217
literature review, 214–215
Five-year development plans, 71
Flood risk, 52
local knowledge and community adaptation to, 54–55
management, 48
Flood(ing), 5, 62
defenses, 48
management, 48–50
prevention, 48
Food
delivery, 156–158
industry, 157–158
Framing in health communications, 176
Freshets, 52
Gaze, 3–4
Global Business Week Program (GBW Program), 146
at UDEM, 145–146
Global capitalism, 204–205
Globalization, 208
Gods Own Country
, 134
GOP, 70–72, 78, 90–91
Gorkha earthquake in Nepal (2015), 101, 105–106
Governance failure, 112–113
Government, 234–237
of GCC countries, 254
Government Decree, 216
Gross domestic product (GDP), 67, 102
GrubHub, 155–156, 158–161
business model, 159
case, 156–157
COVID-19 threats to consumers in target economies, 162–163
COVID-19 threats to restaurants in target economies, 161–162
crisis management, 163–165
learning outcomes, 156
NYSE Share Prices, 160
online delivery industry, 157–158
Guests, 202–203
Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC), 251–252
readiness for E-healthcare in, 258–261
robust E-healthcare system, 256–258
social media potential to overcoming healthcare crisis in, 253–255
technology as savior, 255–256
Hawaii-based study, 103–104
Hawaii’s Pearl Harbor, 104–105
Health, 116
crisis, 144–145
Health belief model (HBM), 175–176
Health Care professionals (HCPs), 175
Health Consumerism Index, 260–261
Health information system (HIS), 256
Healthcare, 241
information system, 256–257
professionals, 252
Higher education institutions (HEIs), 145
Hiroshima Memorial Park in Japan, 100
HISM, 255–256
Hobbesian society, 200–201
Hospitality, 201–203
COVID-19 and end of, 208–209
Hostility, 203
Human-made disaster, 100
Hurricanes, 5
ICT Development Index (IDI), 238
Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), 135
Industrial hazards, 5–6
Infodemic, 3, 176
Information and communication technology (ICT), 238
Infrared (IR), 14
Infrastructure systems, 14
Innovative approaches, 237–240
Institutional collectivism, 241–244
Instrumental floods, 50
Intensive care unit (ICU), 223
Inter-American Development Bank (IDB), 148
International Governmental Organizations (IGOs), 114
International Health Regulations (IHR), 169–170
International humanitarians, 63
International mobility of academics, 149–150
International reporting of government communications, 182–184
Internationalization at home (IaH), 145, 146
Internationalization of higher education institutions, 144
Internet, 254
Istanbul Sultanahmet Square, 15–16
case study, 15–16
control list, 21–39
literature review, 12–14
methodology, 14–16
project selection criteria, 14
research analysis, 16–20
research methodology, 16
research questions, 16
IT infrastructure, 237–238
Keep-out zone, 12–13
Kerala Nipah Virus Outbreak (2018), 134
Kerala Sasthra Sahithya Parishad (KSSP), 136
Khao Lak Tsunami Memorial in Phuket, Thailand, 100
Khyber Pakhtoon Khuwa (KPK), 62
Killer virus. See Nipah virus (NiV)
Korea, 233
COVID-19 crisis management, 234–244
government and leadership, 234–237
healthcare, 241
innovative approaches, 237–240
institutional collectivism, 241–244
KCDC, 234
methodology, 233–234
press freedom, 237
Korea Center for Disease Control (KCDC), 234
Landscape elements, 12–14
Leadership, 234–237
Less developed countries (LDCs), 61–63, 67
Livestock rearing, 86
Local communities, 50
Local flood management knowledge, 49–50
disregard, 55–56
interactive origin, 52–54
Local knowledge, 48–49
and community adaptation to flood risk, 54–55
conceptual framework, 49–51
engagement into professional flood management, 50–51
findings, 52–56
method, 51–52
Local residents, 54–55
Longitudinal design, 75–76
Maarefah Management, 252
Mali, Ebola outbreak in, 117–120
Management techniques of natural disasters, 69–72
Mask Map, 239
Mass shootings, 6
Mass tourism, 99
Mature trees, 14
Message-centered approach, 173–175
Micro, small, and medium enterprises (MSMEs), 224
Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS). See also Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), 237–238
MERS-CoV, 213–214
Ministry of Health (MOH), 179
Ministry of Health and Welfare (MOHW), 234, 241
Mobility, 3, 197–198, 202
Modeling, 222
More developed countries (MDCs), 61–62
Mortality rate, 233
Mounted Thermal Imaging System, 273
Nation-state, 202–204
National Database and Registration Authority (NADRA), 91
National disaster management authority (NDMA), 62, 72, 89–91
National Emergency Operations Centre (NEOs), 90
National Health Insurance Service (NHIS), 241
Natural disasters, 61–62, 100
data analysis and findings, 78–94
data collection, 76–78
economic implications, 67–69
financial and economic impacts, 87–89
financial impacts on agriculture, crop, and livestock, 83–84
financial impacts on infrastructure, 78–83
financial implication, 64–67
financial losses, 64
government response, 89–92
impacts on livelihood, 86–87
literature review, 63–73
local and international humanitarian response, 92–94
management techniques, 69–72
market situation, 84–86
objectives, 63
Pakistan government to earthquake, 72–73
research design, 74–76
research justification, 73
research methodology and design, 73–78
research questions, 74
Nature hospitality, 201–205
Nazi concentration camps, 101
Nepal Earthquake, 105–106
New Hampshire (NH), 161
New Public Governance (NPG), 112
New Public Management (NPM), 112
Nigeria, Ebola outbreak in, 117–120
Nipah virus (NiV), 3, 131
2019 outbreak, 137
impact, 132–133
Kerala Nipah Virus Outbreak (2018), 134
lessons from Kerala model, 138–139
measures to control Nipah virus outbreak in Kerala, 134–137
morbidity and mortality rates, 133
need for global surveillance, 139–140
trail in World, 131–132
Nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), 62–63, 78, 93, 114
Oculacentrism, 205
“One Health” concept, 138
Ontological floods, 50
Organization of Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), 241
Pakistan government to earthquake, 72–73
Pakistani Rupee (PKR), 84–86
Pandemic(s), 6, 144–145, 214, 232–233
Patient empowerment, 252–253
Patient health (p-health), 257–258
Patient-centered model, 252–253
Pearl Harbor, 104
Pearl Harbor War Memorial, 105
Pearson correlation test, 261
Personalized health, 257–258
Phone apps, 238–239
Policy recession, 224
Precautionary doctrine, 199–200
Precogs, 201
Preparedness communications, 172–173
Press freedom, 237
Private sector in disaster management, 6
Professional knowledge, 50–51
Provider’s reputation, 253–254
Pteropodidae, 132
Pteropus genus, 132
Public health, 169–170
Public space, 10, 12
Public trust, 244
Quantitative descriptive research, 258
Real recession, 224
Reconstruction and rehabilitation phase, 90
Regulations, 277
Rescue and relief phase, 90
Restaurant support, 164
Riots, 6
Risk, 171
communication, 171
perception, 172–173
Robust E-healthcare system, 256–258
Royal Institute of British Architects (RIBA), 11
Russian approach, 48
Russian water management regulations, 48
rVSV-ZEBOV Ebola vaccine, 122–123
Scientific knowledge, 50–51
Screening algorithms, 273
Secondary data, 78
Security of urban spaces, 10
Self-quarantine protection apps, 238–239
Senegal, Ebola outbreak in, 117–120
Sensationalism in health communications, 176
Seoul National University (SNU), 243
Services, 161
Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), 237–238
lessons from past with, 214–215
SARS-CoV, 213–214
SARS-CoV-2, 169–170
Site security, 13–14
Social capital, 7
Social distancing measures, 273
Social media, 170–171, 255
potential to overcoming healthcare crisis in GCC, 253–255
social media–based empowerment, 253
technologies, 4, 274–275
websites, 254
Social survey design, 75–76
Soopikada in Kozhikode district, 134
Technology, 7, 274
as savior, 255–256
Telehealth, 4, 271–272
COVID-19 in context, 272–275
future research directions, 276
Telehealth Resource Centers (TRCs), 274
Telemedicine, 271
Terrorism, 6
attacks, 10
“Thana” tourism, 100
Thorny plants, 14
Titanic syndrome, 200–201
Tornados, 5
Tourism, 99, 106, 197–198
Hawaii’s Pearl Harbor, 104–105
Nepal Earthquake, 105–106
Vietnam, 101–104
Tourist gaze, 198–199
COVID-19 and end of hospitality, 208–209
COVID-19 and tourism in Buenos Aires, 205–208
nature hospitality, 201–205
state of emergency, 199–201
Transparency, 180–181
Tsunami, 5
UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), 144
UN World Tourism Organizations (UNWTO), 99
Uncle Dam, 188–190
Universidad de Monterrey in Mexico (UDEM), 144–145
academic organizational structure, 145
Business School, 146
Global Business Week Program at, 145–146
Urban Design and Security Plan for Washington DC, 14
Urban security planning, 11
V-shaped, U-shaped, L-shaped scenarios (V-U-L scenarios), 225
Vietnam
COVID-19 in, 169–170
factual, transparent, and timely communications, 179–181
few incidences of challenging communications, 186–187
findings, 179–187
international reporting of government communications, 182–184
literature review, 170–177
methodology, 178–179
models and frameworks for pandemic communication, 171–176
negative international views for economic actions, 184
operational definitions, 171–172
tone and content, 181–182
tourism market in, 101–104
unconfirmed communications, 176–177
