Prelims

Half Title Page

The Social Consequences of Climate Change

Title Page

The Social Consequences of Climate Change: Debates in Research and Policy

Edited by

Şuay Nİlhan AÇikalin

Ankara Hacı Bayram Veli University, Turkey

And

Şefika Şule Erçetin

Hacettepe University, Turkey

United Kingdom – North America – Japan – India – Malaysia – China

Copyright Page

Emerald Publishing Limited

Emerald Publishing, Floor 5, Northspring, 21-23 Wellington Street, Leeds LS1 4DL

First edition 2025

Editorial matter and selection © 2025 Şuay Nilhan Açıkalın and Şefika Şule Erçetin.

Individual chapters © 2025 The authors.

Published under exclusive licence by Emerald Publishing Limited.

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British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

ISBN: 978-1-83797-678-2 (Print)

ISBN: 978-1-83797-677-5 (Online)

ISBN: 978-1-83797-679-9 (Epub)

Dedication

To the countless individuals and communities already experiencing the social consequences of climate change. Your resilience and strength inspire us…

This book is written for you and for a future where these struggles are lessened, where communities thrive, and where justice prevails.

Şuay Nilhan Açıkalın

Şefika Şule Erçetin

About the Editors

Assoc Prof Dr Şuay Nilhan Açıkalın, Ankara Hacı Bayram Veli University, Turkey. She is a faculty member in the Department of International Relations at Ankara Hacı Bayram Veli University and a Visiting Fellow in Mathias Corvinius Collegium, Hungary. Dr Açıkalın graduated from the Department of International Relations at Bilkent University in 2012. She received her Master’s degree with the thesis “Leadership in Chaos: Angela Merkel and Euro Crisis” at the Middle East Technical University in 2015. She obtained her PhD degree in 2020 from the same university with her thesis “Political Leadership and Foreign Politics: Recep Tayyip Erdoğan and Angela Merkel”. She has been a guest researcher at Lancaster University in the United Kingdom and Humboldt Universitat zu Berlin in Germany within Jean Monnet Scholarship Program. Dr Açıkalın works on chaos and complexity theory, leadership, Turkish foreign policy, Turkish-EU relations, women and girls in migration studies, climate change as well as gastrodiplomacy and fashiondiplomacy in theory and practice. She is the author of the book Leader to Leader Diplomacy in Turkish-German Relations as well as various international books. Also, Açıkalın is the co-editor of a forthcoming book called The Social Consequences of Climate Change: Debates in Research and Policy by Emerald.She is a member of the Advisory Board of Turkish Healthy Cities Union. In addition to this, she is a founding member of International Science Association, and she has been working as an expert in Diplomacy Foundation. Dr Açıkalın is a member of Bali Democracy Forum and World Indonesianist Congress. She is constantly been giving interviews to national and international media outlets such as TRTWORLD, Al Jazeera, Phoenix TV, etc.

Prof Dr Şefika Şule Erçetin, Dean of Faculty of Education, Hacettepe University, Türkiye. She is currently the Dean of Education Faculty of Hacettepe University, Ankara, Türkiye. In 1991, she completed her PhD from Division of Educational Administration, Supervision, Planning, and Economics in Hacettepe University. Since 2003, she has been working as a Professor. She worked as a Visiting Scholar in Texas A&M, USA, and Lancaster University, UK. She has worked in many national and international projects as a member of the project team and the project coordinator on education of refugees, women, and vocational training. She was the Founder of International Symposium of Chaos, Complexity and Leadership. She is one of the rare academicians in Turkey who interests are in “chaos, complexity, quantum leadership” since the 90s. Also, she is the author and editor of books on complexity theory from Springer, World Scientific, Apple Academic Press related with comparative education policies, research methods, organizational intelligence and stupidity and wisdom, leadership, migration, fuzzy logic, children at risk, women and peace studies, social media, plasma leadership, quantum leadership, women leadership model. Also, she is the President, Board Member, and Founder member of the International Science Association in Türkiye (ISCASS). She is the Editor-in-Chief of different national and international journals which focus on leadership and education.

