Index
Strategic Entrepreneurial Ecosystems and Business Model Innovation
ISBN: 978-1-80382-138-2, eISBN: 978-1-80382-137-5
Publication date: 23 May 2022
This content is currently only available as a PDF
Citation
(2022), "Index", Ratten, V. (Ed.) Strategic Entrepreneurial Ecosystems and Business Model Innovation, Emerald Publishing Limited, Leeds, pp. 181-189. https://doi.org/10.1108/978-1-80382-137-520221011
Publisher
:Emerald Publishing Limited
Copyright © 2022 Vanessa Ratten. Published under exclusive licence by Emerald Publishing Limited
INDEX
Age
, 159, 162
level as moderation variables
, 163–164
as moderating variable
, 176–177
Akhirat (judgment day)
, 37
American pharmaceutical industry
, 130–131
Analysis tools
, 165–166
Analytical techniques
, 165–166
Anderson-Rubin test (AR test)
, 142–145
Artisan entrepreneurship
, 117
Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)
, 31–32
Associations
, 84
Aveiro, entrepreneurial ecosystems in
, 82
Average variance extracted (AVE)
, 165–166
Badan Pusat Statistik data (BPS data)
, 156–157, 160–161
Bahrain
, 62
CSR implementation in
, 68–69
economic growth of
, 66
Barcelona, entrepreneurial ecosystems in
, 80
Bilbao, entrepreneurial ecosystems in
, 80
Blocks and data connection
, 98
Braga, entrepreneurial ecosystems in
, 82
Brunei Darussalam
, 31–32
Brunei, pandemic and MSMEs
, 34–36
creation of new startups
, 34–36
pandemic and MSMEs in Brunei
, 34
Bureaucracy
, 88–89
Business
, 42–43
course
, 25
diversification
, 64–65
dynamic capabilities
, 51–52
environment
, 126
incubators
, 96
performance
, 132–133
Business Environment and Enterprise Performance Survey (BEEPS)
, 126–127, 134
Business incubation
model of formation and composition of entrepreneurial teams in
, 106
perception of performance and purpose of
, 103–104
stages
, 94
Business innovation
Brunei, pandemic and MSMEs
, 34–36
Islamic-based funding innovation for MSMEs
, 36–37
need of innovation in crisis
, 32–34
Business models
, 8
innovation
, 2–3, 9–10
theory of strategic entrepreneurial ecosystems and
, 10–11
Capital
, 5
Cartesian dualism
, 115–116
Categorization
, 98–99
CEEs approach
, 84
Central Statistics Agency of Indonesia (BPS)
, 160–161
CIS model
, 84
Classic education crisis
, 114
Classic tourism educators
, 115–116
Cognitive skills
, 115–116
Collectivist culture
, 67–68
Companies
, 5
Conditional Likelihood Ratio test (CLR)
, 142–145
Consumers’ habits
, 65–68
Convergent validity
, 165–168
Cooperatives
, 84, 86
Coronavirus (COVID-19)
, 47
impact on women entrepreneurship in Pakistan
, 52
innovation in
, 32–34
pandemic
, 8, 10, 31–32, 114
Corporate entrepreneurship
, 18
Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR)
, 65
comparing CSR implementation in GCC countries
, 68–69
“COVID-19 Relief Fund”
, 37
Creativity
, 117
Crisis
classic education
, 114
of tourism education
, 115–116
Cross-sectional data
, 141
Crowdfunding
, 33–34
Islamic
, 36–37
Cultural dimensions in Middle East
, 65–67
Culture
, 65–68
Cumulative grade point average (CGPA)
, 22–23
Data
, 134
analysis
, 23–24, 98–99
collection
, 97–98, 164–165
population
, 164
Demographic(s)
, 162
factors
, 158
influence of
, 158
Descriptive models
, 128
Descriptive statistical analysis
, 165–166
Digital businesses
, 33
Digital dynamic capabilities
, 51
Digital economy
, 8, 49–50
Digital payments
, 33
Digital readiness of MSMEs
ICT knowledge effect on
, 163
intrinsic motivation effect on
, 163
Digital transformation
, 50
Digitalization
, 8–9, 33, 160
ICT knowledge influence on readiness of
, 175–176
intrinsic motivation effect on readiness of
, 171–175
of MSMEs
, 156, 158
Digitization
, 18, 42–43, 45–47, 49–50
Discriminant validity test
, 165–166, 168, 172
Diverse entrepreneurial orientations
, 95–96
“Doing Business”
, 78
Domo app
, 35
domoMart app
, 35
Dynamic capabilities theory
, 43, 45–46, 50, 52
business dynamic capabilities
, 51–52
digital dynamic capabilities
, 51
humane dynamic capabilities
