References

AFJ Editor, 2010 AFJ Editor . (2010). China, Singapore food Zone inaugurates in Jilin. Asia Food Journal. https://www.asiafoodjournal.com/2010/05/china-singapore-food-zone-inaugurates-in-jilin/. Accessed on June 26, 2019.

Akingba et al., 2018 Akingba, I. O. I. , Kaliappan, S. R. , & Hamzah, H. Z. (2018). Impact of health capital on economic growth in Singapore: An ARDL approach to cointegration. International Journal of Social Economics, 45(2), 340–356. doi:10.1108/IJSE-12-2016-0376

Alam, 2015 Alam, N. (2015, March 23). How Lee Kuan Yew transformed Singapore. https://www.rsis.edu.sg/rsis-publication/cms/co15073-economic-legacy-of-lee-kuan-yew-lessons-for-aspiring-countries/.

Allam, 2012 Allam, Z . (2012). Sustainable architecture: Utopia or feasible reality? Journal of Biourbanism, 2(1), 47–61.

Allam, 2018 Allam, Z . (2018). Contextualising the smart city for sustainability and inclusivity. New Design Ideas, 2(2), 124–127.

Allam, 2019 Allam, Z . (2019). The emergence of anti-privacy and control at the nexus between the concepts of safe city and smart city. Smart Cities, 2(1), 96–105.

Allam, 2020a Allam, Z . (2020a). Data as the new driving gears of urbanization. In Z. Allam (Ed.), Cities and the digital revolution: Aligning technology and humanity (pp. 1–29). Cham: Springer International Publishing.

Allam, 2020b Allam, Z . (2020b). Digital urban networks and social media. In Z. Allam (Ed.), Cities and the digital revolution: Aligning technology and humanity (pp. 61–83). Cham: Springer International Publishing.

Allam, 2020c Allam, Z . (2020c). On culture, technology and global cities. In Z. Allam (Ed.), Cities and the digital revolution: Aligning technology and humanity (pp. 107–124). Cham: Springer International Publishing.

Allam, 2020d Allam, Z . (2020d). Privatization and privacy in the digital city. In Z. Allam (Ed.), Cities and the digital revolution: Aligning technology and humanity (pp. 85–106). Cham: Springer International Publishing.

Allam, 2020e Allam, Z . (2020e). Theology, sustainability and big data. In Z. Allam (Ed.), Theology and urban sustainability (pp. 53–67). Cham: Springer International Publishing.

Allam, 2020f Allam, Z . (2020f). Urban chaos and the AI Messiah. In Z. Allam (Ed.), Cities and the digital revolution: Aligning technology and humanity (pp. 31–60). Cham: Springer International Publishing.

Allam, 2020g Allam, Z. (2020g). Cities and the digital revolution: Aligning technology and humanity. Cham: Springer International Publishing.

Allam and Dhunny, 2019 Allam, Z. , & Dhunny, Z. A. (2019). On big data, artificial intelligence and smart cities. Cities, 89, 80–91.

Allam et al., 2018 Allam, Z. , Dhunny, A. , Siew, G. , & Jones, D. (2018). Towards smart urban regeneration: Findings of an urban footprint survey in Port Louis, Mauritius. Smart Cities, 1(1), 121–133.

Allam and Newman, 2018a Allam, Z. , & Newman, P. (2018a). Economically incentivising smart urban regeneration. Case study of Port Louis, Mauritius. Smart Cities, 1(1), 53–74.

Allam and Newman, 2018b Allam, Z. , & Newman, P. (2018b). Redefining the smart city: Culture, metabolism and governance. Smart Cities, 1(1), 4–25. doi:10.3390/smartcities1010002

Allam et al., 2019 Allam, Z. , Tegally, H. , & Thondoo, M. (2019). Redefining the use of big data in urban health for increased liveability in smart cities. Smart Cities, 2(2), 259–268.

Andelman, 2018 Andelman, D. A. (2018). The global move from democracy to autocracy. June 25. https://edition.cnn.com/2018/06/24/opinions/trump-end-to-democracy-opinion-andelman/index.html. Accessed on June 27, 2019.

Austin, 2009 Austin, I. P. (2009). Singapore in transition: Economic change an political consequences. Journal of Asian Public Policy, 2(3), 266–278. doi:10.1080/17516230903204745

Bai and Sutanto, 2002 Bai, R. , & Sutanto, M. (2002). The practice and challenges of solid waste management in Singapore. Waste Management, 22(5), 557–567.

Barns et al., 2016 Barns, S. , Cosgrave, E. , Acuto, M. , & Mcneill, D. (2016). Digital infrastructures and urban governance. Urban Policy and Research, 35, 20–31.

Baum et al., 2017 Baum, S. , Yigitcanlar, T. , Mahizhnan, A. , & Andiappan, N. (2017). Singapore government online: A consideration of E-government outcomes. Journal of E-Government, 3(4), 65–84. doi:10.1300/J399v03n04_04

BBC News, 2018 BBC News . (2018). Singapore profile – Timeline. May 10. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-15971013. Accessed on June 21, 2019.

BBC News, 2019 BBC News . (2019). Sudan coup: Why Omar al-Bashir was overthrown. April 15. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-47852496. Accessed on June 21, 2019.

BCA Singapore, 2018 BCA Singapore . (2018). About BCA Green Mark scheme. October 3. https://www.bca.gov.sg/greenmark/green_mark_buildings.html.

Beatley, 2011 Beatley, T. (2011). Biophilic cities: Integrating nature into urban design and planning. Washington, DC: Island Press.

Berge, 2004 Berge, S. (2004). Lee Kuan Yew's son takes over as Singapore leader. August 11. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/singapore/1469191/Lee-Kuan-Yews-son-takes-over-as-Singapore-leader.html. Accessed on June 21, 2019.