About the Contributors

Dr Tjandra Yoga Aditama is currently the Director of the Graduate School at YARSI University in Jakarta, Indonesia, where she is also a Professor at the Faculty of Medicine, University of Indonesia. He makes significant contributions as a member of the Expert Team of the Advisory Board to the President of the Republic of Indonesia and as a key member of the IAVG-COVAX initiative. His extensive career includes notable leadership roles, such as his tenure as the Act Director of Communicable Diseases at the World Health Organization's South-East Asia Regional Office and as the Director General of Communicable Diseases and the Head of National Institute of Health Research and Development within the Ministry of Health, Indonesia. His influence extends beyond national borders, as demonstrated by his advisory positions with international organizations like the Asia Pacific Cities Alliances for Health and Development (APCAT) and his contributions to the Australia Indonesia Health Security Partnership (AIHSP). With a remarkable publication record comprising over 200 scientific articles in medical journals, 254 popular scientific health articles, and 38 medical and health books, Prof Aditama's scholarly contributions have significantly enriched the field of public health.

Mustafa Başkara received his LLB from Ankara University in 2013 and his LLM in International Shipping Law from Queen Mary University of London in 2016. He continues his PhD in Maritime Law at Ankara University. He was an intern at International Maritime Organization in 2016. He worked as a Research Assistant at the Faculty of Law, Social Sciences University of Ankara from 2017 to 2021. Between 2020 and 2022, he served as an Advisor to the Minister of Justice of the Republic of Türkiye. Mr Baskara has been the CEO of Ankara University National Center for the Sea and Maritime Law since January 28, 2021, and the Director of the Mediterranean Climate Change Research Center (AİDAM) since 2023, which will gain the status of Regional Activity Center on Climate Change under the UNEP/MAP Barcelona Convention.

Assoc Prof Dr Kaan Batı received his Bachelor's degree in Science Education from Hacettepe University in 2005, his Master's degree in Science Education in 2010, and his PhD degree in Science Education in 2014 from Hacettepe University. He prepared his Master's thesis on scientific process skills and problem-solving and his doctoral thesis on modeling, nature of science and critical thinking. In the 2018–2019 academic year, he completed his postdoctoral studies at the Ohio State University (USA) within the scope of TÜBİTAK 2219A project.

Brígida Brito, Associate Professor, Deputy Director and Head of Quality at the Department of International Relations, Universidade Autónoma de Lisboa (Portugal), Deputy Director of OBSERVARE, and Editor-in-Chief of JANUS.NET, e-journal of international relations. She is an integrated Researcher at the Portuguese Institute of International Relations of the New University of Lisbon (IPRI-NOVA). She is a Sociologist and has a PhD in African Studies and a Master's degree in the same scientific field. She completed a postdoctorate in socio-environmental studies in Africa. She participates in and organizes scientific meetings and has numerous articles and chapters in reputable publications.

Büşra Deniz completed her undergraduate studies at Ankara University Faculty of Law in 2020. Since 2021, she has been pursuing her Master's degree in the program “The Sea and Maritime Law,” conducted in English at Ankara University Institute of Social Sciences. In addition to her academic pursuits, Büşra Deniz serves as a Researcher at DEHUKAM, contributing to various projects and studies. Currently, she is involved as a Marine Environmental Law Expert in the “Project for Capacity Development in Marine Environment Law within the Framework of the Barcelona Convention and Other International Documents” and the “The Project for Exploring Potential Natural Sites with the Aim of Increasing the Protected Areas in Türkiye” in collaboration with the Ministry of Environment, Urbanization, and Climate Change. Büşra Deniz is proficient in advanced-level English.

Dr Kübra Ecer, who began her professional career as a Social Security Auditor in 2009 and served in this role for 10 years, was appointed as a Communications Specialist at Presidency of the Republic of Türkiye Directorate of Communications in 2019, where she continues to hold this position. Holding Master's degrees in European Union Studies and Neuromarketing, as well as a PhD in Economics, Ecer has published numerous academic studies in the fields of European Union affairs, climate crisis, sustainability, and neuroscience. Recently, she has been conducting experimental studies on the use of neuroscience techniques in climate change and sustainability, continuing her research and projects on methods to enhance sustainability communication. Additionally, she is a member of the working group for the COST project titled “Social Sciences and Humanities for Transformation and Climate Resilience-CA21166.”

Metin Erol graduated from Gediz University, Department of Political Science and Public Administration, which he entered with a full scholarship in 2010, with first place and summa cum laude in 2015. In the same year, he completed his minor program at Gediz University, Department of International Relations. He completed his Master's degree in the Public Policy Program of Marmara University, Department of Political Science and Public Administration, with his thesis titled Struggle for Cultural Hegemony in Turkish Politics: Comparative Analysis of the Single Party and AK Party Periods. Erol continues his doctoral studies at Istanbul University, Faculty of Political Sciences, Department of Political Science and International Relations. Erol worked as a Research Assistant at the Politics, Economics, and Society Research (SETA) Foundation between April 2016 and June 2021. From September 2021 to July 2022, he served as the Deputy Chief Correspondent for Anadolu Agency Analysis News. As of July 27, 2022, Erol serves as the Istanbul Regional Manager of The Republic of Türkiye Directorate of Communications.

