Access to Housing and Affordability (AFA)

, 176–178

Accountable government

, 167

Affordability (AFA)

, 149–150

Affordable housing (AFH)

, 68, 169

addressing shortage of

, 16–17

attracting political support for

, 20

enhancement of

, 120–121

Programme in Netherlands

, 66

Affordable mix

, 11

Africa’s mixed-income housing development

Botswana Land Tenure Policy

, 76–77

Botswana National Housing Programme

, 77–78

case of Botswana Housing Programme

, 75–76

housing delivery efforts in Nigeria

, 78–80

overview of

, 75–78

SHHA

, 78

African National Congress (ANC)

, 88

Aided self-help’ schemes

, 49

Amenities, attributes of

, 63–64

American housing policies, problems and challenges associated with

, 56–57

American surburbia

, 29–30

Apartheid settlement planning, community-building strategy and corrections of

, 127–128

Appropriation

, 26–27

Asian Pacific Network for Housing Research (APNHR)

, 64

Assisted self-help housing

, 47

Australia

comparing mixed-income housing in United States and

, 64

critique of social mix

, 65

goals of social mix

, 63–64

housing policy and social mix

, 62–63

key priority on government housing policy agenda

, 64

meaning of social mix

, 61–62

mixed-income housing development in

, 61–65

Australia housing programme

, 63

Botswana Housing Programme

case of

, 75–76

policy on social mix

, 76

services on land

, 76

Botswana Land Tenure Policy

, 76–77

Botswana National Housing Programme

, 77–78

Botswana urban land for development

, 76

Brazil

favelas

, 72

good lessons of My House, My Life

, 74–75

housing policies in Brazil

, 73–74

mixed-income housing development in

, 71–75

process of land occupation

, 72–73

Brazilian government’s mass affordable housing programme, The

, 73–74

Break(ing) New Ground (BNG)

, 92, 139, 180

BRIDGE Housing Corporation

, 17–18

British approach

, 61

British Crime Survey

, 37–38

Broad range of incomes

, 11

California Center for Population Research (CCPR)

, 9–10

Case study research approach, application of

, 135

Case study research design

strengths, weaknesses and opportunities of

, 134–135

suitability of

, 133–134

Certificate of Rights (COR)

, 76

City of Johannesburg Inclusionary Housing Policy

, 96–97

City-By-Laws

, 46–47

Codevco

, 136

Coherent government

, 167

Cohesive society

, 37

Common Law Leasehold (CLL)

, 76–77

Commonwealth Housing Commission

, 62–63

Commonwealth–State Housing Agreement (CSHA)

, 62–63

Community Involvement and Participation (CIP)

, 143, 146, 153, 157, 169–173

Community participation

, 145

Community-based organizations (CBOs)

