Index

Citation

(2022), "Index", Dralega, C.A. and Napakol, A. (Ed.) COVID-19 and the Media in Sub-Saharan Africa: Media Viability, Framing and Health Communication, Emerald Publishing Limited, Leeds, pp. 249-257. https://doi.org/10.1108/978-1-80382-271-620221014

Publisher

:

Emerald Publishing Limited

Copyright © 2022 Carol Azungi Dralega and Angella Napakol

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INDEX

Note: Page numbers followed by “n” indicate notes.

Access

, 48

Addis Zemen

, 130

Advanced Market Commitment (AMC)

, 181

Advertising

, 60

Afan Oromoo (Berriisa)

, 51

Africa, political economy of print media in

, 49–50

Africa Task Force for Coronavirus (AFTCOR)

, 128

risk communications workgroup

, 129

African Centre for Media Excellence (ACME)

, 16, 117

African diaspora

context

, 198–200

diasporic and trans-national media consumption

, 201–202

findings

, 204–212

method

, 203–204

African media

, 130

African Union (AU)

, 128

Aftenposten

, 15

Agence France-Presse (AFP)

, 121

Al Alam (weekly newspaper)

, 51

Alpha Media Holdings (AMH)

, 60, 62, 70

Amharic (Addis Zemen daily newspaper)

, 51

Apostolic Faith

, 184

Application Programming Interface (APIs)

, 14

Artemesia Afra

, 169

Artemisia

, 169

Association of Kenyan in Norway (AKIN)

, 209

AstraZeneca

, 181–182, 194

Attitudes

, 80

Audiences

, 48

Behaviour change

, 80

communication

, 165

conceptual framework

, 165–173

findings and analysis

, 175–177

methodology

, 173–175

models and theories

, 172

sources

, 81

theoretical framework

, 81–83

Behaviour uptake

, 185–186

Behavioural approach

, 166

Behavioural change

, 101

Bergens

, 15

Biases

, 158–160

Biomediatization

, 118

Biomedical authority model

, 119

Boda bodas, 85n3

British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC)

, 6

British Cultural Studies

, 201

Bukedde

, 120

Business models

, 17

Camera shots

, 173

Capital (weekly newspaper)

, 37, 51–53, 56

Case study approach

, 51

Caution

, 140

CBS radio

, 41–44

Centre for Disease Control (CDC)

, 78, 103, 128

ChimpReports

, 4

conceptual framework

, 5–8

content formats, quality, and genre

, 11–14

findings

, 10–14

limitations and delimitations

, 9–10

methodology

, 8–9

recommendations

, 17–18

subscription packages for

, 11

China National Offshore Oil Corporation (CNOOC)

, 17

Chronicle, The

, 62, 69

Citizen, The

, 130

Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations (CEPI)

, 181

Coding

, 9

Cognitive dissonance

, 185–186

framework of

, 81–83

Colour

, 173

Commercial radio in Uganda

, 36–37

data analysis

, 41–42

data collection

, 41

limitation

, 45

media coverage of pandemics

, 37–38

methodology

, 41

presentation of results

, 42–43

radio models in Uganda

, 38–39

results

, 43–45

theoretical framework

, 39–41

Communication

, 118

systems

, 40

Community engagement

, 129

Community media

, 20

Community radio model

, 38–39

Consecutive-day sampling

, 41

Conspiracy theories

, 81

Consultancy

, 57

Contra flows

, 202

Conventional business models (see Mixed model)

Cooperation

, 136–137

Coping

in journalism

, 152

mechanisms and challenges in dealing with mental health issues

, 152–154

strategies and opportunities

, 55

theory

, 152–154

Copying mechanisms

, 160–161

Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)

