Index
Ingrid R.G. Waldron
(McMaster University, Canada)
ISBN: 978-1-80382-442-0, eISBN: 978-1-80382-441-3
Publication date: 25 November 2024
This content is currently only available as a PDF
Citation
Waldron, I.R.G. (2024), "Index", From the Enlightenment to Black Lives Matter: Tracing the Impacts of Racial Trauma in Black Communities from the Colonial Era to the Present, Emerald Publishing Limited, Leeds, pp. 113-117. https://doi.org/10.1108/978-1-80382-441-320241008
Publisher
:Emerald Publishing Limited
Copyright © 2025 Ingrid R.G. Waldron
INDEX
Abnormality
, 54
Acupuncture
, 66
African American women
, 48, 74
African Americans
, 27, 29
African Canadian women
, 64
African Caribbean people
, 27–28
in Canada
, 54
African indigenous knowledge
, 21
African Nova Scotians
, 34
caregiver
, 76
community
, 60, 77
Africans
, 16
African-born mental health clinicians
, 80
African-centred scholars
, 21
psychology of
, 17
American Psychological Association, The
, 37
Anthropologists
, 8
Anthropology
, 9
Anti-Black police violence
, 41
traumatising aftereffects of
, 37–41
Anti-Black racism
, 7, 99
mental health impacts of
, 32–37
Anti-colonial theory
, 9–10, 13, 19–22, 87, 99
Anti-social personality disorders
, 72
Anxiety disorders
, 48
Asian people
, 26
Attention deficit hyperactive disorder (ADHD)
, 42
Australia, indigenous/aboriginal peoples of
, 17
Behavioural cognitive therapy
, 71
Biological reductionism
, 21
Biomeridian testing
, 66
Black African people
, 35
Black bodies
, 99
in psychiatric imagination
, 16–19
Black Canadians
, 6, 10, 25
communities
, 11
Black Caribbean participants
, 29
Black Caribbean people
, 35
Black cisgender LGBTQ peers
, 51
Black community
, 3, 6, 10, 58, 89, 98
mental illness experiences in
, 41–51
seeking help for and coping experiences with mental illness in
, 63–78
Black Lives Matter (BLM)
, 31
black pain, black rage
, 32–37
criminal justice and policing
, 37
education
, 34–35
employment
, 33–34
environmental racism
, 36
experiences of mental illness in black communities
, 41–51
immigrant and refugee status
, 35–36
income
, 34
montreal
, 25
movement
, 11, 24, 37–41
psychology of oppression
, 31–32
Black masculinity
, 75
Black Matriarch, The
, 43
Black men
, 23, 75
Black mental health professionals
, 96
Black mothers
, 48
Black pain
, 32–37
Black people
, 1–2, 17–18, 28, 32
in Canada
, 33
in Nova Scotia
, 33
Black Power movement
, 38
Black protest movements
, 38
Black rage
, 32–37
Black resistance movements
, 38
Black transgender men
, 51
Black transgender women (BTW)
, 49
Black women
, 43–50, 61
coping styles
, 74
in Toronto
, 64
Black youth
, 63, 97
in Hamilton
, 95
in Hamilton study
, 94
Boasian culture
, 8
British African Caribbean people
, 28
British transcultural psychiatry
, 9
CAMH
, 7, 37
Canada, black communities in
, 10
Canadian Public Health Association (CPHA)
, 4–5
Canadian research
, 7
Cannabis psychosis
, 26
Care, pathways to
, 24–25
Caribbean
Black people in
, 27
community in Toronto
, 55
immigrants and refugees
, 7
people in Toronto
, 57
Charades and Masquerades
, 8–9
Civil Rights Movement
, 38
Clinical environment, addressing politics of difference in
, 81–85
Cognitive behavioural therapy
, 81
Colonial legacies
, 99
Colonialism
, 16, 20, 57
Colour-blind approach
, 9
Common-sense’ knowledge in psychiatry, interrogating
, 80–81
Community leaders
, 62
Community outreach
, 97
Community–based approaches
, 98
Comparative psychiatry
, 8–9
Complex racial trauma (CoRT)
, 2
Comprehensive linguistic competence strategy
, 93
Comprehensive mental health services
, 95
Conceptual incarceration’ of Black people
, 32
Coping strategies
, 73, 75
in Black communities
, 53
for LGBTQ
, 72
with mental illness in black communities
, 63–78
Criminal justice