Visa, 203–204
Visiting scholars, 144–145
Volcanic eruptions, 5
Wars, 6
Watan Cards, 91
Wenchuan Earthquake Memorial Museum in China, 100
West Africa, Ebola outbreak in, 115–117
Westminster attack, 11–12
Wicked gaze, 198–199, 205
Wildfires, 5
Working Hours Act, 219
World Health Organization (WHO), 115, 144–145, 179, 197–198, 232
World Travel & Tourism Council, 99–100
Cambodian battlefields
, 101
Capital Expenditure boom cycle
, 224
Case study design
, 74–76
characteristics
, 77
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
, 234
Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS)
, 274
Central Disaster and Safety Countermeasures Headquarters (CDSCHQ)
, 237
Centre of Research on the Epidemiology of Disaster (CRED)
, 64, 73, 78
Closed circuit television coverage (CCTV coverage)
, 14
Community
, 49–50
adaptation to flood risk
, 54–55
Community Relief Fund
, 164–165
Comparative design
, 75–76
Computed tomography examination room (CT examination room)
, 215
Computerized decision support systems (CDSSs)
, 256–257
Conditioned hospitality
, 203
Consumer price index (CPI)
, 87–88
Contain-Prevent-Protect model (CPP model)
, 220–225
flattening curve
, 223
impact of public health measures
, 220–224
recovery path
, 225
slowing and suppressing outbreak
, 223–224
threat of COVID-19 on economy in Finland
, 224
Content analysis
, 178
Corona Map
, 239
Coronavirus. See also Nipah virus (NiV)
, 156, 213–214
maps
, 238–239
COVID-19
, 1–3, 155–156, 169–170, 197–198, 232, 271–272
case studies
, 7
crisis management
, 4, 234–244, 275
early lessons
, 215
effects
, 198–199
and end of hospitality
, 208–209
forecast in Finland
, 217
Global Business Week Program at UDEM
, 145–146
global pandemic
, 146–149
international mobility of academics
, 149–150
pandemic
, 144
threats to consumers in target economies
, 162–163
threats to restaurants in target economies
, 161–162
and tourism in Buenos Aires
, 205–208
Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED)
, 10, 11
Crisis
, 171
communication
, 171
management
, 163–165, 234–244, 253
Cross-sectional design
, 75–76
Customer care
, 163–164
Dark tourism
, 99–101, 103–104
“Dealing with the Enemy Act”
, 101–102
Defense
, 12
forces
, 219
Delivery personnel
, 164–165
Democracy
, 236–237
Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC)
, 111–112
and Ebola Outbreaks
, 120–123, 123–125
Department of Business, Economic Development and Tourism (DBEDT)
, 105
Disaster(s). See also Natural disasters
, 1, 99–100
management
, 1
preparedness and prevention
, 6–7
readiness
, 2
Disease
, 111–112
“Doi moi”
, 102
Drought
, 5
E-business, 3
E-Commerce, 3
E-health, 256
Early recovery phase, 90
Earthquake reconstruction and rehabilitation authority (ERRA), 72
Earthquakes, 5, 72
2004 Earthquake in Haiti, 100
Eastern Caribbean Currency Union (ECCU), 67–68
Ebola, 111–112
Democratic Republic of the Congo and, 120–125
Mali, Nigeria, and Senegal, 117–120
methodology, 112–114
outbreak in West Africa, 115–117
Economic/economy, 216
disrupters, 99–100
implications of natural disasters, 67–69
recessions, 224
Electronic healthcare, 255–256
Electronic Intensive Care Units (eICUs), 272
EM-DAT online database, 78
Emergency measures, 216
Emergency Powers Act, 216
Emergency Telehealth and Navigation (ETHAN), 273–274
Emergency Telemedicine Consultation System (ETCS), 273
Empowerment, 4, 253
End of hospitality, 208–209
Environmental impact assessment (EIA), 71
Ethics of hospitality, 204–205
Experimental design, 75–76
Fact-based content, 179
Federal relief commission (FRC), 72
Feudalization, 3–4
FFC, 70
Financial
crisis, 224
implication of natural disasters, 64–67
system, 256–257
Finland
COVID-19 forecast in, 217
CPP model, 220–225
current situation, 216–219
emergency measures, 218–219
Emergency Powers Act, 216
impact to date in, 217
impact to date worldwide, 217
literature review, 214–215
Five-year development plans, 71
Flood risk, 52
local knowledge and community adaptation to, 54–55
management, 48
Flood(ing), 5, 62
defenses, 48
management, 48–50
prevention, 48
Food
delivery, 156–158
industry, 157–158
Framing in health communications, 176
Freshets, 52
Gaze, 3–4
Global Business Week Program (GBW Program), 146
at UDEM, 145–146
Global capitalism, 204–205
Globalization, 208
Gods Own Country
, 134
GOP, 70–72, 78, 90–91
Gorkha earthquake in Nepal (2015), 101, 105–106
Governance failure, 112–113
Government, 234–237
of GCC countries, 254
Government Decree, 216
Gross domestic product (GDP), 67, 102
GrubHub, 155–156, 158–161
business model, 159
case, 156–157
COVID-19 threats to consumers in target economies, 162–163
COVID-19 threats to restaurants in target economies, 161–162
crisis management, 163–165
learning outcomes, 156
NYSE Share Prices, 160
online delivery industry, 157–158
Guests, 202–203
Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC), 251–252
readiness for E-healthcare in, 258–261
robust E-healthcare system, 256–258
social media potential to overcoming healthcare crisis in, 253–255
technology as savior, 255–256
Hawaii-based study, 103–104
Hawaii’s Pearl Harbor, 104–105
Health, 116
crisis, 144–145
Health belief model (HBM), 175–176
Health Care professionals (HCPs), 175
Health Consumerism Index, 260–261
Health information system (HIS), 256
Healthcare, 241
information system, 256–257
professionals, 252
Higher education institutions (HEIs), 145
Hiroshima Memorial Park in Japan, 100
HISM, 255–256
Hobbesian society, 200–201
Hospitality, 201–203
COVID-19 and end of, 208–209
Hostility, 203
Human-made disaster, 100
Hurricanes, 5
ICT Development Index (IDI), 238
Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), 135
Industrial hazards, 5–6
Infodemic, 3, 176
Information and communication technology (ICT), 238
Infrared (IR), 14
Infrastructure systems, 14
Innovative approaches, 237–240
Institutional collectivism, 241–244
Instrumental floods, 50
Intensive care unit (ICU), 223
Inter-American Development Bank (IDB), 148
International Governmental Organizations (IGOs), 114
International Health Regulations (IHR), 169–170
International humanitarians, 63
International mobility of academics, 149–150
International reporting of government communications, 182–184
Internationalization at home (IaH), 145, 146
Internationalization of higher education institutions, 144
Internet, 254
Istanbul Sultanahmet Square, 15–16
case study, 15–16
control list, 21–39
literature review, 12–14
methodology, 14–16
project selection criteria, 14
research analysis, 16–20
research methodology, 16
research questions, 16
IT infrastructure, 237–238
Keep-out zone, 12–13
Kerala Nipah Virus Outbreak (2018), 134
Kerala Sasthra Sahithya Parishad (KSSP), 136
Khao Lak Tsunami Memorial in Phuket, Thailand, 100
Khyber Pakhtoon Khuwa (KPK), 62
Killer virus. See Nipah virus (NiV)
Korea, 233
COVID-19 crisis management, 234–244
government and leadership, 234–237
healthcare, 241
innovative approaches, 237–240
institutional collectivism, 241–244
KCDC, 234
methodology, 233–234
press freedom, 237
Korea Center for Disease Control (KCDC), 234
Landscape elements, 12–14
Leadership, 234–237
Less developed countries (LDCs), 61–63, 67
Livestock rearing, 86
Local communities, 50
Local flood management knowledge, 49–50
disregard, 55–56
interactive origin, 52–54
Local knowledge, 48–49
and community adaptation to flood risk, 54–55
conceptual framework, 49–51
engagement into professional flood management, 50–51
findings, 52–56
method, 51–52
Local residents, 54–55
Longitudinal design, 75–76
Maarefah Management, 252
Mali, Ebola outbreak in, 117–120
Management techniques of natural disasters, 69–72
Mask Map, 239
Mass shootings, 6
Mass tourism, 99
Mature trees, 14
Message-centered approach, 173–175
Micro, small, and medium enterprises (MSMEs), 224
Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS). See also Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), 237–238
MERS-CoV, 213–214
Ministry of Health (MOH), 179
Ministry of Health and Welfare (MOHW), 234, 241
Mobility, 3, 197–198, 202
Modeling, 222
More developed countries (MDCs), 61–62
Mortality rate, 233
Mounted Thermal Imaging System, 273
Nation-state, 202–204
National Database and Registration Authority (NADRA), 91
National disaster management authority (NDMA), 62, 72, 89–91
National Emergency Operations Centre (NEOs), 90
National Health Insurance Service (NHIS), 241
Natural disasters, 61–62, 100
data analysis and findings, 78–94
data collection, 76–78
economic implications, 67–69
financial and economic impacts, 87–89
financial impacts on agriculture, crop, and livestock, 83–84
financial impacts on infrastructure, 78–83
financial implication, 64–67
financial losses, 64
government response, 89–92
impacts on livelihood, 86–87
literature review, 63–73
local and international humanitarian response, 92–94
management techniques, 69–72
market situation, 84–86
objectives, 63
Pakistan government to earthquake, 72–73
research design, 74–76
research justification, 73
research methodology and design, 73–78
research questions, 74
Nature hospitality, 201–205
Nazi concentration camps, 101
Nepal Earthquake, 105–106
New Hampshire (NH), 161
New Public Governance (NPG), 112