, 44, 98

Community-building strategy and corrections of apartheid settlement planning

, 127–128

Compact cities in developing countries, relevance of

, 30–31

Concentrated deprivation, growing

, 58–59

Concentrated poverty, problem of

, 123

Confirmatory factor analysis

AFA

, 176–178

CIP

, 172–173

IGSC

, 178–179

NSS

, 170–171

OSI

, 175–176

TPAP

, 173–175

as used in mixed-income housing development

, 170–179

Consensus

, 110–111

access to finance

, 119

capacity within government and municipality

, 124–126

collaboration between public and private partnership

, 116–117

delays and long process in getting town planning approval

, 120

enhancement of affordable housing

, 120–121

factors at all spheres of government impact on mixed-income housing

, 121

intergovernmental relations and coordination

, 116

items experts

, 115–127

mixed-income housing development as good and safe place to live/work and play

, 124

mixed-income housing development eradication of informal settlements

, 123

problem of bulk infrastructure

, 124

problem of informal settlements and concentrated poverty

, 123

promotion of integrated human settlements

, 115–116

shift of human settlements from subsidy housing to self-help

, 126–127

strong leadership from government

, 117–118

Constitution Court

, 89–90

Constitution of South Africa, Act 108 of 1996

, 89–90

Construction process

, 48

Conventional mass housing

, 43–44

Conventional thinking

, 133

Corporate Geographical Information of City of Johannesburg

, 137–138

Cosmo City Johannesburg

, 139

application of case studies as research strategy

, 133

application of case study research approach

, 135

case study research

, 131–133

design principles guiding development

, 137–138

location and history

, 135–137

major challenges and achievements

, 139–140

planning of settlements

, 136–137

public–private partnership

, 138

social amenities and infrastructure

, 138–139

strengths, weaknesses and opportunities of case study research design

, 134–135

suitability of case study research design

, 133–134

Cronbach’s alpha

, 169

Culture of poverty

, 35–36

criticism of

, 36

Data analysis

, 104–105

Decision-making process

, 21–22

Delphi approach

, 103

Delphi instruments

, 104–105

Delphi methods

, 4–5, 131–132, 166

Delphi results, analysis of

, 166–169

Delphi study in mixed-income housing development

analysis of result

, 104–114

consensus

, 110–111

dissensus

, 110–111

items experts achieved consensus

, 115–127

items of dissensus

, 127–128

objectives for case study

, 103–104

response rate

, 104

rounds

, 105–106, 110, 113–114

theoretical overview of Delphi technique

, 101–103

Department of Human Settlements of Western Cape (The)

, 142–143

Design principles guiding development

, 137–138

Dissensus

, 110–111

community-building strategy and corrections of apartheid settlement planning

, 127–128

items of

, 127–128

shift of government towards mixed-income housing

, 128

Diversity

, 44–45

Draft National Housing Policy

, 83

Dutch urban policy, The

, 66–67

East and Central European countries (ECE countries)

, 149–150

Economic segregation, growing

, 58–59

Effective government

, 167

Efficiency

, 95

Efficient Market Hypothesis

, 41–42

Emulation, raising living standard through

, 63

Enable market work

, 49

Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)

, 173–175

Europe, housing affordability in

, 65–66

Falsification

, 133–134

Favelas

, 72–74

Filtering Model

, 81–82

Finance Linked Individual Subsidies (FLIPS)

, 137–138

Financial Charter Agreement, The

, 119

FinMark Trust

, 77–78

First National Bank (FNB)

, 137

Fixed Period State Grant (FPSG)

, 76

Fourth Industrial Revolution

, 180

Garden City

, 79

Garden City Movement

, 14–15

Gauteng Provincial Government

, 138

Gentrification

, 22

Ghana

challenges faced in low-income housing delivery in

, 83–85

housing delivery efforts in

, 80–85

inadequate housing in

, 81

Ghana housing deficit statistics

, 83

Ghana Housing Policy

, 83

Ghana housing studies, lessons learnt from

, 85

Ghetto-specific culture

, 53–54

Good administration

, 95

Good school system with amenities

, 170–171

Government

capacity within

, 124–126

leadership from

, 117–118

shift of government towards mixed-income housing

, 128

Government housing policy agenda, key priority on

, 64

Government interventions

, 49

Government policy in England

, 59–60

Government Reserved Areas (GRAs)

, 79

Gross Value Added (GVA)

, 58

Growth Acceleration

, 74–75

High-quality housing

, 18–19

Homeownership and Opportunity for People Everywhere VI Programme (HOPE VI Programme)

, 15, 54–55, 64

redevelopment process

, 21–22

Housing

, 42–46, 84, 143

access to

, 149–150

concept

, 71

environment

, 46–47

market

, 41–42

project development

, 75

research

, 41, 44–45

South Africa’s vision for

, 89

units

, 73–74

Housing Accord

, 88

Housing Act (1937)

, 14

Housing Act (1997)

, 90–93, 96–97

Housing affordability

, 149–150

in Europe

, 65–66

Housing and Urban Development (HUD)

, 11

failure

, 55

HUD-assisted multifamily housing developments

, 11

Housing Code 2000, The

, 88–89

Housing delivery

approach

, 80

challenges faced in low-income housing delivery in Ghana

, 83–85

efforts in Ghana

, 80–85

efforts in Nigeria

, 78–80

Ghana housing deficit statistics

, 83

Ghana Housing Policy

, 83

inadequate housing in Ghana

, 81

lessons learnt from Ghana housing studies

, 85

process

, 88

urbanization and settlements

, 82–83

Housing development

lesson learnt with housing development in Nigeria

, 80

process

, 90–91

Housing Green Paper

, 59–60

Housing Market Renewal Pathfinder

, 57

Housing policy/policies

, 62–63, 71

in Brazil

, 73–74

enable market work and government interventions

, 49

environment

, 46–47, 147–148

evolution of

, 46–50

origin of self-help in housing

, 47–49

self-help housing

, 47

Housing Subsidy System (HSS)

, 92–93

Human Development Index (HDI)

, 75–76

Human settlements from subsidy housing to self-help, shift of

, 126–127

Inadequate housing in Ghana

, 81

Inclusionary Housing Policy

, 96–97, 115–116

Income structures, tenure and design

, 12–13

Informal settlements

mixed-income housing development eradication of

, 123

problem of

, 123

strategies

, 95–96

Innovation

, 180

Institutional perspective of housing research

, 45–46

Integrated Development Plan (IDP)