Assoc Prof Oğuz Güner is a faculty member at the Ankara Yıldırım Beyazıt University Department of International Relations. Having completed his undergraduate degree at Yıldız Teknik University, he earned his Master's and PhD from İstanbul University Institute of Social Sciences Department of European Union Studies. He was a Visiting Fellow at Aalborg University Faculty of Social Sciences (Denmark) in 2018. He then went on to serve as a Postdoctoral Researcher in 2019 at Strasbourg University (France) Societies, Actors, Government in Europe Research Center (Sociétés, Acteurs, Gouvernement en Europe) as part of the Jean Monnet Scholarship Program. Güner has papers on the European Union, the Balkans, and EU – Türkiye relations. He lectures to undergraduate and graduate students at various universities. Assoc Prof Güner currently serves as the Head of the Department of Public Diplomacy at the Republic of Türkiye, Directorate of Communications. He is also a member of the UNESCO Türkiye National Commission Communication Specialization Committee.

Klaus Jurgens holds a postgraduate degree from London School of Economics and Political Science in Government Studies; member of German Association of Press Journalists; Director of Economyfirst Limited London, a media representation services company; member of More Speakers – The Speaker Agency. For this book contribution extensive research on location about Smart Cities as well as sustainable neighborhoods was carried out with a special focus on Sweden; besides, focus on Türkiye's 360 degrees foreign policies; Branding of the Nation State; The future of NATO. Frequent Guest Speaker on international television, Op Ed and Analysis Writer for various media in Türkiye and for TRT Deutsch Berlin; previously lectured about EU Law for Business Administrators in Ankara. Recent speaker engagements: International Investors Forum about Azerbaijan and sustainable energy in Brussels 2023; Azerbaijan Shusha Global Media Forum 2023; Directorate of Communications of the Presidency of the Republic of Türkiye, Stratcom 2023, Istanbul; Azerbaijan 2nd Shusha Global Media Forum 2024.

Burak Kaplan, in 2014, started his undergraduate education at Eskişehir Osmangazi University, Department of Political Science and Public Administration. In 2017, he graduated with the first rank in the department and continued his postgraduate education at Marmara University Public Policy Master's Program. He defended his thesis titled “The importance of innovation-based security strategies in achieving urban sustainability in the context of industry 4.0: The case of Gölcük” in 2019. Kaplan continues his doctoral studies at Marmara University, Department of Local Governments. Kaplan worked as a Lecturer at Istanbul Beykent University between 2019 and 2021 and as a Research Assistant between 2021 and 2023. Since September 4, 2023, he has been working as an Assistant Specialist at the Istanbul Regional Directorate of the Presidency of Communications of the Republic of Türkiye.

Serdar Karagöz, AA President and Chief Executive Officer, born on May 24, 1981, in Sakarya, he graduated from the Department of Political Science at Istanbul Bilgi University, where he later completed his Master's degree in Human Rights Law. Karagöz earned his second Master's degree in Media Studies at New School University in the United States. His career began as a Researcher at the ADAM Strategic Research Center in 2004. In 2008, he joined the Turkuvaz Media Group as an Executive candidate and worked in all departments of the group. He joined the New York Times Syndication Department in 2010, followed by his position as UN Diplomacy Correspondent for A Haber Television in 2011–2013. Upon his return to Türkiye, he worked as the Foreign News Manager at Sabah newspaper. During this period, he also began preparations to establish the English-language Daily Sabah. In February 2014, he became the founding Editor-in-Chief of Daily Sabah. Authoring numerous columns in both English and Turkish, he launched the website usabah.com, where he monitored the pulse of events in the United States. In 2018, he was appointed Editor-in-Chief of TRT International News Channels. During his time in this position, he added Arabic, German, Russian, and Balkan languages to TRT's list of broadcasting languages and contributed significantly to its success in the global media arena. In 2020, he continued his duty as TRT Deputy General Director. Since April 7, 2021, Karagöz has been serving as the President and Chief Executive Officer of Anadolu Ajansı, Türkiye's global news agency.