, 35, 77–78, 100, 131

burial problem

, 106

challenges

, 24

coverage

, 149

devastation

, 21

digitalisation, threats and opportunities

, 71–72

global economic effects

, 61

lockdown

, 200

news

, 43

pandemic

, 14, 60, 63

preventive measures

, 150–151

symptoms

, 180

vaccine development and future of prevention

, 177

vaccine perception and influence on uptake of vaccine

, 184–185

virus in South Africa

, 164

Coronavirus Task Forces

, 128

COVAX

, 181–182

Covid policing

, 110

Covidex, 87n4

Credibility

, 77, 79

literature review

, 83–84

methodology

, 84–86

results

, 86–96

sources

, 81

Credit cards

, 12–13

Critical political economy theory

, 40

Cross-sectional design

, 154

Cues to action

, 172

Cultural beliefs

, 169

Cultural empowerment

, 172

Cultural identity

, 172

Culture

, 211–212

Culture of free

, 4, 13, 16–17

Daily Monitor (DM)

, 16, 120–121, 153

Daily Nation

, 130

Death

, 105–107

Debit cards

, 12–13

Deductive analysis approach

, 101

Democracy

, 48

Design

, 173

Desk stories

, 42

Diaspora

, 201

Digital divide

, 209

Digital non-proficiency

, 209

Digital subscription

, 17

Digitalisation

, 71–72

Disclosures

, 158–160

Discourse

, 173

Distribution

, 173

Diversity

, 205

Duopoly

, 66

Durban, 106n8

Ebola outbreak

, 150

Econet

, 62

Economic frame

, 123

Economist, The

, 6

Editing

, 173

Education

, 137–138, 185

Educational approach

, 166

Elaboration Likelihood Model (ELM)

, 173

Emotion-focused approach

, 152

Encephalitis

, 183

English language print media

, 101

Entertainment education (EE)

, 164

via health promotion

, 165–166

Ethiopia, political economy of print media in

, 50–51

Ethiopian economy

, 48

Ethiopian Herald (daily newspaper)

, 51

Ethiopian media

, 48

Ethiopian Media Authority

, 52

Ethiopian Newspaper Industry

, 48

conceptual framework

, 48–49

conventional challenges of print media

, 54–55

coping strategies and opportunities

, 55

digital shift

, 54

factors affecting newspapers’ distribution

, 52–53

methodology

, 51–52

networking stakeholders and event organisation

, 56–57

newspapers repurpose online content for survival

, 55–56

political economy of print media in Africa

, 49–50

political economy of print media in Ethiopia

, 50–51

reading habit and circulation issues

, 53–54

Ethiopian Press Authority (EPA)

, 51

Event organisation

, 56–57

Expanded Programme on Immunisation (EPI)

, 183

Expectations

, 172

Experience discourse

, 119

Extended Parallel Process model (EPPM model)

, 101

Facebook

, 8, 84–85

Fear

, 139, 142

Fear appeals

, 99–100

framing of COVID-19

, 105–111

framing theory

, 102–103

and media messaging

, 101–102

methodology

, 103–105

Federal Association of Digital Publishers and Newspaper Publishers (BDZV)

, 65

Feminist media

, 20

COVID-19 and feminist women-owned media/organisations in context

, 21–23

impact of COVID-19 on journalists, programmes and media viability

, 25–31

methodology

, 25

political economy of feminist media/organisations during COVID-19 pandemic

, 23–25

resilience, agency and creativity key to minority media viability

, 31–32

Financial Times

, 7, 15

Firm

, 60

5G cellular networks

, 81

Frame building

, 103

Frames

, 40–41, 102

Framing

, 40

devices

, 104

theory

, 102–103, 132

Framing of COVID-19

, 105

death

, 105–107

findings

, 121–125

health and pandemics

, 118–119

law enforcement and punishment

, 110–111

methodology

, 119–121

overwhelmed hospitals

, 109–110

science

, 108–109

theoretical perspectives

, 117–119

war

, 107–108

Freemium paywall

, 4–5, 15

Gates Foundation

, 181

Gauteng, 110n9

Gender-Based Violence (GBV)