, 93–94

Integrated human settlements, promotion of

, 115–116

Integrated Rural Development Programme (IRDP)

, 89

Integrated Urban Development Framework (IUDF)

, 173–175

Inter-sectoral collaboration

, 180

Intergovernmental relations and coordination

, 116

Intergovernmental Support and Collaboration (IGSC)

, 142, 150–151, 163–164, 167, 169, 178–179

International Monetary Fund (IMF)

, 49

Interventionist strategies

, 49

Johannesburg Social Housing Company (JOSHCO)

, 138

Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO)

, 169–170

Land

occupation process

, 72–73

services on

, 76

Land Administration Project (LAP)

, 83–84

Lands Department

, 83–84

Leadership from government

, 117–118

Lewis theory

, 36

Litigations

, 83–84

Local Development Documents (LDD)

, 59–60

Local economic development (LED)

, 3–4

Local public housing agencies (LHA)

, 14

Low-cost housing

, 44

Low-cost Housing Provision

, 179

Low-income housing delivery in Ghana

access to land

, 83–84

challenges faced in

, 83–85

housing and mortgage

, 84

regulations guiding building standards

, 85

Low-income inclusion

, 11

Low-Income Tax Credit (LITC)

, 14–15

Management Information System (MIS)

, 133

Market strength

, 168

Market-rate inclusion

, 11

Marxism

, 42–43

Migrant categories

, 43–44

Millennium, Housing Commission, The

, 9–10

Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)

, 126

Ministers’ Council for Social Development (MINMEC)

, 92

Mixed communities

, 60

Mixed-income

, 10–11, 20–21, 68

communities

, 166–167

developments

, 10–11, 52

environment

, 16

policies

, 21–22

Mixed-income housing

, 11, 13, 16–17, 19–20, 68, 103–104, 127–128, 147–148, 150

factors at all spheres of government impact on

, 121

shift of government towards

, 128

in United States and Australia

, 64

units

, 138–139

Mixed-Income Housing Delivery framework

, 152–153

Mixed-Income Housing Delivery model

, 169–170

Mixed-Income Housing Development (MIHD)

, 3, 9, 20, 64, 150–152, 169

addressing negative social behaviours

, 19–20

addressing shortage of affordable housing

, 16–17

attracting political support for affordable housing

, 20

in Brazil

, 71–75

challenge and implication of

, 21–22

cycles of disadvantages and concentrated poverty of urban poor

, 34–36

definitions and meaning

, 9–14

developing high-quality housing

, 18–19

eradication of informal settlements

, 123

framework for

, 4

gentrification

, 22

goal and implication of mixed-income housing

, 15–21

as good and safe place to live/work and play

, 124

history of mixed-income housing policy

, 14–15

housing delivery efforts in Ghana

, 80–85

improvement in social network and avoiding negative behaviour

, 15–16

income structures, tenure and design

, 12–13

lessons learnt from

, 67–68

to mitigate property value and community concerns

, 17–18

mixed-income housing development/neighbourhoods

, 56–57

in Netherland

, 65–67

overview of Africa’s mixed-income housing development

, 75–78

physical determinism

, 26–34

as policy goal and policy

, 60–61

political economy of place

, 38

problems raised in mixed-income study

, 22–23

project and neighbourhood

, 13

providing economic advantage

, 20–21

scale and intentions

, 10–11

social cohesion and social capital

, 37

social control

, 37–38

spatial segregation

, 38–39

sustainability of project

, 13–14

theory and importance in housing research

, 25–26

in United Kingdom

, 57–61

in United States

, 52–57

Mixed-Income Housing Development Framework (MIHDF)

, 152–153

access to housing and affordability

, 149–150

analysis of Delphi results

, 166–169

benefit of framework

, 157–163

CFA as used in mixed-income housing development

, 170–179

CIP

, 143–146

composition and breakdown of variables

, 141–142

development of framework

, 152–153

IGSC

, 150–151

interpretation of model

, 153–157

NSS

, 142–143

OSI

, 148–149

questionnaire survey results

, 169–170

recommendations

, 179–180

TPAP

, 146–148

Mixed-income housing neighborhoods (MIHN)

, 21–22

Moderate-income inclusion

, 11

Modernization Theory

, 49

Mortgage

, 84

Municipality, capacity within

, 124–126

My House, My Life (MHML)

, 74–75

good lessons of

, 74–75

programmes

, 74–75

National Affordable Housing Agreement

, 64

National Building Regulation (NBR)