and policing
, 37
system
, 44
Criminalisation process
, 37
of Black people
, 38
Cultural competency
, 81, 91
approaches
, 12, 79–80, 82
Cultural Darwinism
, 8
Cultural depression
, 32
Cultural dominance
, 3
Cultural evolutionism
, 8
Cultural psychiatry
, 9
Cultural racism
, 3
Culture in psychiatry, subsuming race within
, 8–9
Dance
, 85
Darwinian theory
, 8
Decolonisation
, 20
Depression
, 45–46, 72
Descartes, Rene
, 21
Diagnostic process
, 25
for Black people
, 25
Direct racial trauma
, 4
Discourse
, 14–15
Dispossession
, 3
Distal determinants
, 6
Dominant discourses
, 15
Double stigma
, 73
Drapetomania
, 26
East Preston
, 6
Education
, 7, 34–35
community outreach and
, 97
system
, 57, 80
Employment
, 33–34
Enslavement
, 3
Environmental racism
, 36
Ethnic healing
, 90
Ethno-medicine
, 20
Euro-Western discourse
, 20
European values
, 16
Europeans
, 8, 17–19, 32
‘Examination’ process
, 15
Fanon, Frantz
, 9, 16, 21, 32, 80, 87
Fernando, Suman
, 1
Folk medicine
, 20
Folk psychologies
, 20
Foucault, Michel
, 15, 21
concept of discourse
, 15
post-structuralist concept of language/discourse
, 14
Generalised anxiety disorder (GAD)
, 33
Genocide
, 3, 91
‘Group minds’
, 17
Halifax Regional Municipality
, 45, 64
Hamilton
, 42
study
, 94–95
Healing Ethno and Racial Trauma framework (HEART framework), The
, 90
Health
care system
, 84
disparities
, 6, 32
education and training
, 88–89
outcomes in marginalized communities
, 82
professionals
, 79, 81–82
workforce
, 95–97
‘Healthy immigrant effect’
, 35
Help-seeking
in Black communities
, 53
with mental illness in black communities
, 63–78
Historical trauma
, 6
Homosexuality
, 26
Hooks, Bell
, 20
Human sexuality
, 18
Immigrant and refugee status
, 35–36
Imperial power
, 14
Impostor phenomenon (IP)
, 50
Income
, 34
Indigenous
, 20
communities
, 6
knowledge
, 20
Indirect racial trauma
, 4
Individual Program Plans
, 35
Individual racism
, 2
Institute of Psychiatry
, 27
Institutional racism
, 2, 23
Institutionalisation of racism
, 87
Interdisciplinary health education and training
, 88
Intergenerational trauma
, 44
Intermediate determinants
, 6
International Congress in Transcultural Psychiatry
, 9
Intimate partner violence (IPV)
, 47
Isolated coping
, 76
Language/discourse concept
, 14
LGBTQ individuals
, 49
Life course approach
, 2
Linguistic competence
, 82, 93
Madness
, 14
of slaves
, 26
Marginality
, 20
Medical gaze
, 22
Mental health
clinicians
, 89
impacts of anti-black racism
, 32–37
policy
, 98
services
, 12, 92–95, 97
system
, 80, 98–99
theories of moral degeneracy
, 14
Mental illness
, 38, 48, 54, 60, 77
in black communities
black men
, 50–51
black women
, 43–50
experiences of mental illness in black communities
, 41
experiences seeking help for and coping with mental illness in black communities
, 63–78
implications for
, 4–7
perceptions and beliefs about
, 53–62
Meta-analysis
, 24
Metzl, Jonathan
, 28
Mind-body dualism
, 21
Mindfulness
, 66
Mongolism
, 16, 18
Mood disorders
, 48
Multilevel approach to addressing racial trauma in black communities
clinical practice
, 89–92
community outreach and education
, 97
community-based approaches
, 98
health education and training
, 88–89
health workforce
, 95–97
mental health policy
, 98
mental health services
, 92–95
mental health system
, 98–99
research
, 89
Music
, 65, 85
Native American people
, 1
Natural consciousness of Black people
, 32
Negative mental health
, 40
Nigerian culture
, 68
Noble savage’ theory
, 87
Non-Western societies
, 14
Non-White peoples
, 9
Normality
, 54
North Preston
, 6
Nova Scotia
, 6, 28
African descent in
, 83
Black people in
, 33, 47
Halifax Regional Municipality in
, 45
help-seeking in
, 47
Ontario
, 7
Black youth in
, 54, 77
mental illness and help-seeking in