New Public Management (NPM), 112
Nigeria, Ebola outbreak in, 117–120
Nipah virus (NiV), 3, 131
2019 outbreak, 137
impact, 132–133
Kerala Nipah Virus Outbreak (2018), 134
lessons from Kerala model, 138–139
measures to control Nipah virus outbreak in Kerala, 134–137
morbidity and mortality rates, 133
need for global surveillance, 139–140
trail in World, 131–132
Nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), 62–63, 78, 93, 114
Oculacentrism, 205
“One Health” concept, 138
Ontological floods, 50
Organization of Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), 241
Pakistan government to earthquake, 72–73
Pakistani Rupee (PKR), 84–86
Pandemic(s), 6, 144–145, 214, 232–233
Patient empowerment, 252–253
Patient health (p-health), 257–258
Patient-centered model, 252–253
Pearl Harbor, 104
Pearl Harbor War Memorial, 105
Pearson correlation test, 261
Personalized health, 257–258
Phone apps, 238–239
Policy recession, 224
Precautionary doctrine, 199–200
Precogs, 201
Preparedness communications, 172–173
Press freedom, 237
Private sector in disaster management, 6
Professional knowledge, 50–51
Provider’s reputation, 253–254
Pteropodidae, 132
Pteropus genus, 132
Public health, 169–170
Public space, 10, 12
Public trust, 244
Quantitative descriptive research, 258
Real recession, 224
Reconstruction and rehabilitation phase, 90
Regulations, 277
Rescue and relief phase, 90
Restaurant support, 164
Riots, 6
Risk, 171
communication, 171
perception, 172–173
Robust E-healthcare system, 256–258
Royal Institute of British Architects (RIBA), 11
Russian approach, 48
Russian water management regulations, 48
rVSV-ZEBOV Ebola vaccine, 122–123
Scientific knowledge, 50–51
Screening algorithms, 273
Secondary data, 78
Security of urban spaces, 10
Self-quarantine protection apps, 238–239
Senegal, Ebola outbreak in, 117–120
Sensationalism in health communications, 176
Seoul National University (SNU), 243
Services, 161
Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), 237–238
lessons from past with, 214–215
SARS-CoV, 213–214
SARS-CoV-2, 169–170
Site security, 13–14
Social capital, 7
Social distancing measures, 273
Social media, 170–171, 255
potential to overcoming healthcare crisis in GCC, 253–255
social media–based empowerment, 253
technologies, 4, 274–275
websites, 254
Social survey design, 75–76
Soopikada in Kozhikode district, 134
Technology, 7, 274
as savior, 255–256
Telehealth, 4, 271–272
COVID-19 in context, 272–275
future research directions, 276
Telehealth Resource Centers (TRCs), 274
Telemedicine, 271
Terrorism, 6
attacks, 10
“Thana” tourism, 100
Thorny plants, 14
Titanic syndrome, 200–201
Tornados, 5
Tourism, 99, 106, 197–198
Hawaii’s Pearl Harbor, 104–105
Nepal Earthquake, 105–106
Vietnam, 101–104
Tourist gaze, 198–199
COVID-19 and end of hospitality, 208–209
COVID-19 and tourism in Buenos Aires, 205–208
nature hospitality, 201–205
state of emergency, 199–201
Transparency, 180–181
Tsunami, 5
UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), 144
UN World Tourism Organizations (UNWTO), 99
Uncle Dam, 188–190
Universidad de Monterrey in Mexico (UDEM), 144–145
academic organizational structure, 145
Business School, 146
Global Business Week Program at, 145–146
Urban Design and Security Plan for Washington DC, 14
Urban security planning, 11
V-shaped, U-shaped, L-shaped scenarios (V-U-L scenarios), 225
Vietnam
COVID-19 in, 169–170
factual, transparent, and timely communications, 179–181
few incidences of challenging communications, 186–187
findings, 179–187
international reporting of government communications, 182–184
literature review, 170–177
methodology, 178–179
models and frameworks for pandemic communication, 171–176
negative international views for economic actions, 184
operational definitions, 171–172
tone and content, 181–182
tourism market in, 101–104
unconfirmed communications, 176–177
Visa, 203–204
Visiting scholars, 144–145
Volcanic eruptions, 5
Wars, 6
Watan Cards, 91
Wenchuan Earthquake Memorial Museum in China, 100
West Africa, Ebola outbreak in, 115–117
Westminster attack, 11–12
Wicked gaze, 198–199, 205
Wildfires, 5
Working Hours Act, 219
World Health Organization (WHO), 115, 144–145, 179, 197–198, 232
World Travel & Tourism Council, 99–100
E-business
, 3
E-Commerce
, 3
E-health
, 256
Early recovery phase
, 90
Earthquake reconstruction and rehabilitation authority (ERRA)
, 72
Earthquakes
, 5, 72
2004 Earthquake in Haiti
, 100
Eastern Caribbean Currency Union (ECCU)
, 67–68
Ebola
, 111–112
Democratic Republic of the Congo and
, 120–125
Mali, Nigeria, and Senegal
, 117–120
methodology
, 112–114
outbreak in West Africa
, 115–117
Economic/economy
, 216
disrupters
, 99–100
implications of natural disasters
, 67–69
recessions
, 224
Electronic healthcare
, 255–256
Electronic Intensive Care Units (eICUs)
, 272
EM-DAT online database
, 78
Emergency measures
, 216
Emergency Powers Act
, 216
Emergency Telehealth and Navigation (ETHAN)
, 273–274
Emergency Telemedicine Consultation System (ETCS)
, 273
Empowerment
, 4, 253
End of hospitality
, 208–209
Environmental impact assessment (EIA)
, 71
Ethics of hospitality
, 204–205
Experimental design
, 75–76
Fact-based content
, 179
Federal relief commission (FRC)
, 72
Feudalization
, 3–4
FFC
, 70
Financial
crisis
, 224
implication of natural disasters
, 64–67
system
, 256–257
Finland
COVID-19 forecast in
, 217
CPP model
, 220–225
current situation
, 216–219
emergency measures
, 218–219
Emergency Powers Act
, 216
impact to date in
, 217
impact to date worldwide
, 217
literature review
, 214–215
Five-year development plans
, 71
Flood risk
, 52
local knowledge and community adaptation to
, 54–55
management
, 48
Flood(ing)
, 5, 62
defenses
, 48
management
, 48–50
prevention
, 48
Food
delivery
, 156–158
industry
, 157–158
Framing in health communications
, 176
Freshets
, 52
Gaze, 3–4
Global Business Week Program (GBW Program), 146
at UDEM, 145–146
Global capitalism, 204–205
Globalization, 208
Gods Own Country
, 134
GOP, 70–72, 78, 90–91
Gorkha earthquake in Nepal (2015), 101, 105–106
Governance failure, 112–113
Government, 234–237
of GCC countries, 254
Government Decree, 216
Gross domestic product (GDP), 67, 102
GrubHub, 155–156, 158–161
business model, 159
case, 156–157
COVID-19 threats to consumers in target economies, 162–163
COVID-19 threats to restaurants in target economies, 161–162
crisis management, 163–165
learning outcomes, 156
NYSE Share Prices, 160
online delivery industry, 157–158
Guests, 202–203
Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC), 251–252
readiness for E-healthcare in, 258–261
robust E-healthcare system, 256–258
social media potential to overcoming healthcare crisis in, 253–255
technology as savior, 255–256
Hawaii-based study, 103–104
Hawaii’s Pearl Harbor, 104–105
Health, 116
crisis, 144–145
Health belief model (HBM), 175–176
Health Care professionals (HCPs), 175
Health Consumerism Index, 260–261
Health information system (HIS), 256
Healthcare, 241
information system, 256–257
professionals, 252
Higher education institutions (HEIs), 145
Hiroshima Memorial Park in Japan, 100
HISM, 255–256
Hobbesian society, 200–201
Hospitality, 201–203
COVID-19 and end of, 208–209
Hostility, 203
Human-made disaster, 100
Hurricanes, 5
ICT Development Index (IDI), 238
Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), 135
Industrial hazards, 5–6
Infodemic, 3, 176
Information and communication technology (ICT), 238
Infrared (IR), 14
Infrastructure systems, 14
Innovative approaches, 237–240
Institutional collectivism, 241–244
Instrumental floods, 50
Intensive care unit (ICU), 223
Inter-American Development Bank (IDB), 148
International Governmental Organizations (IGOs), 114
International Health Regulations (IHR), 169–170
International humanitarians, 63
International mobility of academics, 149–150
International reporting of government communications, 182–184
Internationalization at home (IaH), 145, 146
Internationalization of higher education institutions, 144
Internet, 254
Istanbul Sultanahmet Square, 15–16
case study, 15–16
control list, 21–39
literature review, 12–14
methodology, 14–16
project selection criteria, 14
research analysis, 16–20
research methodology, 16
research questions, 16
IT infrastructure, 237–238
Keep-out zone, 12–13
Kerala Nipah Virus Outbreak (2018), 134
Kerala Sasthra Sahithya Parishad (KSSP), 136
Khao Lak Tsunami Memorial in Phuket, Thailand, 100
Khyber Pakhtoon Khuwa (KPK), 62
Killer virus. See Nipah virus (NiV)
Korea, 233
COVID-19 crisis management, 234–244
government and leadership, 234–237
healthcare, 241
innovative approaches, 237–240
institutional collectivism, 241–244
KCDC, 234
methodology, 233–234
press freedom, 237
Korea Center for Disease Control (KCDC), 234
Landscape elements, 12–14
Leadership, 234–237
Less developed countries (LDCs), 61–63, 67
Livestock rearing, 86
Local communities, 50
Local flood management knowledge, 49–50
disregard, 55–56
interactive origin, 52–54
Local knowledge, 48–49
and community adaptation to flood risk, 54–55
conceptual framework, 49–51
engagement into professional flood management, 50–51
findings, 52–56
method, 51–52
Local residents, 54–55
