Academic institutions

, 199

Accommodation selection criteria

, 303–304

Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS)

, 90

Acute crisis

, 344

Administración Portuaria Integral de Quintana Roo (APIQROO)

, 449, 454

Administración Portuario Integral (API)

, 447

Adult-learning theory

, 129

Advance tax payments

, 252

Adventure tourism

, 260

Advertisements

, 78

Aegadian Islands

, 400

Aeolian Archipelago

, 400

Africa

COVID-19 effect on hospitality industry in

, 76–77

hospitality businesses in

, 74

Air Transport Action Group (ATAG)

, 13–14

AirBnB

, 75

Airlines, COVID-19’s effects on

, 93

Airports business, COVID-19 effects on

, 13–14

Alianza por la Responsabilidad Social (AliaRSE)

, 450

Alienation

, 130–131

All India Council for Technical Education (AICTE)

, 51–52

Alternative tourism

adventure tourism

, 260

caravan tourism

, 260–261

ecotourism

, 260

promotion of

, 259–261

rural tourism

, 260

wellness tourism

, 260

Amazon Web Services

, 49

Aras Free Zone of Iran

, 141, 143–144

Artificial Intelligence (AI)

, 45–48

Asian cruise tourism

, 228

Assessment

, 130–131

Association of British Travel Agents (ABTA)

, 482

Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)

, 228

Augmented reality (AR)

, 45–47

Australia, hospitality industry workers in

findings

, 290–294

implications

, 294–295

literature review

, 287–290

research methodology

, 290

Australian tourism

autoethnographic account of (re) enchantment

, 274–275

experiencing COVID-19 crisis

, 278–279

impacts of COVID-19

, 268

Muurrung Marai

, 276–278

Newcastle Afoot

, 275–276

re-enchanting local as ‘more-than-tourism’ agenda

, 273–274

rethinking tourism as more than industry

, 269–271

rethinking tourism in ‘Fortress Australia’

, 271–273

Autoethnographic approach

, 269

of (re) enchantment

, 274–275

Automation

, 45–47

Avian Influenza

, 288–289

Awareness

, 259

B2B marketing

, 64

B2C marketing

, 64

Baby boomers

, 154

Balearic Islands

, 398

Bali

economic downturn

, 154

strategic marketing plans and destination imagery in

, 321–322

Bangladesh

COVID-19 in

, 92

COVID-19’s impact on Bangladesh’s sustainable tourism economy

, 92–93

Bartlett’s test of sphericity

, 381

Baumol effect

, 501

Big Data

, 45–47

Biological disasters

, 250

Bird flu

, 302

Black Lives Matter

, 133

Black swan event

, 251–252

Border control to preventing imported cases

, 119–120

Brands

, 477

popularity

, 168

Business development and investment

, 146

Business Model Innovation (BMI)

, 77

Business-class backpacking

, 154

Capitalist growth models

, 271

Caravan tourism

, 260–261

Career breaks phenomenon

, 154

Case study approach

, 4

Cautiously optimistic young tourists

, 378–379

Centro Mexicano para la Filantropía (CEMEFI)

, 450

Change

, 24–25

in career path due to pandemic

, 292–293

and tourism and hospitality industry

, 27–29

Chatbots

, 48

Cisco Webex (online meeting platform)

, 506

Cleaning

, 258–259

Climate change

, 24

Climate crisis

, 133

Climate Law

, 407

‘Clink Prison’ attraction

, 179

Communication

approach

, 348

strategies to support recovery

, 473–475

in tourism industry during crises

, 344–345

Community attitude

, 218

Community based sustainable tourism during COVID-19

, 15–16

Community basis in tourism development

, 213

Community Conservation Fund Africa (CCFA)

, 75

Community fieldwork

, 230

Community-based tourism (CBT)