BOI, 2015 BOI . (2015). Smart city scheme guidelines. Port Louis. edbmauritius.org/media/1674/smart-city-scheme-guidelines.pdf. Accessed on November 3, 2018.

Borschberg, 2010 Borschberg, P. (2010). The Singapore and Melaka Straits: Violence, security and diplomacy in the 17th century. Singapore: NUS Press.

Bose, Bose, R. (2005). The end of the war: Singapore's liberation and the aftermath of the Second World War. Singapore: Marshall Cavendish Editions.

Buckley, 1984 Buckley, C. B. (1984). An anecdotal history of old times in Singapore 1819–1867. Singapore: Oxford University Press.

Burton et al., 2015 Burton, J. , Montagnon, P. , Brown, K. , & Grant, J. (2015). Lee Kuan Yew, Singapore's founding father, 1923–2015. March 22. https://www.ft.com/content/24145cfe-b89d-11e2-869f-00144feabdc0. Accessed on June 21, 2019.

Cangi, 1993 Cangi, E. C. (1993). Civilizing the people of Southeast Asia: Sir Stamford Raffles' town plan for Singapore, 1819–23. Planning Perspectives, 8(2), 166–187. doi:10.1080/02665439308725769

CEIC, 2019 CEIC . (2019). Singapore Foreign Direct Investment. https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/singapore/foreign-direct-investment.

Chan, 2018 Chan, D. (2018). What does a highly liveable Singapore mean? https://www.straitstimes.com/opinion/what-does-a-highly-liveablesingapore-mean. Accessed on June 23, 2019.

Chan, 2016 Chan, J. K. H. (2016). The ethics of working with wicked urban waste problems: The case of Singapore's Semakau Landfill. Landscape and Urban Planning, 154, 123–131.

Chappell, 2017 Chappell, B. (2017). Zimbabwe's Mugabe out of power for first time since 1980s as military takes control. November 15. https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2017/11/15/564320495/zimbabwes-mugabe-is-out-of-power-for-first-time-since-1980s-military-denies-coup. Accessed on June 28, 2019.

Chen, 2017 Chen, K. (2016). Lee Kuan Yew and Singapore. In Y. C. Ning , W. Gungwu , & Y. Ying-shih (Eds.), Lee Kuan Yew through the eyes of Chinese scholars (pp. 35–45). Singapore: World Scientific Publishing.

Chia and Phang, 2001 Chia, N.-C. , & Phang, S.-Y. (2001). Motor vehicle taxes as an environmental management instrument: The case of Singapore. Environmental Economics and Policy Studies, 4(2), 67–93.

Chia et al., 2017 Chia, W.-M. , Li, M. , & Yang, T. (2017). Public and private housing markets dynamics in Singapore: The role of fundamentals. Journal of Housing Economics, 36, 44–61.

Ching, 2015 Ching, L. (2015). A quantitative investigation of narratives: Recycled drinking water. Water Policy, 17(5), 831–847. doi:10.2166/wp.2015.125

Choi, 2018 Choi, F. (2018). How to establish a good government? Lessons from Lee Kuan Yew in Singapore and Deng Xiaoping in China. Public Administration and Policy, 21(2), 107–119.

Chong and Chan, 2017 Chong, A. , & Chan, S. (2017). Militarizing civilians in Singapore: Preparing for ‘crisis’ within a calibrated nationalism. The Pacific Review, 30(3), 365–384.

Choong, 2018 Choong, K. W. (2018). A clean & green city – Waste management in Singapore. Waste Management Solutions Forum: An Ecowaste Exhibition Event 2018. https://www.ecowaste.ae/__media/WMSF-Presentations/Kwok-Wai-Choong_A-clean-and-green-city-Waste-Management-in-Singapore.pdf.

Chye, 2014 Chye, K. T . (2014). The CLC liveability framework. In K. T. Chye , T. B. Kwan , P. Somasundram , V. Oliveiro , J. Yong , & L. Lee (Eds.), Liveable sustainable cities: A framework. Singapore: Centre for Liveable Cities/ Civil Service College Singapore.

CIA, 2018 CIA . (2018). World factbook: Singapore. October 23. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/sn.html. Accessed on October 29, 2018.

Civil Service College and Centre for Liveable Cities, 2014 Civil Service College & Centre for Liveable Cities. (2014). Liveable & sustainable cities: A framework. Singapore: Centre for Liveable Cities/ Civil Service College.

CLC, 2018 CLC . (2018). Singapore liveability framework. https://www.clc.gov.sg/research-publications/framework. Accessed on October 30, 2018.

Clements-Croome et al., 2017 Clements-Croome, D. , Marson, M. , Yang, T. , & Airaksinen, M. (2017). Planning and design scenarios for liveable cities. In M. A. Abraham (Ed.), Encyclopedia of sustainable technologies (pp. 81–97). Amsterdam: Elsevier.

Conke and Ferreira, 2015 Conke, L. S. , & Ferreira, T. L. (2015). Urban metabolism: Measuring the city's contribution to sustainable development. Environmental Pollution, 202, 146–152.

Cottrell et al., 2015 Cottrell, J. , Fortier, F. , & Schlegelmilch, K. (2015). Fossil fuel to renewable energy: Comparator study of subsidy reforms and energy transitions in African and Indian Ocean Island states. United Nations Office for Sustainable Development, Incheon, Republic of Korea, 1, 1–45.

Country Economy, 2019a Country Economy . (2019a). Country comparison Hong Kong vs Singapore. https://countryeconomy.com/countries/compare/hong-kong/singapore?sc=XE34.

Country Economy, 2019b Country Economy . (2019b). Country comparison Japan vs Singapore. https://countryeconomy.com/countries/compare/japan/singapore?sc=XE15.

Covert et al., 2016 Covert, T. , Greenstone, M. , & Knittel, C. R. (2016, February). Will we ever stop using fossil fuels? http://ceepr.mit.edu/files/papers/2016-003.pdf.