, 52
E-commerce
, 33
E-market
, 35–36
Econometric specification
, 141–142
Economic growth in GCC Countries
, 64–66
Economic prioritization
, 68–69
Ecosystem
, 6
component
, 3–4
Education
food heritage and
, 116–117
lack of
, 89
level
, 159, 162
as moderation variables
, 163–164, 176–177
Emerging economy
, 43–44
Emerging forms
, 84
Emotional intelligence
, 18–19, 22
Employees training on innovation
, 140
Employment integration (EIs)
, 84
Endogeneity
, 142
Engagement
, 5
English language
, 46–47
Enterprise
, 128–129
Entrepreneurial activities
, 95–96
Entrepreneurial attitudes
, 19–20
Entrepreneurial behaviors
, 19–20
Entrepreneurial component
, 3–4
Entrepreneurial context
, 96–97
Entrepreneurial culture
, 4
Entrepreneurial ecosystem
, 1–3, 6, 75, 79, 82
analysis
, 78–89
business model innovation
, 9–10
challenges
, 88–89
elements of
, 4–5
expansion of entrepreneurial ecosystem literature
, 7
investors
, 86–88
of Pakistan
, 42–43
policies and tax benefits
, 82–84
Portugal
, 79
social enterprise
, 84–86
society aspects of
, 6
Spain
, 78–79
strategic
, 7–8
theory of strategic entrepreneurial ecosystems and business model innovation
, 10–11
Entrepreneurial education
data analysis
, 23–24
EGI
, 20
EII
, 20
emotional intelligence
, 22
entrepreneurial intention
, 19–20
entrepreneurial self-efficacy
, 21–22
EO
, 20
findings
, 24–25
methods
, 22
sample and data collection
, 22
steps forward in preparing next generation of entrepreneurs
, 26–27
variables
, 23
Entrepreneurial environment and performance in GCC
, 69–70
Entrepreneurial expectations
, 104–105
Entrepreneurial experience
, 25
Entrepreneurial goal intention (EGI)
, 18–20, 25
Entrepreneurial implementation intention (EII)
, 18–20
Entrepreneurial intention
, 19–20
Entrepreneurial orientation (EO)
, 18–20
Entrepreneurial self-efficacy
, 18–19, 21–22
Entrepreneurial talent
, 46
Entrepreneurial teams
, 94
data analysis
, 98–99
description of teams
, 99–100
entrepreneurial context
, 96–97
entrepreneurial expectations
, 104–105
integrated model derived from research
, 105
literature review
, 94–97
methodology
, 97–99
narratives
, 100–105
perception of performance and purpose of business incubator
, 103–104
performance, expectations, and relationships among team members
, 95–96
results
, 99–105
team composition and relationship
, 95
team formation and composition
, 100–102
working relationships
, 102–103
Entrepreneurialism
, 18
Entrepreneurs. See also Women entrepreneurs
, 3–4, 6, 10–11
leadership ability of
, 50–51
nascent
, 6
role
, 47
steps forward in preparing next generation of
, 26–27
Entrepreneurship. See also Women entrepreneurship
, 3–4, 6–7, 18, 41–42, 49–50, 94, 115–117
Ethics
, 68, 115–116
Export intensity
, 145–146
External social factors
, 49–50
Family business
, 24
Field observation
, 97–98
Financial constraints
, 33–34
Financial support
, 88
Firm openness (FOs)
, 139, 143, 145
Firm(s)
characteristics
, 134, 141, 143, 145
description of variables and summary statistics
, 135–138
firm’s innovation and ICT, determinants of
, 140
FOs, innovation and
, 139, 143, 145
innovation performance of
, 131–133
performance
, 130
Food delivery based mobile applications
, 35
Food heritage and education
, 116–117
Foreign-owned firms
, 139
Formal exchanges
, 7
Foundations
, 84–85
Framework conditions
, 4–5
Functional composition
, 95
Funding
, 4
Gender
, 159, 162
discrimination
, 47
gender-based discriminatory behavior
, 48
level as moderation variables
, 163–164
variable role
, 176–177
Generic engagement
, 11
German manufacturing firms
, 132
German Socio-Economic Panel
, 20–21
Global Digital Reports
, 33
Global Entrepreneurship Index (GEI)
, 70
Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM)
, 43, 94
Globalization
, 50
GoMamam app
, 35
Government support
, 5
Gross Domestic Product (GDP)
, 44–45, 62, 126, 146
Gross National Income (GNI)
, 78
Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC)