, 180

National Development Plan (NDP)

, 30, 93–94, 117, 180

National government and Intergovernmental Relations Framework Act, The

, 95–96

National Housing Accord

, 88

National Housing Act (1934)

, 14

National Housing Bank

, 71–72

National Housing Code of 2009

, 92–93

National Housing Forum

, 88

National Housing Law Project, The

, 55

National Housing Programme (NHP)

, 79–80

National Housing Subsidy Database (NHSDB)

, 92–93

National Housing Subsidy Programme

, 89

National Housing Subsidy System (NHSS)

, 92–93

National Housing Summit

, 88

National Low-Income Housing Coalition, The

, 56

National norms and Standard 1999

, 91–92

National Priority Project (NPP)

, 6

National Unity Government, The

, 88

National Upgrading Support Programme (NUSP)

, 117

Nearness to Social Services (NSS)

, 2, 142–143, 169–171

Negative behavior, improvement in social network and avoiding

, 15–16

Negative social behaviours, addressing

, 19–20

Neighbourhood Group/Ward Committee

, 179

Neo-marxist perspectives of housing research

, 42–43

Neoclassical economists

, 41–42

Neoclassical models

, 41–42

Neoclassical perspectives of housing research

, 41–42

Netherland

affordable Housing Programme in Netherlands

, 66

housing affordability in Europe

, 65–66

mixed-income housing development in

, 65–67

new urban housing policy

, 67

New Jersey State Supreme Court

, 14–15

New urban housing policy

, 67

New urbanism

, 28, 30, 54

critique of

, 31–32

developers

, 32

Nigeria

current housing delivery approach

, 80

housing delivery efforts in

, 78–80

lesson learnt with housing development in Nigeria

, 80

National Housing Programme, The

, 79–80

Nigeria Public Housing

, 79

Nigerian housing problems

, 79

Nigerian Institute for Social and Economic Research, The

, 79

NLIHC

, 56

Non-governmental organizations (NGOs)

, 44, 98

Non-marxist perspectives of housing research

, 43–44

Non-profit organizations (NPOs)

, 146

Not in My Backyard (NIMBY)

, 16–18, 96–97, 178–179

Occupant Social Interaction (OSI)

, 148–149, 152, 157, 169, 175–176

One-for-one replacement policy

, 56

Participation

, 26–27

Path dependence

, 32–33

Path dependency theory

, 32–34

Pedestrian-friendly streetscapes

, 28–29

Peoples Housing Process (PHP)

, 98

Petty commodity production

, 44

Philosophical perspectives of housing research

, 41–46

evolution of housing policies

, 46–50

institutional perspective

, 45–46

neo-marxist perspectives

, 42–43

neoclassical perspectives

, 41–42

non-marxist perspectives

, 43–44

social perspective and approaches

, 44–45

Physical determinism

, 26–34

critique of new urbanism

, 31–32

new urbanism

, 28–30

path dependency theory

, 32–34

relevance of compact cities in developing countries

, 30–31

Right to City Model

, 26–28

Physical environment

, 37–38

attributes of

, 63–64

Planning

, 59–60

Policy context, changes in

, 59–60

Political economy

of mixed-income developments

, 151–152

of place

, 38

Politics

, 38

Post-colonial governments

, 47

Poverty

, 36, 58

adverse effects of concentrations of

, 53–54

criticism of culture of poverty concepts

, 36

culture of poverty

, 35–36

cycles of disadvantages and concentrated poverty of urban poor

, 34–36

urban underclass theory

, 34–35

Prevention of Illegal Eviction Act (1988) (PIE)

, 90

Private custodianship

, 54–55

Private partnership, collaboration between public and

, 116–117

Private sectors

, 80

Public housing authorities

, 13

Public Housing Programme

adverse effects of concentrations of poverty

, 53–54

implications of

, 52–54

Public partnership, collaboration between private and

, 116–117

Public–private partnership

, 138

Quality schools

, 13

Regional Spatial Development Framework (RSDF)

, 136

Registered Social Landlords (RSLs)

, 57

Reification of physical models

, 32

Rent Act

, 81–82

Research methods

, 101–102

Research strategy, application of case studies as

, 133

Residential mix

, 64

Right to the City Model

, 26, 28, 144–145

Seamless integration

, 12–13

Self-help, shift of human settlements from subsidy housing to

, 126–127

Self-help housing

, 47

origin of

, 47–49

Self-help Housing Agency (SHHA)

, 78

Site-and-service schemes

, 49

Small, medium and micro enterprise (SMME)