Crinson, 2017 Crinson, M. (2017). Singapore's moment: Critical regionalism, its colonial roots and profound aftermath. The Journal of Architecture, 22(4), 689–709. doi:10.1080/13602365.2016.1204071

Crompton, 2001 Crompton, J. L. (2001). The impact of parks on property values: A review of the empirical evidence. Journal of Leisure Research, 33(1), 1–31.

Cuddihy et al., 2008 Cuddihy, J. , Kennedy, C. , & Engel-Yan, J. (2008). The changing metabolism of cities. Journal of Industrial Ecology, 11(2), 43–59.

Demir, 2017 Demir, M . (2017). Democracy v.s autocracy – A conundrum for Turkey. September 18. https://www.vocaleurope.eu/democracy-v-s-autocracy-a-conundrum-for-turkey/. Accessed on June 21, 2019.

Department of Statistics Singapore, 2018 Department of Statistics Singapore . (2019). Singapore in figures. Singapore. https://www.singstat.gov.sg/-/media/files/publications/reference/sif2019.pdf. Accessed on November 3, 2018.

Dhunny et al., 2019 Dhunny, A. Z. , Allam, Z. , Lobine, D. , & Lollchund, M. R. (2019). Sustainable renewable energy planning and wind farming optimization from a biodiversity perspective. Energy, 185, 1282–1297.

Doner et al., 2005 Doner, R. F. , Ritchie, B. K. , & Slater, D. (2005). Systemic vulnerability and the origins of developmental states: Northeast and Southeast Asia in comparative perspective. International Organization, 56, 321–361.

Donnithome, 2003 Donnithome, G. C. A. (2003). Western enterprise in Indonesia and Malaysia. Abingdon: Routledge.

EDB Singapore, 2017 EDB Singapore . (2017). Government leads digital disruption in Singapore. May 8. https://www.edb.gov.sg/en/news-and-resources/insights/innovation/government-leads-digital-disruption-in-singapore.html. Accessed on November 2, 2018.

el-Baghdadi and Desha, 2017 el-Baghdadi, O. , & Desha, C. (2017). Conceptualising a biophilic services model for urban areas. Urban Forestry and Urban Greening, 27, 399–408.

En, 2017 En, S. M . (2017). The Big Read: Far from people's minds, but food security a looming issue. May 26. https://www.todayonline.com/singapore/big-read-far-peoples-minds-food-security-looming-issue. Accessed on November 2, 2018.

Environmental Performance Index, 2019 Environmental Performance Index . (2019). Singapore. https://epi.envirocenter.yale.edu/epi-country-report/SGP. Accessed on June 26, 2019.

Farrell, 2017 Farrell, B. (2017). The defence and fall of Singapore. Singapore: Monsoon Books Private Limited.

Feraco and Müller-Wittig, 2014 Feraco, A. , & Müller-Wittig, W. (2014). Singapore policy-making processes: The impacts of ICT to enhance public participation and gather meaningful insights. Hershey, PA: IGI Global.

Findlay and O'Rourke, 2007 Findlay, R. , & O'Rourke, K. H. (2007). Power and plenty: Trade, war, and world economy in the Second Millennium. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

Fishkin, 2018 Fishkin, J. S. (2018). Democracy when the people are thinking: Revitalizing our politics through public deliberation. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Gaigné et al., 2012 Gaigné, C. , Riou, S. , & Thisse, J.-F. (2012). Are compact cities environmentally friendly? Journal of Urban Economics, 72, 123–136. doi:10.1016/j.jue.2012.04.001

Gallup, 2018 Gallup . (2018). 2018 global law and order. Gallup World Polls, pp. 1–11. https://www.insightcrime.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/Gallup_Global_Law_And_Order_Report_2018.pdf.

Ganguli and Ebrahim, 2017 Ganguli, S. , & Ebrahim, A. H. (2017). A qualitative analysis of Singapore's medical tourism competitiveness. Tourism Management Perspectives, 21, 74–84.

Giap et al., 2014 Giap, T. K. , Thye, W. W. , & Aw, G. (2014). A new approach to measuring the liveability of cities: The global liveable cities index. World Review of Science, Technology and Sustainable Development, 11(2), 176–196.

Gilchrist, 2019 Gilchrist, K. (2019). Here are the world's best airports for 2019. https://www.cnbc.com/2019/03/28/singapores-changi-wins-worlds-best-airport-award-beats-toyko-seoul.html. Accessed on June 25, 2019.

Gleason, 2018 Gleason, N. W. (2018). Singapore's higher education systems in the era of the fourth industrial revolution: Preparing lifelong learners. In N. Gleason (Ed.), Higher education in the era of the fourth revolution. Singapore: Palgrave Macmillan.

Global is Asian., 2017 Global is Asian. (2017). Singapore's success in urban planning: Learning from father of city planning Dr. Liu Thai Ker. August 30. https://lkyspp.nus.edu.sg/gia/article/singapore-s-success-in-urban-planning-learning-from-father-of-city-planning-dr-liu-thai-ker. Accessed on June 28, 2019.

Government of Singapore, 2000 Government of Singapore . (2000, September 14). The Singapore e-government action plan. http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/apcity/unpan002999.pdf.

Government of Singapore, 2018 Government of Singapore . (2018, July 20). Land Transport. https://www.mot.gov.sg/about-mot/land-transport.

GovTech Singapore, 2018 GovTech Singapore . (2018). Digital government blueprint: A Singapore government that is digital to the core, and serves with heart. Singapore. https://www.tech.gov.sg/files/digital-transformation/dgb_summary_june2018.pdf. Accessed on June 26, 2019.

Guo, 2018 Guo, R. (2018). Citizen participation for inclusive outcomes: It takes a village to plan a city. Urbans Solutions, 12, 54–63.