Longitudinal design, 75–76
Maarefah Management, 252
Mali, Ebola outbreak in, 117–120
Management techniques of natural disasters, 69–72
Mask Map, 239
Mass shootings, 6
Mass tourism, 99
Mature trees, 14
Message-centered approach, 173–175
Micro, small, and medium enterprises (MSMEs), 224
Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS). See also Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), 237–238
MERS-CoV, 213–214
Ministry of Health (MOH), 179
Ministry of Health and Welfare (MOHW), 234, 241
Mobility, 3, 197–198, 202
Modeling, 222
More developed countries (MDCs), 61–62
Mortality rate, 233
Mounted Thermal Imaging System, 273
Nation-state, 202–204
National Database and Registration Authority (NADRA), 91
National disaster management authority (NDMA), 62, 72, 89–91
National Emergency Operations Centre (NEOs), 90
National Health Insurance Service (NHIS), 241
Natural disasters, 61–62, 100
data analysis and findings, 78–94
data collection, 76–78
economic implications, 67–69
financial and economic impacts, 87–89
financial impacts on agriculture, crop, and livestock, 83–84
financial impacts on infrastructure, 78–83
financial implication, 64–67
financial losses, 64
government response, 89–92
impacts on livelihood, 86–87
literature review, 63–73
local and international humanitarian response, 92–94
management techniques, 69–72
market situation, 84–86
objectives, 63
Pakistan government to earthquake, 72–73
research design, 74–76
research justification, 73
research methodology and design, 73–78
research questions, 74
Nature hospitality, 201–205
Nazi concentration camps, 101
Nepal Earthquake, 105–106
New Hampshire (NH), 161
New Public Governance (NPG), 112
New Public Management (NPM), 112
Nigeria, Ebola outbreak in, 117–120
Nipah virus (NiV), 3, 131
2019 outbreak, 137
impact, 132–133
Kerala Nipah Virus Outbreak (2018), 134
lessons from Kerala model, 138–139
measures to control Nipah virus outbreak in Kerala, 134–137
morbidity and mortality rates, 133
need for global surveillance, 139–140
trail in World, 131–132
Nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), 62–63, 78, 93, 114
Oculacentrism, 205
“One Health” concept, 138
Ontological floods, 50
Organization of Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), 241
Pakistan government to earthquake, 72–73
Pakistani Rupee (PKR), 84–86
Pandemic(s), 6, 144–145, 214, 232–233
Patient empowerment, 252–253
Patient health (p-health), 257–258
Patient-centered model, 252–253
Pearl Harbor, 104
Pearl Harbor War Memorial, 105
Pearson correlation test, 261
Personalized health, 257–258
Phone apps, 238–239
Policy recession, 224
Precautionary doctrine, 199–200
Precogs, 201
Preparedness communications, 172–173
Press freedom, 237
Private sector in disaster management, 6
Professional knowledge, 50–51
Provider’s reputation, 253–254
Pteropodidae, 132
Pteropus genus, 132
Public health, 169–170
Public space, 10, 12
Public trust, 244
Quantitative descriptive research, 258
Real recession, 224
Reconstruction and rehabilitation phase, 90
Regulations, 277
Rescue and relief phase, 90
Restaurant support, 164
Riots, 6
Risk, 171
communication, 171
perception, 172–173
Robust E-healthcare system, 256–258
Royal Institute of British Architects (RIBA), 11
Russian approach, 48
Russian water management regulations, 48
rVSV-ZEBOV Ebola vaccine, 122–123
Scientific knowledge, 50–51
Screening algorithms, 273
Secondary data, 78
Security of urban spaces, 10
Self-quarantine protection apps, 238–239
Senegal, Ebola outbreak in, 117–120
Sensationalism in health communications, 176
Seoul National University (SNU), 243
Services, 161
Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), 237–238
lessons from past with, 214–215
SARS-CoV, 213–214
SARS-CoV-2, 169–170
Site security, 13–14
Social capital, 7
Social distancing measures, 273
Social media, 170–171, 255
potential to overcoming healthcare crisis in GCC, 253–255
social media–based empowerment, 253
technologies, 4, 274–275
websites, 254
Social survey design, 75–76
Soopikada in Kozhikode district, 134
Technology, 7, 274
as savior, 255–256
Telehealth, 4, 271–272
COVID-19 in context, 272–275
future research directions, 276
Telehealth Resource Centers (TRCs), 274
Telemedicine, 271
Terrorism, 6
attacks, 10
“Thana” tourism, 100
Thorny plants, 14
Titanic syndrome, 200–201
Tornados, 5
Tourism, 99, 106, 197–198
Hawaii’s Pearl Harbor, 104–105
Nepal Earthquake, 105–106
Vietnam, 101–104
Tourist gaze, 198–199
COVID-19 and end of hospitality, 208–209
COVID-19 and tourism in Buenos Aires, 205–208
nature hospitality, 201–205
state of emergency, 199–201
Transparency, 180–181
Tsunami, 5
UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), 144
UN World Tourism Organizations (UNWTO), 99
Uncle Dam, 188–190
Universidad de Monterrey in Mexico (UDEM), 144–145
academic organizational structure, 145
Business School, 146
Global Business Week Program at, 145–146
Urban Design and Security Plan for Washington DC, 14
Urban security planning, 11
V-shaped, U-shaped, L-shaped scenarios (V-U-L scenarios), 225
Vietnam
COVID-19 in, 169–170
factual, transparent, and timely communications, 179–181
few incidences of challenging communications, 186–187
findings, 179–187
international reporting of government communications, 182–184
literature review, 170–177
methodology, 178–179
models and frameworks for pandemic communication, 171–176
negative international views for economic actions, 184
operational definitions, 171–172
tone and content, 181–182
tourism market in, 101–104
unconfirmed communications, 176–177
Visa, 203–204
Visiting scholars, 144–145
Volcanic eruptions, 5
Wars, 6
Watan Cards, 91
Wenchuan Earthquake Memorial Museum in China, 100
West Africa, Ebola outbreak in, 115–117
Westminster attack, 11–12
Wicked gaze, 198–199, 205
Wildfires, 5
Working Hours Act, 219
World Health Organization (WHO), 115, 144–145, 179, 197–198, 232
World Travel & Tourism Council, 99–100
Gaze
, 3–4
Global Business Week Program (GBW Program)
, 146
at UDEM
, 145–146
Global capitalism
, 204–205
Globalization
, 208
Gods Own Country
, 134
GOP
, 70–72, 78, 90–91
Gorkha earthquake in Nepal (2015)
, 101, 105–106
Governance failure
, 112–113
Government
, 234–237
of GCC countries
, 254
Government Decree
, 216
Gross domestic product (GDP)
, 67, 102
GrubHub
, 155–156, 158–161
business model
, 159
case
, 156–157
COVID-19 threats to consumers in target economies
, 162–163
COVID-19 threats to restaurants in target economies
, 161–162
crisis management
, 163–165
learning outcomes
, 156
NYSE Share Prices
, 160
online delivery industry
, 157–158
Guests
, 202–203
Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC)
, 251–252
readiness for E-healthcare in
, 258–261
robust E-healthcare system
, 256–258
social media potential to overcoming healthcare crisis in
, 253–255
technology as savior
, 255–256
Hawaii-based study
, 103–104
Hawaii’s Pearl Harbor
, 104–105
Health
, 116
crisis
, 144–145
Health belief model (HBM)
, 175–176
Health Care professionals (HCPs)
, 175
Health Consumerism Index
, 260–261
Health information system (HIS)
, 256
Healthcare
, 241
information system
, 256–257
professionals
, 252
Higher education institutions (HEIs)
, 145
Hiroshima Memorial Park in Japan
, 100
HISM
, 255–256
Hobbesian society
, 200–201
Hospitality
, 201–203
COVID-19 and end of
, 208–209
Hostility
, 203
Human-made disaster
, 100
Hurricanes
, 5
ICT Development Index (IDI), 238
Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), 135
Industrial hazards, 5–6
Infodemic, 3, 176
Information and communication technology (ICT), 238
Infrared (IR), 14
Infrastructure systems, 14
Innovative approaches, 237–240
Institutional collectivism, 241–244
Instrumental floods, 50
Intensive care unit (ICU), 223
Inter-American Development Bank (IDB), 148
International Governmental Organizations (IGOs), 114
International Health Regulations (IHR), 169–170
International humanitarians, 63
International mobility of academics, 149–150
International reporting of government communications, 182–184
Internationalization at home (IaH), 145, 146
Internationalization of higher education institutions, 144
Internet, 254
Istanbul Sultanahmet Square, 15–16
case study, 15–16
control list, 21–39
literature review, 12–14
methodology, 14–16
project selection criteria, 14
research analysis, 16–20
research methodology, 16
research questions, 16
IT infrastructure, 237–238
Keep-out zone, 12–13
Kerala Nipah Virus Outbreak (2018), 134
Kerala Sasthra Sahithya Parishad (KSSP), 136
Khao Lak Tsunami Memorial in Phuket, Thailand, 100
Khyber Pakhtoon Khuwa (KPK), 62
Killer virus. See Nipah virus (NiV)
Korea, 233
COVID-19 crisis management, 234–244
government and leadership, 234–237
healthcare, 241
innovative approaches, 237–240
institutional collectivism, 241–244
KCDC, 234
methodology, 233–234
press freedom, 237
Korea Center for Disease Control (KCDC), 234
Landscape elements, 12–14
Leadership, 234–237
Less developed countries (LDCs), 61–63, 67
Livestock rearing, 86
Local communities, 50
Local flood management knowledge, 49–50
disregard, 55–56
interactive origin, 52–54
Local knowledge, 48–49
and community adaptation to flood risk, 54–55