, 11–12, 62
comparing CSR implementation in
, 68–69
culture and consumers’ habits
, 65–68
economic growth in
, 64–66
entrepreneurial environment and performance in
, 69–70
population and demographics in
, 63
Gulf countries
, 62
Habitual entrepreneurs
, 3
Heterogeneity
, 141
Humane dynamic capabilities
, 52
Humane entrepreneurship (HumEnt)
, 52
Hypotheses testing
, 169–171
construct reliability and validity
, 171
path coefficients
, 169–170
R-Square (R2) Dan Q-Square (Q2)
, 170–171
second model
, 170
“Iberia”. See Iberian Peninsula
Iberian Peninsula
, 76
Incubation
, 94
team
, 104
Indonesian MSMEs
, 156–157, 160
Inductive approach
, 97
Inequality
, 48
Informal exchanges
, 7
Information and communication technologies (ICTs)
, 126–127, 129, 157, 165
conceptual framework
, 127–131
data and method
, 133–142
determinants of firm’s innovation and
, 140
econometric specification
, 141–142
effect on digital readiness of MSMEs
, 163
effect on innovation
, 143–145
employees
, 140–141
findings
, 142–146
influence on readiness of digitalization of MSMEs
, 175–176
innovation and
, 129–131
innovation and firm openness
, 139
innovation performance of firms
, 131–133
instrumental variables and heterogeneity
, 141
knowledge
, 158, 162
literature focuses on
, 131–133
resource-based determinants of innovation
, 140
Information technology (IT)
, 158
knowledge
, 161–162
readiness
, 163
revolution
, 126
Inner model
, 166, 168–169, 173
results
, 168–169
Innovation
, 9
in crisis
, 32–34
and firm openness
, 139
and ICT
, 129–131
performance
, 132–133, 145–146
performance of firms
, 131–133
resource-based determinants of
, 140
Innovativeness
, 21
Institutional environments
, 49–50
Instrumental variable probit model
, 141
Instrumental variables
, 141
Integrated model derived from research
, 105
Intermediaries
, 5
Internal factors
, 157–158
Intrinsic motivation
, 158, 161
effect on digital readiness of MSMEs
, 163
effect on readiness of digitalization of MSMEs
, 171–175
indicators
, 168
Investors
, 86–88
in Portugal
, 87–88
in Spain
, 87
Islam
, 62
Islamic financial technology
, 37–38
Islamic-based funding innovation for MSMEs
, 36–37
Islamic crowdfunding
, 36–37
Islamic social finance
, 37
Israel
, 75–76
Ivprobit model
, 142
Joy Lab
, 117–121
Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA)
, 62
CSR implementation in
, 68–69
economic growth of
, 66
Knowledge
, 115–116
Kuwait
, 62
CSR implementation in
, 68–69
economic growth of
, 66
Labeling
, 98–99
Latent variable
, 141–142
Latin American countries
, 96
entrepreneurial team and business incubators in
, 94
Leadership
, 5
ability of entrepreneurs
, 50–51
Learning
, 51–52
Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG)
, 64–65
Lisbon, entrepreneurial ecosystems in
, 81
LM-J overidentification test
, 142–145
Local level players in Portuguese ecosystems
, 80–81
Long-term heritage site management
, 116–117
Madrid, entrepreneurial ecosystems in
, 80
Málaga, entrepreneurial ecosystems in
, 80
Malaysia
data analysis
, 23–24
EGI
, 20
EII
, 20
emotional intelligence
, 22
entrepreneurial intention
, 19–20
entrepreneurial self-efficacy
, 21–22
EO
, 20
findings
, 24–25
methods
, 22
private university in
, 18–19
sample and data collection
, 22
steps forward in preparing next generation of entrepreneurs
, 26–27
variables
, 23
Managerial models
, 128
Marketing innovation
, 130
Massification of education
, 114
Measurement model. See Outer model
Medium enterprises
, 128
Mercy houses
, 85
Micro, small, and medium-sized enterprises (MSMEs)
, 31–32, 132–133, 156, 158, 160, 164
Brunei, pandemic and
, 34–36
classification of MSMEs
, 157
development of research hypothesis
, 163–164
digital readiness
, 156–157
digital readiness index
, 156
discriminant validity
, 172
education, age, and gender levels as moderation variables
, 163–164
education level, age, and gender
, 162
hypotheses testing
, 169–171
ICT knowledge effect on
, 163