Guriev and Treisman, 2015 Guriev, S. M. , & Treisman, D. (2015). How modern dictators survive: Cooptation, censorship, propaganda, and repression. SSRN Electronic Journal, 1–62. doi:10.2139/ssrn.2571905

Ha and Coghill, 2008 Ha, H. , & Coghill, K. (2008). E-government in Singapore a SWOT and PEST analysis. Asia-Pacific Social Science Review, 6(2), 103–130.

Haackle, 2005 Haackle, J. (2005). ASEAN's diplomatic and security culture: Origins, development and prospects. New York, NY: Routledge.

Hack et al., 2010 Hack, K. , Margolin, J. L. , & Delaye, K. (2010). Singapore from Temasek to the 21st century: Reinventing the global city. Honolulu, HI: University of Hawaii Press.

Hallegatte et al., 2013 Hallegatte, S. , Green, C. , Nicholls, R. J. , & Corfee-Morlot, J. (2013). Future flood losses in major coastal cities. Nature Climate Change, 3, 802–806.

Han, 2017 Han, H. (2017). Singapore, a Garden City: Authoritarian environmentalism in a development state. The Journal of Environment & Development, 26(1), 3–24. doi: 10.1177/1070496516677365

Han et al., 1998 Han, F. K. , Fernandez, W. , & Tan, S. (1998). Lee Kuan Yew: The Man and his ideas. Singapore: Times Edition.

Hean, 2017 Hean, T. C. (2017, June 5). DPM Teo Chee Hean at the Ecosperity conference. https://www.pmo.gov.sg/newsroom/dpm-teo-chee-hean-ecosperity-conference#_ftnref5.

Heng, 2016 Heng, C. K. (2016). 50 years of urban planning in Singapore. Singapore: NUS.

Heritage, 2018 Heritage . (2018). 2018 index of economic freedom. Singapore. https://www.heritage.org/index/country/singapore.

Herrman and Lewis, 2017 Herrman, T. , & Lewis, R. (2017). What is livability? Sustainable cities initiative (SCI). https://sci.uoregon.edu/sites/sci1.uoregon.edu/files/sub_1_-_what_is_livability_lit_review.pdf. Accessed on October 29, 2018.

Hibbing and Theiss-Morse, 2002 Hibbing, J. R. , & Theiss-Morse, E. (2002). Stealth democracy: Americans' beliefs about how government should work. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.

Ho, 2009 Ho, R. (2009). Singapore's land administration in the electronic age (pp. 1–23). Singapore: Singapore Land Authority.

Ho, 2013 Ho, P. (2013). Model of governance: Big government or big people? In S. H. Kang (Ed.), Singapore perspective 2012: Singapore inclusive: Bridging divides (pp. 117–124). Singapore: World Scientific Publication Co.

Hoornweg et al., 2011 Hoornweg, D. , Sugar, L. , & Trejos-Gomez, C. L. (2011). Cities and greenhouse gase emissions: Moving forward. Environment and Urbanization, 23(1), 207–227.

Horton, 2018 Horton, R. (2018). Offline: The invisibility of inequality. The Lancet, 392(10163), 2424. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(18)33110-6

Howley et al., 2009 Howley, P. , Scott, M. , & Redmond, D. (2009). Sustainability versus liveability: An investigation of neighbourhood satisfaction. Journal of Environmental Planning and Management, 52(6), 847–864.

Huiling and Goh, 2017 Huiling, E. , & Goh, B. (2017). AI, robotics and mobility as a Service: The case of Singapore. Field Actions Science Reports, 1(17), 26–29, Special Issue.

Hunt et al., 2016 Hunt, D. V. L. , Makana, L. O. , Jefferson, I. , & Rogers, C. D. F. (2016). Liveable cities and urban underground space. Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology, 55, 8–20.

Hyman, 2015 Hyman, G. (2015). Lee Kuan Yew's Enigma: Authoritarian yet a kind of democrat. https://www.csis.org/analysis/lee-kuan-yew%E2%80%99s-enigma-authoritarian-yet-kind-democrat. Accessed on June 28, 2019.

IMD, 2019 IMD . (2019). IMD world competitiveness ranking 2019: Singapore topples United States as world's most competitive economy. Lausanne. https://www.prnewswire.com/in/news-releases/imd-worldcompetitiveness-ranking-singapore-topples-united-states-as-world-s-mostcompetitive-economy-859915181.html. Accessed on June 27, 2019.

Index Mundi, 2019 Index Mundi . (2019). Singapore – GDP per capita. https://www.indexmundi.com/facts/singapore/gdp-per-capita. Accessed on June 25, 2019.

Irvin and Stansbury, 2004 Irvin, R. A. , & Stansbury, J. (2004). Citizen participation in decision making: Is it worth the effort? Public Administration Review, 64(1), 55–65.

Jha, 2018 Jha, A. (2018, January 31). “But what about Singapore?” Lessons from the best public housing program in the world. http://blogs.worldbank.org/sustainablecities/what-about-singapore-lessons-best-public-housing-program-world.

Jones, 2016 Jones, D. S. (2016). Governance and meritocracy: A study of policy implementation in Singapore. In J. Quah (Ed.), The role of the public bureaucracy in policy implementation in five ASEAN countries (pp. 297–269). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Joshi et al., 2012 Joshi, Y. K. , Tortajada, C. , & Biswas, A. K. (2012). Cleaning of the Singapore River and Kallang Basin in Singapore: Human and environmental dimensions. Ambio, 41(7), 777–781. doi:10.1007/s13280-012-0279-0

Juma, 2013 Juma, C. (2013). Development: Learning from Singapore's Lee Kuan Yew. Analysis & Opinion, January 20. https://www.belfercenter.org/publication/development-learning-singapores-lee-kuan-yew-0. Accessed on June 26, 2019.

Kennedy et al., 2012 Kennedy, C. , Demoullin, S. , & Mohareb, E. (2012). Cities reducing their greenhouse gas emissions. Energy Policy, 49, 774–777.