conceptual framework, 49–51
engagement into professional flood management, 50–51
findings, 52–56
method, 51–52
Local residents, 54–55
Longitudinal design, 75–76
Maarefah Management, 252
Mali, Ebola outbreak in, 117–120
Management techniques of natural disasters, 69–72
Mask Map, 239
Mass shootings, 6
Mass tourism, 99
Mature trees, 14
Message-centered approach, 173–175
Micro, small, and medium enterprises (MSMEs), 224
Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS). See also Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), 237–238
MERS-CoV, 213–214
Ministry of Health (MOH), 179
Ministry of Health and Welfare (MOHW), 234, 241
Mobility, 3, 197–198, 202
Modeling, 222
More developed countries (MDCs), 61–62
Mortality rate, 233
Mounted Thermal Imaging System, 273
Nation-state, 202–204
National Database and Registration Authority (NADRA), 91
National disaster management authority (NDMA), 62, 72, 89–91
National Emergency Operations Centre (NEOs), 90
National Health Insurance Service (NHIS), 241
Natural disasters, 61–62, 100
data analysis and findings, 78–94
data collection, 76–78
economic implications, 67–69
financial and economic impacts, 87–89
financial impacts on agriculture, crop, and livestock, 83–84
financial impacts on infrastructure, 78–83
financial implication, 64–67
financial losses, 64
government response, 89–92
impacts on livelihood, 86–87
literature review, 63–73
local and international humanitarian response, 92–94
management techniques, 69–72
market situation, 84–86
objectives, 63
Pakistan government to earthquake, 72–73
research design, 74–76
research justification, 73
research methodology and design, 73–78
research questions, 74
Nature hospitality, 201–205
Nazi concentration camps, 101
Nepal Earthquake, 105–106
New Hampshire (NH), 161
New Public Governance (NPG), 112
New Public Management (NPM), 112
Nigeria, Ebola outbreak in, 117–120
Nipah virus (NiV), 3, 131
2019 outbreak, 137
impact, 132–133
Kerala Nipah Virus Outbreak (2018), 134
lessons from Kerala model, 138–139
measures to control Nipah virus outbreak in Kerala, 134–137
morbidity and mortality rates, 133
need for global surveillance, 139–140
trail in World, 131–132
Nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), 62–63, 78, 93, 114
Oculacentrism, 205
“One Health” concept, 138
Ontological floods, 50
Organization of Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), 241
Pakistan government to earthquake, 72–73
Pakistani Rupee (PKR), 84–86
Pandemic(s), 6, 144–145, 214, 232–233
Patient empowerment, 252–253
Patient health (p-health), 257–258
Patient-centered model, 252–253
Pearl Harbor, 104
Pearl Harbor War Memorial, 105
Pearson correlation test, 261
Personalized health, 257–258
Phone apps, 238–239
Policy recession, 224
Precautionary doctrine, 199–200
Precogs, 201
Preparedness communications, 172–173
Press freedom, 237
Private sector in disaster management, 6
Professional knowledge, 50–51
Provider’s reputation, 253–254
Pteropodidae, 132
Pteropus genus, 132
Public health, 169–170
Public space, 10, 12
Public trust, 244
Quantitative descriptive research, 258
Real recession, 224
Reconstruction and rehabilitation phase, 90
Regulations, 277
Rescue and relief phase, 90
Restaurant support, 164
Riots, 6
Risk, 171
communication, 171
perception, 172–173
Robust E-healthcare system, 256–258
Royal Institute of British Architects (RIBA), 11
Russian approach, 48
Russian water management regulations, 48
rVSV-ZEBOV Ebola vaccine, 122–123
Scientific knowledge, 50–51
Screening algorithms, 273
Secondary data, 78
Security of urban spaces, 10
Self-quarantine protection apps, 238–239
Senegal, Ebola outbreak in, 117–120
Sensationalism in health communications, 176
Seoul National University (SNU), 243
Services, 161
Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), 237–238
lessons from past with, 214–215
SARS-CoV, 213–214
SARS-CoV-2, 169–170
Site security, 13–14
Social capital, 7
Social distancing measures, 273
Social media, 170–171, 255
potential to overcoming healthcare crisis in GCC, 253–255
social media–based empowerment, 253
technologies, 4, 274–275
websites, 254
Social survey design, 75–76
Soopikada in Kozhikode district, 134
Technology, 7, 274
as savior, 255–256
Telehealth, 4, 271–272
COVID-19 in context, 272–275
future research directions, 276
Telehealth Resource Centers (TRCs), 274
Telemedicine, 271
Terrorism, 6
attacks, 10
“Thana” tourism, 100
Thorny plants, 14
Titanic syndrome, 200–201
Tornados, 5
Tourism, 99, 106, 197–198
Hawaii’s Pearl Harbor, 104–105
Nepal Earthquake, 105–106
Vietnam, 101–104
Tourist gaze, 198–199
COVID-19 and end of hospitality, 208–209
COVID-19 and tourism in Buenos Aires, 205–208
nature hospitality, 201–205
state of emergency, 199–201
Transparency, 180–181
Tsunami, 5
UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), 144
UN World Tourism Organizations (UNWTO), 99
Uncle Dam, 188–190
Universidad de Monterrey in Mexico (UDEM), 144–145
academic organizational structure, 145
Business School, 146
Global Business Week Program at, 145–146
Urban Design and Security Plan for Washington DC, 14
Urban security planning, 11
V-shaped, U-shaped, L-shaped scenarios (V-U-L scenarios), 225
Vietnam
COVID-19 in, 169–170
factual, transparent, and timely communications, 179–181
few incidences of challenging communications, 186–187
findings, 179–187
international reporting of government communications, 182–184
literature review, 170–177
methodology, 178–179
models and frameworks for pandemic communication, 171–176
negative international views for economic actions, 184
operational definitions, 171–172
tone and content, 181–182
tourism market in, 101–104
unconfirmed communications, 176–177
Visa, 203–204
Visiting scholars, 144–145
Volcanic eruptions, 5
Wars, 6
Watan Cards, 91
Wenchuan Earthquake Memorial Museum in China, 100
West Africa, Ebola outbreak in, 115–117
Westminster attack, 11–12
Wicked gaze, 198–199, 205
Wildfires, 5
Working Hours Act, 219
World Health Organization (WHO), 115, 144–145, 179, 197–198, 232
World Travel & Tourism Council, 99–100
ICT Development Index (IDI)
, 238
Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR)
, 135
Industrial hazards
, 5–6
Infodemic
, 3, 176
Information and communication technology (ICT)
, 238
Infrared (IR)
, 14
Infrastructure systems
, 14
Innovative approaches
, 237–240
Institutional collectivism
, 241–244
Instrumental floods
, 50
Intensive care unit (ICU)
, 223
Inter-American Development Bank (IDB)
, 148
International Governmental Organizations (IGOs)
, 114
International Health Regulations (IHR)
, 169–170
International humanitarians
, 63
International mobility of academics
, 149–150
International reporting of government communications
, 182–184
Internationalization at home (IaH)
, 145, 146
Internationalization of higher education institutions
, 144
Internet
, 254
Istanbul Sultanahmet Square
, 15–16
case study
, 15–16
control list
, 21–39
literature review
, 12–14
methodology
, 14–16
project selection criteria
, 14
research analysis
, 16–20
research methodology
, 16
research questions
, 16
IT infrastructure
, 237–238
Keep-out zone
, 12–13
Kerala Nipah Virus Outbreak (2018)
, 134
Kerala Sasthra Sahithya Parishad (KSSP)
, 136
Khao Lak Tsunami Memorial in Phuket, Thailand
, 100
Khyber Pakhtoon Khuwa (KPK)
, 62
Killer virus. See Nipah virus (NiV)
Korea
, 233
COVID-19 crisis management
, 234–244
government and leadership
, 234–237
healthcare
, 241
innovative approaches
, 237–240
institutional collectivism
, 241–244
KCDC
, 234
methodology
, 233–234
press freedom
, 237
Korea Center for Disease Control (KCDC)
, 234
Landscape elements, 12–14
Leadership, 234–237
Less developed countries (LDCs), 61–63, 67
Livestock rearing, 86
Local communities, 50
Local flood management knowledge, 49–50
disregard, 55–56
interactive origin, 52–54
Local knowledge, 48–49
and community adaptation to flood risk, 54–55
conceptual framework, 49–51
engagement into professional flood management, 50–51
findings, 52–56
method, 51–52
Local residents, 54–55
Longitudinal design, 75–76
Maarefah Management, 252
Mali, Ebola outbreak in, 117–120
Management techniques of natural disasters, 69–72
Mask Map, 239
Mass shootings, 6
Mass tourism, 99
Mature trees, 14
Message-centered approach, 173–175
Micro, small, and medium enterprises (MSMEs), 224
Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS). See also Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), 237–238
MERS-CoV, 213–214
Ministry of Health (MOH), 179
Ministry of Health and Welfare (MOHW), 234, 241
Mobility, 3, 197–198, 202
Modeling, 222
More developed countries (MDCs), 61–62
Mortality rate, 233
Mounted Thermal Imaging System, 273
Nation-state, 202–204
National Database and Registration Authority (NADRA), 91
National disaster management authority (NDMA), 62, 72, 89–91
National Emergency Operations Centre (NEOs), 90
National Health Insurance Service (NHIS), 241
Natural disasters, 61–62, 100
data analysis and findings, 78–94
data collection, 76–78
economic implications, 67–69
financial and economic impacts, 87–89
financial impacts on agriculture, crop, and livestock, 83–84
financial impacts on infrastructure, 78–83