Abhinav Mehrotra, Assistant Professor, Jindal Global Law School, O. P. Jindal Global University, Sonipat, India. Abhinav Mehrotra is an Assistant Professor at Jindal Global Law School. He teaches courses on Human Rights and Public International Law to law students. His most recent publications focusing on justifying the Right to Internet Access as a Human Right have been in the prestigious Comparative Law Review, and another article titled “Need for a National Legislation on Refugees in India at 75” was published in India Quarterly as well as the article titled “Crawford, Twail, and Sovereign Equality of States: Similarity and Differences” has been published in the Australian Yearbook of International Law volume 40 (2022), and a book chapter that focuses on the utility of the European Mechanisms on Human Rights in South Asia has been published by Springer. He recently published a coauthored journal article in the Manchester Journal of Transnational Islamic Law and Practice.

Prof Dr Vesselin Popovski is the Founding Executive Director of the Center for the Study of the UN, Vice Dean (Institution Building) of the Jindal Global Law School, Senior Advisor of the International Institute for Higher Education and Research, and Advisory Council Member of the Office for Inter-Disciplinary Studies at O.P. Jindal Global University. In 2004–2014, he was a Senior Academic Officer, Head of “Peace and Governance” Program at UN University, Tokyo. Prior to that, Co-Director of the EU project “Legal Protection of Individual Rights in Russia” and Assistant Professor, Exeter University, United Kingdom. He has a PhD from King's College London; MSc. from London School of Economics; and BA/MA from Moscow Institute of International Affairs. He has written or edited over 25 books and numerous articles in academic journals.

Büşra Sarı is an energetic and future-oriented Teacher and Researcher residing in Sakarya. She graduated from Selçuk University, Department of Child Development and Education with the first rank. After her graduation, she started her teaching career, completed her Master's degree at Sakarya University, Department of Educational Administration in order to expand her knowledge and experience, and then started her doctoral studies in the same department at Hacettepe University. In addition to her work in the Department of Education, she conducts research on important topics such as leadership, educational management, and climate change. However, she is not limited to the academic world; her personal interests include photography, cycling, and visual design. Buşra SARI strives to maintain a balance between maintaining the seriousness of her profession while not neglecting to explore the joys of life.

Assoc Prof Dr Duygu Sönmez has been serving as a faculty member at Hacettepe University, Department of Science Education, since 2007. She holds a Bachelor's of Science in Biology from Ege University. She completed her Master's and Doctor of Philosophy degrees in Science/Biology Education at the Ohio State University. She has publications both in national and international journals and books such as the International Journal of Science Education, The American Biology Teacher, and International Research in Geographical and Environmental Education. Her research interests focus on biology education, science education, climate change education, teacher professional development, STEM education, and educational technology. Dr Duygu Sönmez participated in projects both in the United States and Türkiye as a Researcher and Project Manager. She continues to serve at Hacettepe University in an administrative capacity as well.

Derya Ulutürk completed her undergraduate studies at Başkent University Faculty of Law in 2019. Since 2021, she has been pursuing her Master's degree in the “Sea and Maritime Law” program at Ankara University Institute of Social Sciences, which is conducted in English. Working as a Researcher within DEHUKAM, Ulutürk is actively engaged in various activities related to education, conferences, and projects within the institution. Currently, she serves as a Marine Environmental Law Expert in the “Project for Capacity Development in Marine Environment Law within the Framework of the Barcelona Convention and Other International Documents” and the “The Project for Exploring Potential Natural Sites with the Aim of Increasing the Protected Areas in Türkiye” conducted in collaboration with the Ministry of Environment, Urbanization and Climate Change. Derya Ulutürk is proficient in advanced English and lower intermediate German.

Amit Upadhyay, Associate Professor, Jindal Global Law School, O. P. Jindal Global University, Sonipat, India. Amit Upadhyay is currently working as an Associate Professor at Jindal Global Law School. He graduated with a BA, LLB (Hons) degree from Amity Law School, New Delhi. He was awarded a prestigious DAAD scholarship to pursue a Master's degree in International Business, Competition, and Regulatory Law from Freie Universität, Berlin, Germany. He recently published a coauthored journal article in the Manchester Journal of Transnational Islamic Law and Practice. His academic and research areas are competition law, international law, human rights law, and constitutional law.