ICT knowledge influence on readiness of digitalization of MSMEs
, 175–176
inner model
, 173
intrinsic motivation
, 161, 163
intrinsic motivation effect on readiness of digitalization of MSMEs
, 171–175
Islamic-based funding innovation for
, 36–37
IT knowledge
, 161–162
literature review
, 160
pandemic and MSMEs in Brunei
, 34
path analysis
, 174
research methods
, 164–169
research model
, 164
results
, 171–177
SMEs/MSMEs
, 160–164
variable role gender, education level, age as moderating variable
, 176–177
Middle East, cultural dimensions in
, 65–67
Middle Eastern and North Africa countries (MENA countries)
, 64
Ministry of Transport and Info Communications (MTIC)
, 36
Modern-day digital market
, 50–51
Monarchy regime
, 64
Muamalah
, 36
Mudarabah
, 36
Musyarakah
, 36
Mutual associations
, 85
Narratives
, 100–105
Nascent entrepreneurs
, 6
National Isolation Center (NIC)
, 37
National level players in Portuguese ecosystems
, 81
Network density
, 5
Networking
, 99, 103
New employment creation
, 36
Next generation of entrepreneurs
policy implications
, 26–27
research implications
, 26
steps forward in preparing
, 26–27
Non-Government Organization (NGO)
, 47–48
Non-western cosmologies
, 116–117
Normative models
, 128
Oman
, 62
CSR implementation in
, 68–69
economic growth of
, 66
ONZ app (delivery service platform)
, 35
Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD)
, 69–70
Organizational innovation
, 130
Outer model
, 165–166
criteria
, 166
results
, 167
p-value
data
, 169–170
tests
, 166
Pakistan
COVID-19 impact on women entrepreneurship in
, 52
current entrepreneurial landscape of
, 47–48
entrepreneurial ecosystem of
, 42–43
women entrepreneurs in
, 45
women entrepreneurship in
, 48–49
Pakistan Bureau of Statistics (PBS)
, 44–45
PANCOE
, 114–115
experience of
, 117–121
Pandemic
, 33
Brunei, pandemic and MSMEs
, 34–36
pandemic and MSMEs in Brunei
, 34
Parcel delivery service platform
, 35
Partial Least Square (PLS)
, 165–166
algorithm test
, 167
Patent approach
, 82
Path coefficients
, 169–170
Pattern identification
, 99
Performance
, 130
business
, 132–133
economic
, 131
firm
, 130
innovation
, 132–133
Philanthropic associations
, 85
Philanthropy
, 37
Pivoting
, 34–35
Pleasure (joy)
, 114, 117–118
crisis of tourism education
, 115–116
experience of PANCOE
, 117–121
food heritage and education
, 116–117
Policies
, 82–84
in Spain
, 82–83
Population science
, 162
Porto, entrepreneurial ecosystems in
, 81–82
Portugal
, 76, 79
agents in Portuguese social entrepreneurship
, 86
business in
, 78
challenges
, 89
entrepreneurial activities in
, 76
entrepreneurial ecosystems
, 78, 80, 82
information about corporate framework
, 77
investors
, 87–88
key economics figures
, 77
policies and tax benefits
, 83–84
social enterprise
, 85–86
Post-incubation
, 94
team
, 104
Pre-incubation
, 94
team
, 104
Prejudice against women
, 48
Primarily orienting research
, 94
Proactiveness
, 21
Probit model
, 141–142
Process innovation
, 129–130
Product innovation
, 129
Professionalism
, 115–116
Profit prioritization
, 68–69
Public policies
, 6
Q-Square value (Q2)
, 168–171
Qatar
, 62
CSR implementation in
, 68–69
economic growth of
, 66
Qualitative methodology
, 97
Quantitative approach methods
, 164
Questionnaires
, 164–165
R-Square value (R2)
, 166, 170–171
Regional innovation system
, 3
Regression models
, 24
Reliability test
, 167–168
Religion
, 62
Research
, 164
hypothesis development
, 163–164
model
, 164
questions
, 97
Resource-based determinants (RB determinants)
, 143–145
of innovation
, 140
Respondents’ overview
, 166–167
Risk-taking
, 20–21
Runner services
, 36
Sadaqah (voluntary charity)
, 37
Sadaqah jariah
, 37
Satisfaction with life
, 24–25
“ScaleUp Porto”
, 81–82
Seizing
, 50–51
Self efficacy, entrepreneurial
, 21–22
Senior management experience
, 140
Sense of community
, 103
Sensing
, 50–51
Shariah
, 36
Silicon Valley
, 75–76
Small and medium enterprises (SMEs)
, 31–33, 160, 164