financial implication, 64–67
financial losses, 64
government response, 89–92
impacts on livelihood, 86–87
literature review, 63–73
local and international humanitarian response, 92–94
management techniques, 69–72
market situation, 84–86
objectives, 63
Pakistan government to earthquake, 72–73
research design, 74–76
research justification, 73
research methodology and design, 73–78
research questions, 74
Nature hospitality, 201–205
Nazi concentration camps, 101
Nepal Earthquake, 105–106
New Hampshire (NH), 161
New Public Governance (NPG), 112
New Public Management (NPM), 112
Nigeria, Ebola outbreak in, 117–120
Nipah virus (NiV), 3, 131
2019 outbreak, 137
impact, 132–133
Kerala Nipah Virus Outbreak (2018), 134
lessons from Kerala model, 138–139
measures to control Nipah virus outbreak in Kerala, 134–137
morbidity and mortality rates, 133
need for global surveillance, 139–140
trail in World, 131–132
Nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), 62–63, 78, 93, 114
Oculacentrism, 205
“One Health” concept, 138
Ontological floods, 50
Organization of Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), 241
Pakistan government to earthquake, 72–73
Pakistani Rupee (PKR), 84–86
Pandemic(s), 6, 144–145, 214, 232–233
Patient empowerment, 252–253
Patient health (p-health), 257–258
Patient-centered model, 252–253
Pearl Harbor, 104
Pearl Harbor War Memorial, 105
Pearson correlation test, 261
Personalized health, 257–258
Phone apps, 238–239
Policy recession, 224
Precautionary doctrine, 199–200
Precogs, 201
Preparedness communications, 172–173
Press freedom, 237
Private sector in disaster management, 6
Professional knowledge, 50–51
Provider’s reputation, 253–254
Pteropodidae, 132
Pteropus genus, 132
Public health, 169–170
Public space, 10, 12
Public trust, 244
Quantitative descriptive research, 258
Real recession, 224
Reconstruction and rehabilitation phase, 90
Regulations, 277
Rescue and relief phase, 90
Restaurant support, 164
Riots, 6
Risk, 171
communication, 171
perception, 172–173
Robust E-healthcare system, 256–258
Royal Institute of British Architects (RIBA), 11
Russian approach, 48
Russian water management regulations, 48
rVSV-ZEBOV Ebola vaccine, 122–123
Scientific knowledge, 50–51
Screening algorithms, 273
Secondary data, 78
Security of urban spaces, 10
Self-quarantine protection apps, 238–239
Senegal, Ebola outbreak in, 117–120
Sensationalism in health communications, 176
Seoul National University (SNU), 243
Services, 161
Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), 237–238
lessons from past with, 214–215
SARS-CoV, 213–214
SARS-CoV-2, 169–170
Site security, 13–14
Social capital, 7
Social distancing measures, 273
Social media, 170–171, 255
potential to overcoming healthcare crisis in GCC, 253–255
social media–based empowerment, 253
technologies, 4, 274–275
websites, 254
Social survey design, 75–76
Soopikada in Kozhikode district, 134
Technology, 7, 274
as savior, 255–256
Telehealth, 4, 271–272
COVID-19 in context, 272–275
future research directions, 276
Telehealth Resource Centers (TRCs), 274
Telemedicine, 271
Terrorism, 6
attacks, 10
“Thana” tourism, 100
Thorny plants, 14
Titanic syndrome, 200–201
Tornados, 5
Tourism, 99, 106, 197–198
Hawaii’s Pearl Harbor, 104–105
Nepal Earthquake, 105–106
Vietnam, 101–104
Tourist gaze, 198–199
COVID-19 and end of hospitality, 208–209
COVID-19 and tourism in Buenos Aires, 205–208
nature hospitality, 201–205
state of emergency, 199–201
Transparency, 180–181
Tsunami, 5
UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), 144
UN World Tourism Organizations (UNWTO), 99
Uncle Dam, 188–190
Universidad de Monterrey in Mexico (UDEM), 144–145
academic organizational structure, 145
Business School, 146
Global Business Week Program at, 145–146
Urban Design and Security Plan for Washington DC, 14
Urban security planning, 11
V-shaped, U-shaped, L-shaped scenarios (V-U-L scenarios), 225
Vietnam
COVID-19 in, 169–170
factual, transparent, and timely communications, 179–181
few incidences of challenging communications, 186–187
findings, 179–187
international reporting of government communications, 182–184
literature review, 170–177
methodology, 178–179
models and frameworks for pandemic communication, 171–176
negative international views for economic actions, 184
operational definitions, 171–172
tone and content, 181–182
tourism market in, 101–104
unconfirmed communications, 176–177
Visa, 203–204
Visiting scholars, 144–145
Volcanic eruptions, 5
Wars, 6
Watan Cards, 91
Wenchuan Earthquake Memorial Museum in China, 100
West Africa, Ebola outbreak in, 115–117
Westminster attack, 11–12
Wicked gaze, 198–199, 205
Wildfires, 5
Working Hours Act, 219
World Health Organization (WHO), 115, 144–145, 179, 197–198, 232
World Travel & Tourism Council, 99–100
Landscape elements
, 12–14
Leadership
, 234–237
Less developed countries (LDCs)
, 61–63, 67
Livestock rearing
, 86
Local communities
, 50
Local flood management knowledge
, 49–50
disregard
, 55–56
interactive origin
, 52–54
Local knowledge
, 48–49
and community adaptation to flood risk
, 54–55
conceptual framework
, 49–51
engagement into professional flood management
, 50–51
findings
, 52–56
method
, 51–52
Local residents
, 54–55
Longitudinal design
, 75–76
Maarefah Management
, 252
Mali, Ebola outbreak in
, 117–120
Management techniques of natural disasters
, 69–72
Mask Map
, 239
Mass shootings
, 6
Mass tourism
, 99
Mature trees
, 14
Message-centered approach
, 173–175
Micro, small, and medium enterprises (MSMEs)
, 224
Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS). See also Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)
, 237–238
MERS-CoV
, 213–214
Ministry of Health (MOH)
, 179
Ministry of Health and Welfare (MOHW)
, 234, 241
Mobility
, 3, 197–198, 202
Modeling
, 222
More developed countries (MDCs)
, 61–62
Mortality rate
, 233
Mounted Thermal Imaging System
, 273
Nation-state, 202–204
National Database and Registration Authority (NADRA), 91
National disaster management authority (NDMA), 62, 72, 89–91
National Emergency Operations Centre (NEOs), 90
National Health Insurance Service (NHIS), 241
Natural disasters, 61–62, 100
data analysis and findings, 78–94
data collection, 76–78
economic implications, 67–69
financial and economic impacts, 87–89
financial impacts on agriculture, crop, and livestock, 83–84
financial impacts on infrastructure, 78–83
financial implication, 64–67
financial losses, 64
government response, 89–92
impacts on livelihood, 86–87
literature review, 63–73
local and international humanitarian response, 92–94
management techniques, 69–72
market situation, 84–86
objectives, 63
Pakistan government to earthquake, 72–73
research design, 74–76
research justification, 73
research methodology and design, 73–78
research questions, 74
Nature hospitality, 201–205
Nazi concentration camps, 101
Nepal Earthquake, 105–106
New Hampshire (NH), 161
New Public Governance (NPG), 112
New Public Management (NPM), 112
Nigeria, Ebola outbreak in, 117–120
Nipah virus (NiV), 3, 131
2019 outbreak, 137
impact, 132–133
Kerala Nipah Virus Outbreak (2018), 134
lessons from Kerala model, 138–139
measures to control Nipah virus outbreak in Kerala, 134–137
morbidity and mortality rates, 133
need for global surveillance, 139–140
trail in World, 131–132
Nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), 62–63, 78, 93, 114
Oculacentrism, 205
“One Health” concept, 138
Ontological floods, 50
Organization of Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), 241
Pakistan government to earthquake, 72–73
Pakistani Rupee (PKR), 84–86
Pandemic(s), 6, 144–145, 214, 232–233
Patient empowerment, 252–253
Patient health (p-health), 257–258
Patient-centered model, 252–253
Pearl Harbor, 104
Pearl Harbor War Memorial, 105
Pearson correlation test, 261
Personalized health, 257–258
Phone apps, 238–239
Policy recession, 224
Precautionary doctrine, 199–200
Precogs, 201
Preparedness communications, 172–173
Press freedom, 237
Private sector in disaster management, 6
Professional knowledge, 50–51
Provider’s reputation, 253–254
Pteropodidae, 132
Pteropus genus, 132
Public health, 169–170
Public space, 10, 12
Public trust, 244
Quantitative descriptive research, 258
Real recession, 224
Reconstruction and rehabilitation phase, 90
Regulations, 277
Rescue and relief phase, 90
Restaurant support, 164
Riots, 6
Risk, 171
communication, 171
perception, 172–173
Robust E-healthcare system, 256–258
Royal Institute of British Architects (RIBA), 11
Russian approach, 48
Russian water management regulations, 48
rVSV-ZEBOV Ebola vaccine, 122–123
Scientific knowledge, 50–51
Screening algorithms, 273
Secondary data, 78
Security of urban spaces, 10
Self-quarantine protection apps, 238–239
Senegal, Ebola outbreak in, 117–120
Sensationalism in health communications, 176
Seoul National University (SNU), 243
Services, 161
Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), 237–238
lessons from past with, 214–215
SARS-CoV, 213–214
SARS-CoV-2, 169–170
Site security, 13–14
Social capital, 7
Social distancing measures, 273
Social media, 170–171, 255
potential to overcoming healthcare crisis in GCC, 253–255