, 29

Generic frames

, 103

Google Sheets

, 9

Government measures

, 134–136

Government subsidies

, 55

Graphic images

, 102

Guardian

, 6

H-Metro

, 62

Hard news

, 43

Health behaviors

, 169

Health Belief Model (HBM)

, 172

Health care professional (HCP)

, 166

Health communication

approaches

, 166

social and cultural barriers to health communication in South Africa

, 168–169

Health journalism

, 119

Health literacy

, 171

Health messages

, 164

Health promotion

, 164

EE via

, 165–166

Health promotional campaigns

in South Africa

, 174–175

used to create COVID-19 awareness

, 174

Hepatitis A

, 183

Hepatitis B

, 183

Herald, The

, 62–63

Herd immunity

, 181

Hesitancy

, 183

Hope

, 102, 140–141

IMDI

, 199

Immigrant

, 201

Immigrants outside institutional (VOX) provisions

, 207–212

Incident Management System

, 128

Income Generating Activities (IGA)

, 31

Incoming revenue

, 5–6

Indigenous language newspapers

, 72–73

Individual and social biases of mental health and journalists

, 151–152

Infodemics

, 165

Information

, 198–200

access

, 200

literacy

, 83

Institutionally mediated information

, 204–207

Integration

, 201–202

Intensive Care Units (ICUs)

, 116

Inter alia

, 173

Internet

, 80

penetration in Uganda

, 8

Issue-specific frames

, 103

Job losses, salary cuts and stress

, 72

Journalism

, 148

Journalistic professionalism

, 49

Journalists

, 26, 148–150

experiences

, 158

individual and social biases of

, 151–152

mental health

, 150–151

obstacles and work

, 26–27

Ugandan

, 151

Kenya Audience Research Foundation (KARF)

, 4

Kenyan Student Association in Norway (KESAN)

, 209

Knowledge

, 80

Kwayedza

, 63

Law enforcement and punishment

, 110–111

Lifestyle frame (see Patience-consumer model)

Literacy levels

, 164

in South Africa

, 171–172

Lockdowns

, 164

Magazines

, 57

Manica Post, The

, 62

March data

, 121

Marginalisation

, 198–200

Mass media

, 40, 130

Media

, 79, 100, 116, 198–200

convergence

, 67

coverage of pandemics

, 37–38

economics and economics of print media industry

, 63–65

economy

, 60

framing

, 132

houses

, 14, 62–63, 153

hybridisation

, 58

industry

, 61

market

, 66

market structure

, 49

messaging

, 101–102

organisations

, 153

outlets

, 21, 24

products

, 67

representation

, 198

roles to society

, 39

theoretical perspectives on media framing of COVID-19 pandemic

, 117–119

viability

, 4, 6, 23–24

viability, resilience, agency and creativity key to minority

, 31–32

Medical approach

, 166

Meningococcal

, 183

Mental health

, 148

coping theory

, 152–154

findings

, 155–161

individual and social biases of

, 151–152

methodology

, 154–155

research objectives and questions

, 149

review of literature

, 149–152

Mental illness

, 151

Messenger

, 15

Microsoft Excel

, 9

Misconception

, 184

Misinformation

, 77, 79, 164–168

literature review

, 83–84

methodology

, 84–86

results

, 86–96

sources

, 81

theoretical framework

, 81–83

Mixed model

, 48

Mixed-methods approach

, 8, 186

Mobile Telecom Network (MTN)

, 14

Mobility of media

, 202

MobiNews

, 62

Mode

, 173

Monopoly

, 48

Mulago hospital, 156n1

Multimedia storytelling

, 12

Multimodal

, 173

Mumps

, 183

Myths

, 166–168, 184

Namibia

, 100, 104

National frames

, 121–124

National Institute for Communicable Diseases (NICD)