Khew, 2015 Khew, C. (2015). Current measures against littering in Singapore. https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/environment/current-measures-against-littering-in-singapore. Accessed on June 28, 2019.

Kolczak, 2017 Kolczak, A. (2017, February 28). This city aims to be the world's greenest. https://www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/urban-expeditions/green-buildings/green-urban-landscape-cities-Singapore/.

Kolesnikov-Jessop, 2010 Kolesnikov-Jessop, S. (2010). Singapore looks to China for food security. September 27. https://www.nytimes.com/2010/09/28/business/global/28iht-rbofsing.html. Accessed on June 26, 2019.

Kotzen, 2018 Kotzen, B. (2018). Green roofs social and aesthetic aspects. In G. Pérez & K. Perini (Eds.), Nature based strategies for urban and building sustainability (pp. 273–281). Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann.

Kwang et al., 2011 Kwang, H. F. , Ibrahim, Z. , Hoong, C. M. , Lim, L. , Low, I. , Lin, R. , & Chan, R. (2011). Lee Kuan Yew: Hard truths to keep Singapore going. Singapore: Straits Time Press.

Lahiri, 2017 Lahiri, T. (2017). Singapore's new car cap will keep over 1,500 cars from hitting its road in a year. October 24. https://qz.com/1110049/singapore-is-capping-cars-because-its-running-out-of-room-to-build-roads/. Accessed on June 26, 2019.

Lambert, 2019 Lambert, T. (2019). A brief history of Singapore. The Foundation of Singapore . http://www.localhistories.org/singapore.html.

Lee and Tan, 2016 Lee, H. , & Tan, T. P. (2016). Singapore's experience with reclaimed water: NEWater. International Journal of Water Resources Development, 32(4), 611–621. doi:10.1080/07900627.2015.1120188

Lee, 2018 Lee, J. (2018). Understanding authoritarian resilience and countering autocracy promotion in Asia. Asia Policy, 13(4), 99–122.

Lee, 2019 Lee, K. Y. (2019). Lee quoted in “Without Mr Lee Kuan Yew, ‘there would be no Garden City’” in SM En. Today Online, August 11. https://www.todayonline.com/rememberinglky/without-mr-lee-kuan-yew-there-would-be-no-garden-city.Accessed on August 1, 2019.

Leong, 2000 Leong, H. K. (2000). Citizen participation and policy making in Singapore: Conditions and predicaments. Asian Survey, 40(3), 436–455.

Leslie et al., 2017 Leslie, L. C. W. , Adams, K. T. C. , Chin, K. S. , & Tse, H. C. (2017). Enhancing maritime security through data analytics. DSTA Horizons, pp. 64–69.

Leyden and Raffles, 1821 Leyden, J. , & Raffles, T. S. (1821). Malay annals. London: A. & R. Spottiswoode.

Li, 2018 Li, C. (2018). Connecting to the world: Singapore as a Hub Port. https://www.csc.gov.sg/articles/connecting-to-the-world-singapore-as-a-hub-port.

Li and Kwan, 2018 Li, H. , & Kwan, M.-P. (2018). Advancing analytical methods for urban metabolism studies. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 132, 239–245.

Li et al., 2012 Li, Z. , Yang, J. , Shi, C. , & Pu, M. (2012). Urbanisation effects on fog in China: Field research and modeling. Pure and Applied Geophysics, 169(5–6), 927–939.

Lim and Lee, 2016 Lim, J. , & Lee, T. (2016). Singapore: Negotiating state and society, 1965–2015. New York, NY: Routledge.

Liu, 2016 Liu, T. K. (2016). Planning & urbanisation in Singapore: A 50- year journey. In H. C. Kiang (Ed.), 50 years of urban planning in Singapore (pp. 23–44). Singapore: World Scientific Publishing. doi:10.1142/9789814656474_0002

Lloyd, 1996 Lloyd, T. O. (1996). The British Empire 1558–1995. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Long, 2001 Long, J. (2001). Desecuritizing the water issue in Singapore-Malaysia relations. Contemporary Southeast Asia, 23(2), 504–532.

Luan, 2010 Luan, I. O. B. (2010). Singapore water management policies and practices. International Journal of Water Resources Development, 26(1), 65–80.

Ludher, 2016 Ludher, E. K. (2016). Singapore's smart governance of food. In M. Deakin , D. Diamantini , & N. Borreli (Eds.), The governance of city food systems: Case studies from around the world (pp. 131–154). Milan: Fondazione Giangiacomo Feltrinelli.

Maritime Port Authority Singapore, 2018 Maritime Port Authority Singapore . (2018). International Maritime Centre 2030: Strategic review. Singapore. https://www.gov.sg/~/sgpcmedia/media_releases/mpa/press_release/p-20170922-2/attachment/imc%202030%20strategic%20report.pdf. Accessed on November 3, 2018.

Mauro, 2018 Mauro, B. W. D. (2018). Building a cohesive society: The case of Singapore's housing policies (Policy Brief No. 128). https://www.cigionline.org/sites/default/files/documents/PB%20no.128web.pdf. Accessed on June 27, 2019.

McNeur, 2017 McNeur, C. (2017). Parks, people, and property values: The changing role of green spaces in Antebellum Manhattan. Journal of Planning History, 16(2), 98–111. doi:10.1177%2F1538513216657563

Meadows, 1988 Meadows, D. (1988, May 5). Singapore leads the good life under a benevolent dictator. http://donellameadows.org/archives/singapore-leads-the-good-life-under-a-benevolent-dictator/.

Menon, 2015 Menon, R. (2015, August 5). Ravi Menon: An economic history of Singapore – 1965–2065 . Paper presented at the Singapore Economic Review Conference, Singapore.

Ministry of Foreign Affairs Singapore, 2018 Ministry of Foreign Affairs Singapore . (2018). Towards a sustainable and resilient Singapore. Singapore. https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/content/documents/19271Singapores_Voluntary_National_Review_Report.pdf. Accessed on November 3, 2018.