social media–based empowerment, 253
technologies, 4, 274–275
websites, 254
Social survey design, 75–76
Soopikada in Kozhikode district, 134
Technology, 7, 274
as savior, 255–256
Telehealth, 4, 271–272
COVID-19 in context, 272–275
future research directions, 276
Telehealth Resource Centers (TRCs), 274
Telemedicine, 271
Terrorism, 6
attacks, 10
“Thana” tourism, 100
Thorny plants, 14
Titanic syndrome, 200–201
Tornados, 5
Tourism, 99, 106, 197–198
Hawaii’s Pearl Harbor, 104–105
Nepal Earthquake, 105–106
Vietnam, 101–104
Tourist gaze, 198–199
COVID-19 and end of hospitality, 208–209
COVID-19 and tourism in Buenos Aires, 205–208
nature hospitality, 201–205
state of emergency, 199–201
Transparency, 180–181
Tsunami, 5
UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), 144
UN World Tourism Organizations (UNWTO), 99
Uncle Dam, 188–190
Universidad de Monterrey in Mexico (UDEM), 144–145
academic organizational structure, 145
Business School, 146
Global Business Week Program at, 145–146
Urban Design and Security Plan for Washington DC, 14
Urban security planning, 11
V-shaped, U-shaped, L-shaped scenarios (V-U-L scenarios), 225
Vietnam
COVID-19 in, 169–170
factual, transparent, and timely communications, 179–181
few incidences of challenging communications, 186–187
findings, 179–187
international reporting of government communications, 182–184
literature review, 170–177
methodology, 178–179
models and frameworks for pandemic communication, 171–176
negative international views for economic actions, 184
operational definitions, 171–172
tone and content, 181–182
tourism market in, 101–104
unconfirmed communications, 176–177
Visa, 203–204
Visiting scholars, 144–145
Volcanic eruptions, 5
Wars, 6
Watan Cards, 91
Wenchuan Earthquake Memorial Museum in China, 100
West Africa, Ebola outbreak in, 115–117
Westminster attack, 11–12
Wicked gaze, 198–199, 205
Wildfires, 5
Working Hours Act, 219
World Health Organization (WHO), 115, 144–145, 179, 197–198, 232
World Travel & Tourism Council, 99–100
Nation-state
, 202–204
National Database and Registration Authority (NADRA)
, 91
National disaster management authority (NDMA)
, 62, 72, 89–91
National Emergency Operations Centre (NEOs)
, 90
National Health Insurance Service (NHIS)
, 241
Natural disasters
, 61–62, 100
data analysis and findings
, 78–94
data collection
, 76–78
economic implications
, 67–69
financial and economic impacts
, 87–89
financial impacts on agriculture, crop, and livestock
, 83–84
financial impacts on infrastructure
, 78–83
financial implication
, 64–67
financial losses
, 64
government response
, 89–92
impacts on livelihood
, 86–87
literature review
, 63–73
local and international humanitarian response
, 92–94
management techniques
, 69–72
market situation
, 84–86
objectives
, 63
Pakistan government to earthquake
, 72–73
research design
, 74–76
research justification
, 73
research methodology and design
, 73–78
research questions
, 74
Nature hospitality
, 201–205
Nazi concentration camps
, 101
Nepal Earthquake
, 105–106
New Hampshire (NH)
, 161
New Public Governance (NPG)
, 112
New Public Management (NPM)
, 112
Nigeria, Ebola outbreak in
, 117–120
Nipah virus (NiV)
, 3, 131
2019 outbreak
, 137
impact
, 132–133
Kerala Nipah Virus Outbreak (2018)
, 134
lessons from Kerala model
, 138–139
measures to control Nipah virus outbreak in Kerala
, 134–137
morbidity and mortality rates
, 133
need for global surveillance
, 139–140
trail in World
, 131–132
Nongovernmental organizations (NGOs)
, 62–63, 78, 93, 114
Oculacentrism
, 205
“One Health” concept
, 138
Ontological floods
, 50
Organization of Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD)
, 241
Pakistan government to earthquake, 72–73
Pakistani Rupee (PKR), 84–86
Pandemic(s), 6, 144–145, 214, 232–233
Patient empowerment, 252–253
Patient health (p-health), 257–258
Patient-centered model, 252–253
Pearl Harbor, 104
Pearl Harbor War Memorial, 105
Pearson correlation test, 261
Personalized health, 257–258
Phone apps, 238–239
Policy recession, 224
Precautionary doctrine, 199–200
Precogs, 201
Preparedness communications, 172–173
Press freedom, 237
Private sector in disaster management, 6
Professional knowledge, 50–51
Provider’s reputation, 253–254
Pteropodidae, 132
Pteropus genus, 132
Public health, 169–170
Public space, 10, 12
Public trust, 244
Quantitative descriptive research, 258
Real recession, 224
Reconstruction and rehabilitation phase, 90
Regulations, 277
Rescue and relief phase, 90
Restaurant support, 164
Riots, 6
Risk, 171
communication, 171
perception, 172–173
Robust E-healthcare system, 256–258
Royal Institute of British Architects (RIBA), 11
Russian approach, 48
Russian water management regulations, 48
rVSV-ZEBOV Ebola vaccine, 122–123
Scientific knowledge, 50–51
Screening algorithms, 273
Secondary data, 78
Security of urban spaces, 10
Self-quarantine protection apps, 238–239
Senegal, Ebola outbreak in, 117–120
Sensationalism in health communications, 176
Seoul National University (SNU), 243
Services, 161
Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), 237–238
lessons from past with, 214–215
SARS-CoV, 213–214
SARS-CoV-2, 169–170
Site security, 13–14
Social capital, 7
Social distancing measures, 273
Social media, 170–171, 255
potential to overcoming healthcare crisis in GCC, 253–255
social media–based empowerment, 253
technologies, 4, 274–275
websites, 254
Social survey design, 75–76
Soopikada in Kozhikode district, 134
Technology, 7, 274
as savior, 255–256
Telehealth, 4, 271–272
COVID-19 in context, 272–275
future research directions, 276
Telehealth Resource Centers (TRCs), 274
Telemedicine, 271
Terrorism, 6
attacks, 10
“Thana” tourism, 100
Thorny plants, 14
Titanic syndrome, 200–201
Tornados, 5
Tourism, 99, 106, 197–198
Hawaii’s Pearl Harbor, 104–105
Nepal Earthquake, 105–106
Vietnam, 101–104
Tourist gaze, 198–199
COVID-19 and end of hospitality, 208–209
COVID-19 and tourism in Buenos Aires, 205–208
nature hospitality, 201–205
state of emergency, 199–201
Transparency, 180–181
Tsunami, 5
UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), 144
UN World Tourism Organizations (UNWTO), 99
Uncle Dam, 188–190
Universidad de Monterrey in Mexico (UDEM), 144–145
academic organizational structure, 145
Business School, 146
Global Business Week Program at, 145–146
Urban Design and Security Plan for Washington DC, 14
Urban security planning, 11
V-shaped, U-shaped, L-shaped scenarios (V-U-L scenarios), 225
Vietnam
COVID-19 in, 169–170
factual, transparent, and timely communications, 179–181
few incidences of challenging communications, 186–187
findings, 179–187
international reporting of government communications, 182–184
literature review, 170–177
methodology, 178–179
models and frameworks for pandemic communication, 171–176
negative international views for economic actions, 184
operational definitions, 171–172
tone and content, 181–182
tourism market in, 101–104
unconfirmed communications, 176–177
Visa, 203–204
Visiting scholars, 144–145
Volcanic eruptions, 5
Wars, 6
Watan Cards, 91
Wenchuan Earthquake Memorial Museum in China, 100
West Africa, Ebola outbreak in, 115–117
Westminster attack, 11–12
Wicked gaze, 198–199, 205
Wildfires, 5
Working Hours Act, 219
World Health Organization (WHO), 115, 144–145, 179, 197–198, 232
World Travel & Tourism Council, 99–100
Pakistan government to earthquake
, 72–73
Pakistani Rupee (PKR)
, 84–86
Pandemic(s)
, 6, 144–145, 214, 232–233
Patient empowerment
, 252–253
Patient health (p-health)
, 257–258
Patient-centered model
, 252–253
Pearl Harbor
, 104
Pearl Harbor War Memorial
, 105
Pearson correlation test
, 261
Personalized health
, 257–258
Phone apps
, 238–239
Policy recession
, 224
Precautionary doctrine
, 199–200
Precogs
, 201
Preparedness communications
, 172–173
Press freedom
, 237
Private sector in disaster management
, 6
Professional knowledge
, 50–51
Provider’s reputation
, 253–254
Pteropodidae
, 132
Pteropus genus
, 132
Public health
, 169–170
Public space
, 10, 12
Public trust
, 244
Quantitative descriptive research
, 258
Real recession, 224
Reconstruction and rehabilitation phase, 90
Regulations, 277
Rescue and relief phase, 90
Restaurant support, 164
Riots, 6
Risk, 171
communication, 171
perception, 172–173
Robust E-healthcare system, 256–258
Royal Institute of British Architects (RIBA), 11
Russian approach, 48
Russian water management regulations, 48
rVSV-ZEBOV Ebola vaccine, 122–123
Scientific knowledge, 50–51
Screening algorithms, 273
Secondary data, 78
Security of urban spaces, 10
Self-quarantine protection apps, 238–239
Senegal, Ebola outbreak in, 117–120
Sensationalism in health communications, 176
Seoul National University (SNU), 243
Services, 161
Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), 237–238
lessons from past with, 214–215
SARS-CoV, 213–214
SARS-CoV-2, 169–170
Site security, 13–14
Social capital, 7
Social distancing measures, 273
Social media, 170–171, 255
potential to overcoming healthcare crisis in GCC, 253–255
social media–based empowerment, 253
technologies, 4, 274–275
websites, 254
Social survey design, 75–76
Soopikada in Kozhikode district, 134
Technology, 7, 274
as savior, 255–256