, 42
native-born populations in
, 74
Oppression, psychology of
, 31–32
Organized system
, 3
Pathways to care
, 24–25
Perceived racial discrimination
, 49
Perceptions
, 56
Persistent-traumatic stress disorder
, 2
Policing, criminal justice and
, 37
Politics
of diagnosis
, 25–29
of race
, 25–29
Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
, 2, 33, 36, 48, 68, 72
Proximal determinants
, 6
Psychiatric diagnoses
, 23
racialisation of
, 25–29
Psychiatric imagination, Black body in
, 16–19
Psychiatric imperialism, interrogating
, 14–15
Psychiatric knowledge
, 80
Psychiatry
, 13, 16, 18
challenge to psychiatry’s colonial legacy
, 19–22
interrogating common-sense’ knowledge in
, 80–81
subsuming race within Culture in
, 8–9
Psychoanalytic emphasis
, 31
Psychology of oppression
, 31–32
Psychopathologies
, 72
assessment
, 17
Public health
, 37
Race
, 9, 3, 38
within culture in psychiatry
, 8–9
race-based discrimination
, 33
race-based stigma
, 74
race-informed therapeutic approach. 90
in transcultural psychiatry
, 9
Racial discrimination
, 2, 4
Racial infection’ theory
, 18
Racial profiling
, 4–5, 83
procedures
, 40
Racial stereotypes
, 26
Racial trauma
, 2–7, 90
Racial violence
, 2
Racialised communities
, 4
‘Racialization of poverty’
, 34
of psychiatric diagnoses
, 23, 25–29, 88
Racism
, 3, 9, 20, 47
in transcultural psychiatry
, 9
Refugee status
, 35–36
Representational system
, 18
Research
, 89
Restrictive educational environments
, 35
Schizophrenia
, 23
Scientific racism
, 87
Sexual orientation stigma
, 74
Shelburne
, 77
African Nova Scotian communities in
, 36
Skin colour
, 16
Slavery
, 18
Slaves
, 26
Social support networks
, 64
‘Spiritual sickness’
, 59
Stereotypes of Black people
, 23–24, 27
Stigma
, 73
Stress
, 48
stress-related diseases
, 44–45
Strong Black Woman myth
, 50
Structural anti-Black racism
, 31
Structural competency
, 81, 89, 91–92
Structural competency approach
, 79, 84, 92
addressing politics of difference in clinical environment
, 81–85
contested knowledge
, 80–81
Structural determinants
, 5, 81
of health
, 6–7, 32, 36, 93
Structural humility
, 83
Structural racism
, 5, 89
Structural vulnerability
, 83
Superwoman Schema (SWS)
, 74
Systematic literature review
, 24
The Age of Enlightenment
, 16, 99
anti-colonial theory
, 19–22
black body in psychiatric imagination
, 16–19
interrogating psychiatric imperialism
, 14–15
The medical model of illness
, 21
The Prestons
, 6, 36
The racialization of poverty
, 34
Toronto
, 6, 24, 72
Black women in
, 64
Caribbean community in
, 55
study
, 29
Transcultural psychiatry
, 9
Trauma
, 2, 45
Trauma-informed care (TIC)
, 91
Traumatic retention
, 2
UK, black communities in
, 10
UN Universal Declaration of Human Rights, The (1948)
, 8
United Nations General Assembly
, 32
US Civil Rights Movement
, 9
US physicians
, 79
USA, black communities in
, 10
Waldron, Ingrid
, 5–6, 9, 16, 20
Welfare Mother stereotype, The
, 44
Western belief system
, 81
Western culture
, 14
Western medicine
, 14, 54
Western psychiatry
, 14
Western societies
, 14
White African Caribbean people
, 28
White people
, 1
White racism
, 38
Wittkower, Eric
, 9
Youth
, 55
- Prelims
- Introduction
- Chapter 1. The Age of Enlightenment: The Roots of Racism in Psychiatry
- Chapter 2. How Representations of Race Inform Pathways to Care and Psychiatric Diagnoses
- Chapter 3. Black Lives Matter: The Public Health Crisis of Anti-Black Racism
- Chapter 4. Perceptions and Beliefs About Mental Illness in Black Communities and How They Influence Help-seeking and Coping
- Chapter 5. Structural Competency: Moving Beyond Cultural Competency in the Mental Health System
- Conclusion: A Multilevel Approach to Addressing Racial Trauma in Black Communities
- References
- Index