Ministry of Home Affairs Singapore, 2018 Ministry of Home Affairs Singapore . (2018, August 17). Innovating to keep Singapore safe and secure. https://www.mha.gov.sg/about-us/innovating-to-keep-singapore-safe-and-secure. Accessed on November 3, 2018.

Ministry of the Environment and Water Resources, 2018 Ministry of the Environment and Water Resources . (2018, August 6). Singapore green plan. https://www.mewr.gov.sg/grab-our-research/singapore-green-plan-2012. Accessed on June 26, 2019.

Ministry of Trade and Industry Singapore, 2018 Ministry of Trade and Industry Singapore . (2018). Speech by Minister Chan Chun Sing at the 11th Singapore International Energy Week 2018. October 30. https://www.mti.gov.sg/Newsroom/Speeches/2018/10/Speech-by-Minister-Chan-Chun-Sing-at-the-11th-Singapore-International-Energy-Week-2018. Accessed on November 4, 2018.

Ministry of Transport, 2019 Ministry of Transport . (2019). Road network. https://www.mot.gov.sg/about-mot/land-transport/motoring/road-network. Accessed on June 24, 2019.

Mody, 1997 Mody, A. (1997). Infrastructure strategies in East Asia: The Untold story. Washington, DC: The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/The World Bank.

Morgenbesser, 2016 Morgenbesser, L. (2016). The autocratic mandate: Elections, legitimacy and regime stability in Singapore. The Pacific Review, 30(2), 205–231.

National Parks., 2018 National Parks. (2018). Community in bloom initiatives. https://www.nparks.gov.sg/gardening/community-in-bloom-initiative. Accessed on November 3, 2018.

Newman, 2010 Newman, P. (2010). Green urbanism and its application to Singapore. Environment and Urbanization ASIA, 1(2), 149–170. doi:10.1177%2F097542531000100204

Newman, 2014 Newman, P. (2014). Biophilic urbanism: A case study on Singapore. Australian Planner, 51(1), 47–65.

Ngom et al., 2016 Ngom, R. , Gosselin, P. , & Blais, C. (2016). Reduction of disparities in access to green spaces: Their geographic insertion and recreation functions matter. Applied Geography, 66, 35–51.

Nicholls, 2005 Nicholls, S. (2005). The impact of greenways on property values: Evidence from Austin, Texas. Journal of Leisure Research, 37(3), 321–341.

Norouzian-Maleki et al., 2018 Norouzian-Maleki, S. , Bell, S. , Hosseini, S. , Faizi, M. , & Bahram, S. (2018). A comparison of neighbourhood liveability as perceived by two groups of residents: Tehran, Iran and Tartu, Estonia. Urban Forestry and Urban Greening, 35, 8–20.

OECD, 2011 OECD . (2011). Singapore: Rapid improvement followed by strong performance. In Strong performers and successful reformers in education: Lessons from Pisa for the United States (pp. 159–175). Paris: OECD.

OECD, 2014 OECD . (2014). Cities and climate change: National governments enabling local action. OECD policy Perspectives. Paris: OECD.

Ong, 2017 Ong, K. C. G. (2017). Sustainable construction for Singapore's urban infrastructure – Some research findings. Procedia Engineering, 171, 14–21. doi:10.1016/j.proeng.2017.01.305

Ooi, 2005 Ooi, G. L. (2005). Sustainability and cities: Concepts and assessments. Singapore: World Scientific. Accessed on June 26, 2019.

OpenStreetMap OpenStreetMap. https://www.openstreetmap.org/copyright.

Pawell, 2015 Pawell . (2015). Literature survey: Green space and property values by Natasha Catrakilis. April 28. https://sites.duke.edu/urbaneconomics/?p=1441. Accessed on November 3, 2019.

PUB, 2018 PUB . (2018). Singapore water story. October 29. https://www.pub.gov.sg/watersupply/singaporewaterstory. Accessed on October 29, 2018.

PWC, 2018 PWC . (2018). Blockchain: The next innovation to make our cities smarter. FICCI. https://www.pwc.in/assets/pdfs/publications/2018/blockchain-the-next-innovation-to-make-our-cities-smarter.pdf.

Quah, 2007 Quah, J. (2007). Combating corruption Singapore style: Lessons for other Asian countries. Baltimore, MD: School of Law, University of Maryland.

Quah, 2017 Quah, J. (2017). Singapore's success in combating corruption: Lessons for policy makers. Asian Education and Development Studies, 6(3), 263–274. doi:10.1108/AEDS-03-2017-0030

Quah, 2018 Quah, J. (2018). Why Singapore works: Five secrets of Singapore's success. Public Administration and Policy , 21(1), 1–18. doi:10.1108/PAP-06-2018-002

Ramdas, 2015 Ramdas, K. (2015). Beyond ‘backwater’ island to global city vision? Rethinking feminist geographies for Singapore after Lee Kuan Yew. Geoforum, 65, 108–111. doi:10.1016/j.geoforum.2015.07.016

Rana and Lee, 2015 Rana, P. B. , & Lee, C.-Y. (2015). Economic legacy of Lee Kuan Yew: Lessons for aspiring countries. https://www.rsis.edu.sg/rsis-publication/cms/co15073-economic-legacy-of-lee-kuan-yew-lessons-for-aspiring-countries/.

Restrepo and Morales-Pinzón, 2018 Restrepo, J. D. C. , & Morales-Pinzón, T. (2018). Urban metabolism and sustainability: Precedents, genesis and research perspectives. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 131, 216–224.

Rocha, 2011 Rocha, Z. L. (2011). Multiplicity within singularity: Racial categorization and recognizing “mixed race” in Singapore. Journal of Current Southeast Asian Affairs, 30(3), 95–131.