Telehealth, 4, 271–272
COVID-19 in context, 272–275
future research directions, 276
Telehealth Resource Centers (TRCs), 274
Telemedicine, 271
Terrorism, 6
attacks, 10
“Thana” tourism, 100
Thorny plants, 14
Titanic syndrome, 200–201
Tornados, 5
Tourism, 99, 106, 197–198
Hawaii’s Pearl Harbor, 104–105
Nepal Earthquake, 105–106
Vietnam, 101–104
Tourist gaze, 198–199
COVID-19 and end of hospitality, 208–209
COVID-19 and tourism in Buenos Aires, 205–208
nature hospitality, 201–205
state of emergency, 199–201
Transparency, 180–181
Tsunami, 5
UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), 144
UN World Tourism Organizations (UNWTO), 99
Uncle Dam, 188–190
Universidad de Monterrey in Mexico (UDEM), 144–145
academic organizational structure, 145
Business School, 146
Global Business Week Program at, 145–146
Urban Design and Security Plan for Washington DC, 14
Urban security planning, 11
V-shaped, U-shaped, L-shaped scenarios (V-U-L scenarios), 225
Vietnam
COVID-19 in, 169–170
factual, transparent, and timely communications, 179–181
few incidences of challenging communications, 186–187
findings, 179–187
international reporting of government communications, 182–184
literature review, 170–177
methodology, 178–179
models and frameworks for pandemic communication, 171–176
negative international views for economic actions, 184
operational definitions, 171–172
tone and content, 181–182
tourism market in, 101–104
unconfirmed communications, 176–177
Visa, 203–204
Visiting scholars, 144–145
Volcanic eruptions, 5
Wars, 6
Watan Cards, 91
Wenchuan Earthquake Memorial Museum in China, 100
West Africa, Ebola outbreak in, 115–117
Westminster attack, 11–12
Wicked gaze, 198–199, 205
Wildfires, 5
Working Hours Act, 219
World Health Organization (WHO), 115, 144–145, 179, 197–198, 232
World Travel & Tourism Council, 99–100
Real recession
, 224
Reconstruction and rehabilitation phase
, 90
Regulations
, 277
Rescue and relief phase
, 90
Restaurant support
, 164
Riots
, 6
Risk
, 171
communication
, 171
perception
, 172–173
Robust E-healthcare system
, 256–258
Royal Institute of British Architects (RIBA)
, 11
Russian approach
, 48
Russian water management regulations
, 48
rVSV-ZEBOV Ebola vaccine
, 122–123
Scientific knowledge
, 50–51
Screening algorithms
, 273
Secondary data
, 78
Security of urban spaces
, 10
Self-quarantine protection apps
, 238–239
Senegal, Ebola outbreak in
, 117–120
Sensationalism in health communications
, 176
Seoul National University (SNU)
, 243
Services
, 161
Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)
, 237–238
lessons from past with
, 214–215
SARS-CoV
, 213–214
SARS-CoV-2
, 169–170
Site security
, 13–14
Social capital
, 7
Social distancing measures
, 273
Social media
, 170–171, 255
potential to overcoming healthcare crisis in GCC
, 253–255
social media–based empowerment
, 253
technologies
, 4, 274–275
websites
, 254
Social survey design
, 75–76
Soopikada in Kozhikode district
, 134
Technology, 7, 274
as savior, 255–256
Telehealth, 4, 271–272
COVID-19 in context, 272–275
future research directions, 276
Telehealth Resource Centers (TRCs), 274
Telemedicine, 271
Terrorism, 6
attacks, 10
“Thana” tourism, 100
Thorny plants, 14
Titanic syndrome, 200–201
Tornados, 5
Tourism, 99, 106, 197–198
Hawaii’s Pearl Harbor, 104–105
Nepal Earthquake, 105–106
Vietnam, 101–104
Tourist gaze, 198–199
COVID-19 and end of hospitality, 208–209
COVID-19 and tourism in Buenos Aires, 205–208
nature hospitality, 201–205
state of emergency, 199–201
Transparency, 180–181
Tsunami, 5
UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), 144
UN World Tourism Organizations (UNWTO), 99
Uncle Dam, 188–190
Universidad de Monterrey in Mexico (UDEM), 144–145
academic organizational structure, 145
Business School, 146
Global Business Week Program at, 145–146
Urban Design and Security Plan for Washington DC, 14
Urban security planning, 11
V-shaped, U-shaped, L-shaped scenarios (V-U-L scenarios), 225
Vietnam
COVID-19 in, 169–170
factual, transparent, and timely communications, 179–181
few incidences of challenging communications, 186–187
findings, 179–187
international reporting of government communications, 182–184
literature review, 170–177
methodology, 178–179
models and frameworks for pandemic communication, 171–176
negative international views for economic actions, 184
operational definitions, 171–172
tone and content, 181–182
tourism market in, 101–104
unconfirmed communications, 176–177
Visa, 203–204
Visiting scholars, 144–145
Volcanic eruptions, 5
Wars, 6
Watan Cards, 91
Wenchuan Earthquake Memorial Museum in China, 100
West Africa, Ebola outbreak in, 115–117
Westminster attack, 11–12
Wicked gaze, 198–199, 205
Wildfires, 5
Working Hours Act, 219
World Health Organization (WHO), 115, 144–145, 179, 197–198, 232
World Travel & Tourism Council, 99–100
Technology
, 7, 274
as savior
, 255–256
Telehealth
, 4, 271–272
COVID-19 in context
, 272–275
future research directions
, 276
Telehealth Resource Centers (TRCs)
, 274
Telemedicine
, 271
Terrorism
, 6
attacks
, 10
“Thana” tourism
, 100
Thorny plants
, 14
Titanic syndrome
, 200–201
Tornados
, 5
Tourism
, 99, 106, 197–198
Hawaii’s Pearl Harbor
, 104–105
Nepal Earthquake
, 105–106
Vietnam
, 101–104
Tourist gaze
, 198–199
COVID-19 and end of hospitality
, 208–209
COVID-19 and tourism in Buenos Aires
, 205–208
nature hospitality
, 201–205
state of emergency
, 199–201
Transparency
, 180–181
Tsunami
, 5
UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)
, 144
UN World Tourism Organizations (UNWTO)
, 99
Uncle Dam
, 188–190
Universidad de Monterrey in Mexico (UDEM)
, 144–145
academic organizational structure
, 145
Business School
, 146
Global Business Week Program at
, 145–146
Urban Design and Security Plan for Washington DC
, 14
Urban security planning
, 11
V-shaped, U-shaped, L-shaped scenarios (V-U-L scenarios), 225
Vietnam
COVID-19 in, 169–170
factual, transparent, and timely communications, 179–181
few incidences of challenging communications, 186–187
findings, 179–187
international reporting of government communications, 182–184
literature review, 170–177
methodology, 178–179
models and frameworks for pandemic communication, 171–176
negative international views for economic actions, 184
operational definitions, 171–172
tone and content, 181–182
tourism market in, 101–104
unconfirmed communications, 176–177
Visa, 203–204
Visiting scholars, 144–145
Volcanic eruptions, 5
Wars, 6
Watan Cards, 91
Wenchuan Earthquake Memorial Museum in China, 100
West Africa, Ebola outbreak in, 115–117
Westminster attack, 11–12
Wicked gaze, 198–199, 205
Wildfires, 5
Working Hours Act, 219
World Health Organization (WHO), 115, 144–145, 179, 197–198, 232
World Travel & Tourism Council, 99–100
V-shaped, U-shaped, L-shaped scenarios (V-U-L scenarios)
, 225
Vietnam
COVID-19 in
, 169–170
factual, transparent, and timely communications
, 179–181
few incidences of challenging communications
, 186–187
findings
, 179–187
international reporting of government communications
, 182–184
literature review
, 170–177
methodology
, 178–179
models and frameworks for pandemic communication
, 171–176
negative international views for economic actions
, 184
operational definitions
, 171–172
tone and content
, 181–182
tourism market in
, 101–104
unconfirmed communications
, 176–177
Visa
, 203–204
Visiting scholars
, 144–145
Volcanic eruptions
, 5
Wars
, 6
Watan Cards
, 91
Wenchuan Earthquake Memorial Museum in China
, 100
West Africa, Ebola outbreak in
, 115–117
Westminster attack
, 11–12
Wicked gaze
, 198–199, 205
Wildfires
, 5
Working Hours Act
, 219
World Health Organization (WHO)
, 115, 144–145, 179, 197–198, 232
World Travel & Tourism Council
, 99–100
- Prelims
- Introduction
- Chapter 1 Analyzing Site Security Design Principles in a Built Environment and Implication for Disaster Preparedness: The Case of Istanbul Sultanahmet Square, Turkey
- Chapter 2 Local Knowledge in Russian Flood-prone Communities: A Case Study on Living with the Treacherous Waters
- Chapter 3 Financial Implications of Natural Disasters: A Case Study of Floods in Pakistan
- Chapter 4 Microcase Studies on Managing Tourism Destinations in the Aftermath of Disasters
- Chapter 5 Comparing the Experiences of African States in Managing Ebola Outbreaks from 2014 into 2020
- Chapter 6 Kerala Nipah Virus Outbreak 2018: The Need for Global Surveillance of Zoonotic Diseases
- Chapter 7 Managing Visiting Scholars' Program during the COVID-19 Pandemic
- Chapter 8 Managing E-commerce During a Pandemic: Lessons from GrubHub During COVID-19
- Chapter 9 The Role of Communications in Managing a Disaster: The Case of COVID-19 in Vietnam
- Chapter 10 Passage from the Tourist Gaze to the Wicked Gaze: A Case Study on COVID-19 with Special Reference to Argentina
- Chapter 11 COVID-19 Outbreak in Finland: Case Study on the Management of Pandemics
- Chapter 12 The COVID-19 Crisis Management in the Republic of Korea
- Chapter 13 Empowering Patients through Social Media and Implications for Crisis Management: The Case of the Gulf Cooperation Council
- Chapter 14 Technology in Medicine: COVID-19 and the “Coming of Age” of Telehealth
- Index