, 15–16

Congruency

, 474

Conservation for Sustainable Development Programme

, 449

Constraining travel factors

, 377

Contactless process

, 79

Contagious illnesses

, 90

Conventional teaching concepts

, 201

Coronavirus

, 90, 133, 250

Costa Maya

, 447

government involvement with cruise tourism

, 453–454

local perception of cruise tourism

, 449–453

opportunities for cruise lines

, 455–457

private sector involvement

, 454–455

sustainability

, 449

Counter-terrorism frameworks for tourism stakeholders

, 319–321

9/11 Terrorist Attacks

, 320–321

European Convention on the Suppression of Terrorism

, 319

Global Counter-Terrorism Strategy

, 319–320

Paris Terrorist Attacks

, 320

strategic marketing plans and destination imagery

, 321–322

United States Counter-Terrorism Policy

, 320

COVID-19

, 12, 24–28, 87–88, 125–126, 466–467

awareness and training

, 259

in Bangladesh

, 92

cleaning and sanitation

, 258–259

community based sustainable tourism during

, 15–16

contributing factors to dining preferences following

, 165–170

crisis

, 46, 77, 210

difficulties in travelling by tourists during

, 13

disease

, 1

disruption

, 47–51

effect on hospitality industry in Africa

, 76–77

effects on airports business

, 13–14

effects on leisure and travel industry in global and Bangladeshi environments

, 93–95

findings from secondary data

, 499–503

general preparedness

, 256–258

hackathons as inflexion point

, 48–51

hospitality discourse amid

, 14–15

impact on Bangladesh’s sustainable tourism economy

, 92–93

impact on education

, 196–200

impact on events

, 498–499

impact on tourism industry in Odisha

, 254–255

impacts on tourism

, 107–110

infection in Germany

, 302

ownership

, 168–169

pandemic

, 74, 250, 286, 288, 376, 446, 482, 498

popularity

, 168

price

, 170

protocols

, 256–259

psychological and physiological impacts on job-losing employees

, 109

ratings and reviews

, 165–168

safety and hygiene

, 258

social distancing

, 258

social media

, 169–170

studies of tourism recovery

, 110–112

substantial impacts on livelihoods

, 108–109

tourism education and

, 127–128

transformative impacts on way of thinking and preserving planet

, 110

unprecedented impacts on tourism market

, 108

virtual concerts

, 502

virtual runs

, 502–503

Creative Accelerators for Sustainable Tourism (CAST)

, 51–52

Creative cities

, 357–359

Creative tourism

, 356–357, 359

Creative tourists

, 358

Crisis

leadership

, 117

in Lebanon

, 181

management

, 344–345

Cruise tourism

, 229–230

government involvement with

, 453–454

local perception of

, 449–453

programme

, 228

Cruises

COVID-19’s effects on

, 95

industry

, 446

Cultural and creative industries (CCI)

, 499–500

Cultural tourism

, 211, 437

Cyber-Physical production system (CPPS)

, 45–46

Cybersecurity

, 47

Cycling tours

, 141

Dark Camps of Genocide

, 180–181, 188

Dark Conflict Sites

, 180–181, 187–188

Dark Disaster Sites

, 188–189

Dark Dungeons

, 179, 185–186

Dark Exhibitions

, 179, 184–185

Dark Fun Factories

, 182–184

Dark Resting Places

, 179

Dark Shrines

, 180, 186–187

Dark tourism

, 154–155, 178–179

crises in Lebanon

, 181

findings

, 182–189

methods

, 181–182

potential dark tourism sites in Lebanon

, 183–184

supply in destinations

, 179–181

Data analysis

, 144

procedures

, 380

Data-driven strategy

, 30

Decision-making process

, 376

Deductive approach

, 52

Department of Tourism (DOT)

, 256

Destination Management Organisations (DMOs)

, 5, 457–458, 467, 469

Destination Management Resilience Scheme

, 483–484

Destination(s)

, 398

branding

, 319, 466–467, 469

costs

, 210

food image of

, 211

image

, 117

imagery

, 321–322

interactive model of destination and tourist factors to support destination brand marketing