Small enterprises
, 128
Smart PLS 3. 0
, 165–166, 168–169
Social enterprise. See also Micro, small, and medium-sized enterprises (MSMEs)
, 84–86
in Portugal
, 85–86
in Spain
, 84
Social media
, 33
Social research
, 115–116
Social well-being
, 37
“Sociedad por Quotas”
, 78
Society aspects of entrepreneurial ecosystems
, 6
Soft skills
, 26
Spain
, 76, 78–79
agents in Spanish social entrepreneurship
, 85
business in
, 78
challenges
, 88–89
entrepreneurial activities in
, 76
entrepreneurial ecosystems
, 78–80
information about corporate framework
, 77
investors
, 87
key economics figures
, 77
policies and tax benefits
, 82–83
social enterprise
, 84
top investment agents in
, 87
Spanish concept for Limited Liability Company (SRL)
, 77
Spanish Venture Capital & Private Equity Association
, 87
Standard normal cumulative distribution function
, 142
“Startup Portugal”
, 83
Statistical analysis of inference
, 165–166
Stewardship
, 115–116
Stone-Geisser Q-square tests
, 166
Strategic entrepreneurial ecosystems
, 2–3, 7–8
theory of and
, 10–11
Strategy
, 10–11
Structural composition
, 95
Structural model. See Inner model
Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA)
, 126–127
Support services
, 5
Survivability
, 5–6
Sustainability
, 47–48
Systemic conditions
, 4–5
T-value tests
, 166
Ta-Pow! app
, 35
Talent
, 5
Targeted engagement
, 11
Tax benefits
, 82–84
in Spain
, 82–83
Team(s)
, 94
composition
, 95, 100, 102
formation
, 100–102
relationship
, 95
Technological infrastructure
, 133
Technological innovations
, 3–4
Technological shifts
, 43
Technology
, 49–50, 75–76
digital
, 33
information
, 36, 162, 175–176
in MSMEs
, 158
readiness of
, 159
Technology Readiness Index (TRI)
, 156–157, 160
Theme selection
, 98
Tourism education
, 114
crisis of
, 115–116
Tourism management
, 115–116
Transforming
, 50–51
Tribalism
, 65–67
Twitter
, 118–120
United Arab Emirates (UAE)
, 62
CSR implementation in
, 68–69
economic growth of
, 66
Universities
, 4, 114
Valencia, entrepreneurial ecosystems in
, 80
Variable
, 134
Vibrant entrepreneurial ecosystems
, 11
Waqf (endowment)
, 36–37
WISE model
, 84
Women
empowerment
, 46–47
in patriarchal societies
, 114
in society
, 43
Women entrepreneurs
, 41–42
background of study
, 44–45
COVID-19 impact on women entrepreneurship in Pakistan
, 52
current entrepreneurial landscape of Pakistan
, 47–48
dynamic capabilities theory
, 50–52
entrepreneurial ecosystem of Pakistan
, 42–43
motivation for study
, 43–44
purpose of study
, 45–46
research context
, 47
role of digitization
, 49–50
significance of study
, 46–47
Women entrepreneurship
, 41–42
COVID-19 impact on women entrepreneurship in Pakistan
, 52
in Pakistan
, 48–49
WomenX
, 43
Working relationships
, 102–103
World Bank and International Monetary Fund (WBIMF)
, 64
World Bank Enterprise Survey (WBES)
, 133–134
“Yo Puedo Emprender”
, 83
Zakat (obligatory charity)
, 37, 62
- Prelims
- Chapter 1 Toward a Theory of Strategic Entrepreneurial Ecosystems and Business Model Innovation
- Chapter 2 Unveiling the Role of Entrepreneurial Education in Preparing the Next Generation of Entrepreneurs in Malaysia
- Chapter 3 Business Innovation Amid the COVID-19 Crisis in Brunei Darussalam: A Viewpoint
- Chapter 4 How Women Entrepreneurs Are Adapting in Dynamic Entrepreneurial Ecosystem of Pakistan
- Chapter 5 Culture, Economic, and Entrepreneurial Environment in the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) Countries
- Chapter 6 Entrepreneurship in Spain and Portugal
- Chapter 7 Evolution of Entrepreneurial Teams during Business Incubation Stages
- Chapter 8 The Role of Pleasure (Joy) in Enhancing Pregraduate Students’ Creativity
- Chapter 9 The Effect of Information Communication Technologies on Firm's Innovation Performance in Sub-Saharan African Countries
- Chapter 10 The MSMEs Digital Readiness in Indonesia: A Test of Moderating Effect of Intrinsic Motivation and ICT Knowledge
- Index