, 175

Nationalism

, 138–139

Ndlovu Youth Choir

, 174

Netflix

, 15

Netherlands Embassy

, 29

Networking stakeholders

, 56–57

New Vision (NV)

, 16, 120–121

New York Times

, 6–7, 15

News in legacy media

, 36

News production

, 103

News-Day

, 62

Newspapers

, 60, 120

industry

, 47

repurpose online content for survival

, 55–56

Norway

, 198

Norwegian Labour and Welfare Administration (NAV)

, 209

Norwegian language barrier and recourse to diasporic media

, 211

Norwegian public broadcaster (NRK)

, 208

NVivo

, 120

Observer, The

, 16

Oligopoly

, 66

Online audiences

, 20

Orientalism

, 202

Other

, 202

Otherness

, 202

Overwhelmed hospitals

, 109–110

Ownership

, 48

Pandemics

misinformation, media, trust and credibility during

, 79

and outbreaks of disease

, 148

Patience-consumer model

, 119, 123

Patient-centred care, elements of

, 170–171

Paywalls

, 5, 13, 18

PEN-3 Model

, 172–173

Perceived barriers

, 172

Perceived benefits

, 172

Perceived severity

, 172

Perceived susceptibility

, 172

Perceptions

, 185–186

of vaccines for disease prevention

, 183–184

Photo books

, 57

Photograph exhibitions

, 57

Police enforcement

, 124–125

Political economy (PE)

, 23

in Africa

, 49–50

in Ethiopia

, 50–51

of feminist media/organisations during COVID-19 pandemic

, 23–25

of media theory

, 5, 31

of newspaper industry

, 65–67

of print media

, 48–49

Political economy theory

, 40

Political parallelism

, 49

Political/economy frame

, 119

Post-COVID-19 feminist media viability

, 30–31

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

, 148

Poverty

, 164

Pre-COVID-19

, 21

Prejudice

, 166–168

Preparedness frame

, 123

Press Emblem Campaign (2021)

, 150

Press models (see Mixed model)

PressReader

, 104

Print media

, 48–49, 51

Print newspaper industry

, 60

findings

, 68–73

media economics and economics of print media industry

, 63–65

media houses

, 62–63

methodology

, 68

theory of firm and political economy of newspaper industry

, 65–67

Priority groups

, 182

Private media

, 67

Private-owned commercial radio model

, 38

Problem-focused approach

, 152

Production

, 173

Psychological distress

, 148

Public health

, 77, 79

Public sphere model

, 119, 125

Public trust

, 81

Publication of books

, 57

Purposive sampling

, 9, 133

Qualitative content analysis technique

, 103–104, 132

Qualitative data

, 9

Qualitative semi-structured open-ended interviews

, 68

Qualitative social semiotic multimodal content analysis

, 173

Quantitative data

, 9

Quantitative methods

, 41

Questionnaire

, 9

R Square change

, 89

Radio models in Uganda

, 38–39

Radio news in Uganda

, 36

Radio Sanyu

, 37

Radio Uganda

, 36–37

Reader revenue approach

, 4, 16

Regression analysis

, 194

Relationships

, 172

Religious dialogue

, 211–212

Religious frame

, 123

Reporter filed stories

, 42

Reporting pandemics

, 149–150

Resilience

, 31–32, 156–158

Reuters Digital News Report (2019)

, 7

Rhetorical devices

, 104

Risk communication

, 129, 198

and misinformation during pandemics

, 79–80

Rubella

, 183

Rwanda Development Board (RDB)

, 29

Rwanda Governance Board (RGB)

, 30

Scaremongering

, 139–140

Science

, 108–109

communication

, 80

Self-efficacy

, 102, 172

Self-reflection

, 124–125

Sensationalised descriptions

, 102

Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)

, 150

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)

, 100, 188

Short message service (SMS)

, 62

Sidamigna (Bekalccio)