, 180

Smart cities

, 180

Social acceptance

, 63

Social amenities

and infrastructure

, 138–139

and services

, 142–143

Social capital

, 21–22, 37

Social cohesion

, 37

Social control

, 37–38

Social Exclusion Unit

, 58–59

Social Housing Regulatory Authority (SHRA)

, 98

Social integration

, 76

Social mix

, 57, 62–63

attributes of physical environment and amenities

, 63–64

critique of

, 65

goals of

, 63–64

to increase opportunities

, 64

meaning of

, 61–62

policies

, 63–64, 76

raising living standard through emulation

, 63

social acceptance and well-being

, 63

Social network and avoiding negative behavior, improvement in

, 15–16

Social perspective and approaches of housing research

, 44–45

Social Services Support Centres

, 179

South Africa Human Settlement White Paper (1994)

, 146

South Africa’s human settlement drive

, 180

South Africa’s vision for housing

, 89

South African housing goals in relation to sustainable development goals

, 97

South African housing policy and legislative framework

Breaking New Ground 2004

, 92

City of Johannesburg Inclusionary Housing Policy

, 96–97

Constitution of South Africa, Act 108 of 1996

, 89–90

explanation of term adequate housing

, 87

gaps identified in literature and contributions of study

, 98–99

lessons learnt from review of literature

, 97–98

National Development Plan of 2012

, 93–94

National Housing Code of 2009

, 92–93

National Housing Subsidy Programme

, 89

national norms and Standard 1999

, 91–92

navigating South African Housing Policy

, 88

negotiating South African Housing Policy Pre-1994

, 88

prevention of Illegal Eviction Act

, 90

South Africa’s Vision for Housing

, 89

South African Housing Goals in Relation to SDGs

, 97

South African Housing Policy of 1994

, 88–99

Spatial Planning and Land Use Management Act

, 94–96

The Housing Act

, 90–91

South African human settlement environment

, 5–6

Spatial determinism

, 31–32

Spatial Development Frameworks (SDFs)

, 93–94

Spatial justice

, 95

Spatial planning and Land Use Management Act 16 of 2013 (SPLUMA)

, 94–96

Spatial resilience

, 95

Spatial segregation

, 38–39

Spatial sustainability

, 95

Structural Equation Model (SEM)

, 2, 152, 169

Subsidy housing to self-help, shift of human settlements from

, 126–127

Survey

, 166

method

, 4–5

Sustainability

concept

, 141

of project

, 13–14

Sustainable Human Settlements Development

, 97

Tenure land reform system

, 77

Tenure reforms

, 76–77

Theory and importance in housing research

, 25–26

Theory testing

, 4–5

Town planning approval, delays and long process in getting

, 120

Town Planning Approval and Policy (TPAP)

, 146, 148, 169, 173, 175

Traditional neighbourhood design (TND)

, 54

Traffic Impact Assessment (TIA)

, 173–175

Transparent government

, 167

Triangulation

, 134

Tribal land allocation process

, 78

UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs report

, 97

UN Habitat Agenda (1996)

, 145

UN publication Urban Society

, 38–39

UN-Habitat report (2013)

, 72

Underclass

, 34

United Kingdom

changes in policy context

, 59–60

growing economic segregation and concentrated deprivation

, 58–59

mixed-income housing development as policy goal and policy

, 60–61

mixed-income housing development in

, 57–61

mixed-income housing development in Australia

, 61–65

United Nations, The

, 145

United Nations Department of Economic, Social and Cultural Rights

, 143

United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE)

, 94–95

United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-HABITAT)

, 80–81

United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

, 97, 126

South African housing goals in relation to

, 97

United States

comparing mixed-income housing in Australia and

, 64

concept

, 54–55

criticisms

, 55–56

HOPE VI Programme

, 54

implications of Public Housing Programme

, 52–54

mixed-income housing development in the

, 52–57

problems and challenges associated with American housing policies

, 56–57

United States Department of Housing and Urban Development

, 14

United States Housing Act (1937)

, 14

Upgrading Informal Settlements Programme (UISP)

, 117

Urban Dynamics Pty Ltd

, 136

Urban Institute, The

, 56

Urban Land Institute

, 17–18

Urban poor, cycles of disadvantages and concentrated poverty of

, 34–36

Urban underclass theory

, 34–35

Urbanism

, 18–19

Urbanization and settlements

, 82–83

Variables, composition and breakdown of

, 141–142

Ventilated improved pit (VIP)

, 92

Wegner–Steagall Housing Act

, 14

Well-being

, 63

White Paper policy, The

, 88

World Bank

, 49

enablement housing strategies

, 49