Ellen Wasylina, a multicultural leader who has spent her entire career in France, is a renowned Geopolitical and Geoeconomic Expert, with a true vision and demonstrated leadership in Sustainable Development, be it at the city level (Director of Environment and Sustainable Development), leading a think tank (International Geostrategic Maritime Observatory), being a Senior Expert for a EuropeAid consortium (Tlemcen, Algeria), or teaching in Parisian business schools. She is also a respected author, speaker, commentator, and most recently a podcast producer (Mediterranean Sustainability Partners), reaching audiences in 76 countries in English and French. Her latest endeavor is to train a new generation of leaders in sustainable leadership and diplomacy (Trocadéro Forum Institute). Her life's work and expertise has been largely influenced, inspired by her forefathers in Eastern Europe, from the former Soviet Union sphere via the Caspian, Black, and Mediterranean Seas. With a love for travel, she is passionate about music, Renaissance, and Impressionist arts, fashion, cuisine, and wine. She recently started to write a series of books, entitled “Vignes et Mets: Sustainable and Seasonal Cuisine.”

Preface

When we are approaching the end of the first quarter of the 21st century, humanity faced numerous challenges in global scale. Unfortunately, the world is under the shadow of the Russian–Ukrainian war and Palestine–Israeli conflict trying to adjust itself to untraditional challenges such as digital threats and climate change. I can imagine the feeling when you first read the word of climate change, still suspicious or somehow boring. Even some of the reader audience raised the question: Is climate change real?

This book focuses on the global, social, cultural, and economic problems of climate change and discusses the solutions and steps to be taken to address global climate change. The book contains 13 chapters dealing with different contexts of climate change. In the first chapter, Popovski examines the various impacts of climate change, including its effects on vulnerable communities, public health, migration patterns, economic disparities, and political stability. The chapter argues that combating climate change and addressing its social impacts should be a distinct purpose of the United Nations Organization, in addition to maintaining international peace and security, promoting economic and social development, and respecting and protecting human rights.

Upadhyay and Mehrotra analyze whether a human rights approach can be used to address climate change issues in India. They discuss the debate on the compatibility of aims in addressing climate change and realizing human rights, focusing on climate change issues in Uttarakhand, India. The text discusses the lack of effective adaptation policies and how this impacts the social and economic rights of those living in affected regions. The authors conclude that any strategy aimed at addressing climate change, whether through adaptation or mitigation, must consider the impact on individuals and communities, highlighting the significance of the human rights framework. Erçetin and Sarı present a metaphor to illustrate the dynamic interactions involved in climate change education. They focus on adapting Newton's cradle to the field of climate change education. Açıkalın provides a literature examination on how public policy can be more effective in combating climate change by applying complexity theory in two dimensions: reforming national policies and renewing cosmopolitanism on a local to global scale. By exposing the fragility of traditional models of governance of climate change, Brito set out on a bibliographic survey to enable a rediscovery of practices that promote responsible and socio-environmental justice at the international level. He focusses on conceptual and documentary definitions and presented cases illustrating the socio-environmental impacts of extreme weather events that can lead to or exacerbate forced displacement for environmental reasons. Recognizing that education is one of the most powerful tools we have in combating climate change, Sönmez recommended the use of systems thinking in climate change education and education for sustainable development and proposed a framework in this context. Parallel with Sönmez, Batı discusses climate change, its potential problems, the effects of climate change in Turkey, policies implemented to address it, public awareness of climate change, and teacher education in the context of climate change in Turkey.

Jurgens discusses the “build, shop, work differently” approach and its potential to implement self-contained and sustainable neighborhoods. This can reduce unnecessary daily individual traffic and avoidable pollution. The author analyzes the use of technology and emphasizes the urgency of individual citizen responsibility. Erol and Kaplan examine the compliance of Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality's (IMM) strategic plans for the periods 2015–2019 and 2020–2024 with the 17 Global Development Goals of the United Nations. Their aim is to compare the compatibility of both plans, which were prepared with different political understandings, with the 17 Global Development Goals. The study aims to codify the aims and objectives of IMM's strategic plans in different periods and assess their compliance with the 17 Global Development Goals. Ecer and Güner analyze the measures taken by the EU to address environmental concerns and the impact of climate change within the framework of the EGD. They aimed to evaluate the EU's actions toward achieving a more sustainable environment, with a significant reduction in the negative effects of climate change and harmful gas emissions. Finally, Deniz, Ulutürk, and Başkara examine Turkey's efforts to address climate change both domestically and internationally. They analyze Turkey's climate change policies and legislative developments, with a focus on the government's agenda, legal and institutional frameworks. They also provide a comprehensive overview of Türkiye's political progress on climate change at both the national and international levels.

Editors

Şuay Nilhan Açıkalın and Şefika Şule Erçetin