, 51

Social approach

, 166

Social awareness

, 174

Social barriers

, 166–168

Social cognitive model of media discourse analysis

, 203–204

Social media

, 8, 30, 129–130, 194

Sociality

, 211–212

Socio-cultural factors

, 168

Solidarity

, 124–125

Sound-byte stories

, 42, 44

South Africa

, 100

COVID-19 virus in

, 164–165

health promotional campaigns in

, 174–175

literacy levels in

, 171–172

social and cultural barriers to health communication in

, 168–169

South African National Editors’ Forum (SANEF)

, 61

South African newspapers

, 130

Southern Eye, The

, 62

Standard, The

, 62

Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs)

, 22, 78

State authorities

, 128

country contexts

, 131

findings

, 141–142

framing theory

, 132

methodology

, 132–134

presentation of findings

, 134–141

research questions

, 131

State intervention

, 49

State-owned radio model

, 38

Statistical models

, 180

Stavanger

, 15

Stigma

, 151, 153, 158–160, 166–168

Subaltern Speaks

, 209–211

Subscription

, 11–13

Subsidy

, 48

Sunday Mail, The

, 62

Sunday News, The

, 62

Supportive families

, 160

Tanzania Media Women’s Association (TAMWA)

, 22–23, 27, 30–31

Technical devices

, 104

Telecel

, 62

Telegram

, 15

Telegraph, The

, 7

Text/words

, 173

The Other Voice (TOV)

, 22

Theme development technique

, 133–134

Theoretical triangulation

, 174

Theory of firm

, 65–67

Tigrigna (Wegahita)

, 51

Traditional market model of advertising

, 48

Traditional medicine perspectives

, 169–170

Traditional newspaper business model

, 69–71

Transcription

, 9

Transnationalism

, 202

Trials

, 156–158

Tribulations

, 156–158

Trust

, 79

sources

, 81

theoretical framework

, 81–83

Typography

, 173

Uganda

, 116, 182

as case study

, 116–117

Uganda Broadcasting Service

, 36

Uganda Christian University Research Ethics Committee (UCUREC)

, 154

Uganda Communications Commission (UCC)

, 12–13, 38

Uganda Media Women’s Association (UMWA)

, 22

Ugandan journalists, meaning of mental health to

, 155–156

Ugandan media

, 117

UMthunywa

, 63

Unemployment

, 164

United Kingdom (UK)

, 7

United States (US)

, 5

Vaccination

, 183–184

Vaccine Alliance

, 181

Vaccine Hesitancy

, 182–183

Vaccines

, 181

cognitive dissonance, perception and behaviour uptake

, 185–186

methodology

, 186–187

objectives/research questions

, 182

results

, 187–193

review of literature

, 182–185

Video-On-Demand platforms

, 15

Visual formats

, 7

Voksenopplæring (VOX)

, 202

African diasporic (immigrant) voices at

, 206–207

perspectives

, 204–206

Wall Street Journal

, 7

War

, 107–108

Washington Post, The

, 7

Western frames

, 121–124

Western medicine perspectives

, 169–170

WhatsApp

, 8, 15, 84–85

Women in the News (WiN)

, 29

Women Media Owners for Change (WMOC)

, 22–23, 30–31

Women-owned media/organisations

, 20

Women’s faint voices, forced to re-programme amidst digital shifts to reach

, 28–30

Work

, 118

World Health Organization (WHO)

, 78, 100, 103, 129, 148, 169, 181

‘Year of the Paywall’ as newspapers

, 5

Yearbooks

, 57

Youth

, 83–84

Zemen magazine

, 51

Zimbabwe

, 184

print newspaper industry in

, 60, 67

Zimbabwe African National Union–Patriotic Front (ZANU-PF)

, 67

Zimbabwe Independent, The

, 62

Zimbabwe Mass Media Trust

, 62

Zimbabwe Newspapers Group (1980) Ltd

, 60

Zimpapers

, 62–63, 65, 67, 70

Bulawayo branch

, 69, 72

ZTE

, 62