Rut and Davies, 2018 Rut, M. , & Davies, A. R. (2018). Transitioning without confrontation? Shared food growing niches and sustainable food transitions in Singapore. Geoforum, 96, 278–288. doi:10.1016/j.geoforum.2018.07.016

Shatkin, 2014 Shatkin, G. (2014). Reinterpreting the meaning of the ‘Singapore model’: State capitalism and urban planning. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 38(1), 116–137. doi:10.1111/1468-2427.12095

Shen et al., 2017 Shen, Y. , Zhang, X. , & Zhao, J. (2017). Understanding the usage of dockless bike sharing in Singapore. International Journal of Sustainable Transportation, 12(9), 686–700.

Sigdyal, 2018 Sigdyal, A. (2018). A transformational leader: Lee Kuan Yew. https://www.scribd.com/document/234300722/Transformational-Leader-Lee-Kuan-Yew. Accessed on June 26, 2019.

Silva et al., 2018 Silva, B. N. , Khan, M. , & Han, K. (2018). Towards sustainable smart cities: A review of trends, architectures, components, and open challenges in smart cities. Sustainable Cities and Society, 38, 697–713.

Singapore Business, 2018 Singapore Business . (2018). Singapore beats Hong Kong as top Asian location for MNC headquarters. https://sbr.com.sg/markets-investing/news/singapore-beats-hong-kong-top-asian-location-mnc-headquarters. Accessed on June 25, 2019.

Singapore Land Authority (SLA), 2018 Singapore Land Authority (SLA) . (2018, May 11). Licensing of digitised land information. https://www.sla.gov.sg/Services/Street-Map/Licensing-of-Digitised-Land-Information.

Singapore Police Force, 2016 Singapore Police Force . (2016). Police news release: Annual crime brief 2016. Singapore Police Force. https://www.police.gov.sg/∼/media/spf/files/statistics/20170210_annual_crime_brief_2016.pdf.

Singapore Police Force, 2017 Singapore Police Force . (2017). Police news release: Singapore remains one of the safest cities in the world. Annual Crime Brief 2017, 1–13. https://www.police.gov.sg/∼/media/20180203_stats_annual_crime_brief_2017_stats.pdf.

Singapore Police Force, 2018 Singapore Police Force . (2018). Mid-year crime statistics for January to June 2018. Police News Release, 1–8. https://www.police.gov.sg/∼/media/20180823_stats_mid_year_2018_crime_statistics_stats.pdf

Soper, 2015 Soper, T. (2015). Lee quoted in “The green legacy of Lee Kuan Yew”. August 29. http://www.tomsoperphotography.com/blog/2015/3/29/the-green-legacy-of-lee-kuan-yew. Accessed on August 1, 2019.

Southworth, 2016 Southworth, M. (2016). Learning to make liveable cities. Journal of Urban Design, 21(5), 570–573.

Srinivasan and Negandhi, 1985 Srinivasan, B. , & Negandhi, A. (1985). Hedging in currency futures: A Singapore dollar case study. Asia Pacific Journal of Management, 2, 170–179.

Stuart, 2015 Stuart, N. (2015). Savior king or ruthless tyrant? An Aristotelian analysis of Lee Kuan Yew's legacy. October 15. https://voegelinview.com/savior-king-or-ruthless-tyrant-an-aristotelian-analysis-of-lee-kuan-yews-legacy/. Accessed on June 29, 2019.

Tan, 2015 Tan, C . (2015). Lee Kuan Yew leaves a legacy of authoritarian pragmatism. March 23. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/mar/23/lee-kuan-yews-legacy-of-authoritarian-pragmatism-will-serve-singapore-well. Accessed on June 28, 2019.

Tan et al., 2018 Tan, K. G. , Chuah, H. Y. , & Luu, N. T. D. (2018). A case study on Malaysia and Singapore. Competitiveness Review, 28(2), 172–193. doi: 10.1108/cr-09-2017-0062

Tan and Khoo, 2006 Tan, R. B. H. , & Khoo, H. H. (2006). Impact assessment of waste management options in Singapore. Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association, 56(3), 244–254.

Tan et al., 2009 Tan, Y. S. , Lee, T. J. , & Tan, K. (2009). Clean, green and blue: Singapore's journey towards environmental and water sustainability. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies.

Temasek, 2018 Temasek . (2018). The great energy transition: Challenges and opportunities for transformation. Singapore. Retrieved from https://www.ecosperity.sg/content/dam/ecosperity/en/reports/The-Great-Energy-Transition_Challenges-and-opportunities-for-transformation.pdf. Accessed on June 27, 2019.

Teo, 2014 Teo, S. (2014). Political tool or quality experience? Urban livability and the Singaporean state's global city aspirations. Urban Geography, 35(6), 916–937.

Teo, 2014 Teo, S. C. (2014). Sustainability, Singapore style: Creating a liveable city that harnesses technology to drive the economy. Experience Singapore, (50), April–June. Singapore.

Ter, 2018 Ter, K. L. (2018). Singapore's cybersecurity strategy. Computer Law & Security Review, 34(4), 924–927.

The Economist Intelligence Unit, 2017 The Economist Intelligence Unit . (2017). Safe cities Index 2017: Security in a rapidly urbanising world. The Economist, pp. 1–44. http://safecities.economist.com/safe-cities-index-2017.

The Economist Intelligence Unit, 2018 The Economist Intelligence Unit . (2018). The global liveability Index 2018: A free overview. The Economist. https://pages.eiu.com/rs/753-RIQ-438/images/The_Global_Liveability_Index_2018.pdf. Accessed on June 28, 2019.

The World Bank, 2019a The World Bank . (2019a). GDP per capita (Current US $). https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.PCAP.CD?end=1975&locations=MY-SG-Z4&start=1960.

The World Bank, 2019b The World Bank . (2019b). GDP per capital (Current US$). Data. https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.PCAP.CD?locations=MY-SG-Z4&start=1960&end=1965.

Ting, 2019 Ting, K. (2019). Singapore 1819: A living legacy. Singapore: Talisman Publishing Private Limited.

Tng and Tan, 2011 Tng, S. , & Tan, S. (2011). Designing our city: Planning for a sustainable Singapore. Singapore: URA.

Tortajada and Hongzhou, 2016 Tortajada, C. , & Hongzhou, Z. (2016). Food policy in Singapore. Reference Module in Food Science (2017), 1–7. doi:10.1016/B978-0-08-100596-5.21083-4

Tortajada and Joshi, 2013a Tortajada, C. , & Joshi, Y. K. (2013a). Water demand management in Singapore: Involving the public. Water Resources Management, 12(8), 2729–2746. doi:10.1007/s11269-013-0312-5

Tortajada and Joshi, 2013b Tortajada, C. , & Joshi, Y. K. (2013b). Water Resources management and governance as Part of an Overall Framework for growth and development. International Journal of Water Governance, 1(3–4), 285–306.

Tortajada and Joshi, 2014 Tortajada, C. , & Joshi, Y. K. (2014). Water quality management in Singapore: The role of institutions, laws and regulations. Hydrological Sciences Journal, 59(4), 1763–1774. doi:10.1080/02626667.2014.942664

Trading Economics, 2019 Trading Economics . (2019). Home ownership rate. https://tradingeconomics.com/country-list/home-ownership-rate. Accessed on June 27, 2019.

Trindade and Costa, 2011 Trindade, A. , & Costa, M. (2011). Police brutality in Brazil: Authoritarian legacy or institutional weakness? Latin American Perspectives, 38(5), 19–32.

Tullock, 1987 Tullock, G. (1987). Autocracy. Dordrecht: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers.

Turnbull, 2009 Turnbull, C. M. (2009). A history of modern Singapore, 1819–2005. Singapore: NUS Press.

Ubaldi, 2013 Ubaldi, B. (2013). Open government data: Towards empirical analysis of open government data initiatives. Paris: OECD.

UN Environment, 2016 UN Environment . (2016, October). Our planet: The Singapore story. http://web.unep.org/ourplanet/october-2016/articles/singapore-story.

UN Environment, 2018 UN Environment . (2018). Sustainable urban infrastructure transitions in the ASEAN region: A resource prespective. Nairobi: United Nations Environment Programee.

UNCTAD, 2018 UNCTAD . (2018). World investment report 2018- investment and new industrial policies: Country fact sheet. Singapore: United Nations Conference on Trade and Development. https://unctad.org/sections/dite_dir/docs/wir2018/wir18_fs_sg_en.pdf.

United Nations, 2016 United Nations . (2016). The world's cities in 2016. New York, NY. http://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/publications/pdf/urbanization/the_worlds_cities_in_2016_data_booklet.pdf. Accessed on October 29, 2019.

URA, 2006 URA . (2006). Urban redevelopment authority annual report 06/07. Singapore. https://www.ura.gov.sg/-/media/Corporate/Resources/Publications/Annual-Reports/PDFs/AnnualReport_2006-2007.pdf. Accessed on October 30, 2018.

Verweij and Pelizzo, 2009 Verweij, M. , & Pelizzo, R. (2009). Singapore: Does authoritarianism pay? Journal of Democracy, 20(2), 18–32.

Wee, 1995 Wee, H.-L. (1995). Redefining Hinterland: The Singapore experience. Middle States Geographer, 28, 68–73.

Wilson, 1984 Wilson, E. O. (1984). Biophilia. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

Winter, 2017 Winter, J. (2017). Robert Mugabe: Is Zimbabwe's ex-president a hero or villain? November 21. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-23431534. Accessed on June 27, 2019.

Wolman, 1965 Wolman, A. (1965). The metabolism of cities. Scientific American, 213(3), 179–190.

Wong and Fook, 2016 Wong, J. , & Fook, L. L. (2016). The challenge of making cities liveable in East Asia. Singapore: World Scientific Publishing Co.

Woo, 2017 Woo, J . (2017). Tanjong Pagar terminal: An icon of the Port of Singapore. https://www.straitstimes.com/business/an-icon-of-the-port-of-singapore. Accessed on June 24, 2019.

World Bank, 2010 World Bank . (2010, December). Cities and climate change: An urgent agenda. Urban development series knowledge papers (Vol. 63704, No. 10). Urban development series knowledge papers. Washington, DC: World Bank.

Yeo, 2016 Yeo, S . (2016, December 31). Here's how Singapore's education system has changed from the 1960s to now. https://www.youngparents.com.sg/education/heres-how-singapores-education-system-has-changed-1960s-now/?slide=5. Accessed on June 28, 2019.

Yew, 2000 Yew, L. K. (2000). From third world to first: The Singapore story: 1965–2000. New York, NY: Harper Collins Publishers.

Yew, 2015a Yew, L. K. (2015a). From third world to first: The Singapore story, 1965–2000: Memoirs of Lee Kuan Yew. Singapore: Marshall Cavendish Editions.

Yew, 2015b Yew, L. K. (2015b). The Singapore story (Student edition): Memoirs of Lee Kuan Yew. Singapore: Marshall Cavendish International Asia Private Limited.

Yong, 2019 Yong, T. T. (2019). Looking back at 700 years of Singapore. Biblioasia, 14(4). http://www.nlb.gov.sg/biblioasia/2019/01/23/looking-back-at-700-years-of-singapore/. Accessed on June 23, 2019.

Yuen, 2007 Yuen, B. (2007). Squatters no more: Singapore social housing. Global Urban Development Magazine, 3(1), 1–22.

Ziegler et al., 2018 Ziegler, A. D. , Chan, F. K. S. , Chuah, J. , Dabrowski, M. , & Varis, O. (2018). Towards resilient flood risk management for Asian coastal cities: Lessons learned from Hong Kong and Singapore. Journal of Cleaner Production, 187, 576–589.