, 476–477

management

, 122

marketing

, 465, 467

marketing strategy of

, 211

recovery

, 179

selection criteria

, 303–304

Dialogues

, 133–134

Digital check-in

, 48

Digital distribution era

, 75

Digital health certificate

, 119

Digital instruments

, 203–204

Digital optimisation

, 79–80

Digital room

, 48

Digital travel history

, 119

Direct impacts of lockdowns on personal well-being

, 293–294

Disney parks

, 419

Diversity management

, 25

Do-It-Yourself generation

, 377

Domestic tourism. See also Sustainable tourism

, 398–399, 402

causes leading to predominance of domestic tourism on small islands

, 403–404

challenges for domestic tourism

, 409–410

crisis leadership

, 117

data collection

, 112–113

Hangzhou, Case City of tourism recovery

, 113–114

key factors facilitate tourism recovery

, 117–121

literature review

, 107–112

negative impacts of pandemic on

, 406–407

positive impacts of pandemic on

, 405–406

profile of respondents

, 114

promotion during COVID-19 pandemic

, 259

recent trends in

, 404

research methods

, 112–114

role in cutting emissions

, 407–409

well-tamed pandemic creates safe image of city

, 114–117

Ebola outbreaks

, 95

Ebola virus disease (EVD)

, 90

Ecological tourism

, 437

Economic development

, 356

Economic effects, tourism and

, 91–92

Economic incentives

, 483

Economic lockdown

, 74

Ecotourism

, 260

Education

, 33–34

COVID-19 pandemic impact on

, 196–200

Educational systems

, 126

Eigenvector centrality

, 165

Emerging crises

, 344

Enhanced hygiene protocols

, 424

Environmental effects, tourism and

, 91

Equity Policy Center (EPOC)

, 210

Ethnographic vignettes (EV)

, 230

European Convention on Suppression of Terrorism

, 319

European Union (EU)

, 319, 401

Events

, 497

bridging gap

, 503

COVID-19 impact on

, 498–499

COVID-19’s effects on

, 95

future of events industry

, 503–505

Indian Scenario

, 505–506

management

, 506

Evidence-based decisions

, 30

Evidence-based practice

, 30

Expedia

, 75

Experiential learning

, 128

Exploratory factor analysis

, 306

Face-to-face learning

, 197–198

Facebook

, 49, 255

Factor analysis

, 304, 306, 311

accommodation selection criteria results of

, 308–310

destination selection criteria results of

, 307

Familiarity

, 475

Fani cyclone (2019)

, 252

Fear to travel

, 376–377

Federal Maritime Terrestrial Zone. See Zona Federal Marítimo Terrestre (Zofemat)

Festivals

, 497

Indian Scenario

, 505–506

Financial management

, 242–243

Firms

, 75

5G network

, 48

Five-point Likert scale

, 304

Flash

, 154

Flashpacker

, 154–155, 157–158

contributing factors to dining preferences following COVID-19 pandemic

, 165–170

future research directions

, 171

local and international delicacies

, 158–165

methods

, 158

results

, 158–165

theoretical framework

, 156–158

tourist hypermobility

, 156–157

Flue

, 24

Food

, 155

Formal education

, 33

Fourth industrial revolution (I4. 0)

, 45–46

challenges

, 64

COVID-19 disruption

, 47–51

data collection and analysis

, 51–53

goals

, 53–54, 63–64

hackathon questions

, 64

literature review

, 46–47

methodology

, 51–64

problem identification

, 64–66

Free vaccination

, 120–121

Frequency

, 66

Gastro tourism

, 154–155

Gender expectations

, 242–243

Generalized Shapiro–Wilk test

, 380

Generation Alpha

, 376

Generation Z (Gen Z)

, 201, 376

classification of young tourists

, 386–388

during COVID-19 pandemic development

, 390

data analysis procedures

, 380

literature review

, 378–379

methodology

, 379–380

participants

, 379–380

representatives of

, 389

results

, 380–388

USTurPan1

, 388

variables and instruments

, 379

George Town Street, Penang, street cuisine in

, 215

Gephi

, 158

German travellers

findings

, 305–311

methodology

, 304–305

PPE

, 311–312

theoretical background

, 302–304

threat of COVID-19 rate

, 313

Global Counter-Terrorism Strategy

, 319–320

Global crisis in tourism

, 177–178

Global financial crisis (GFC)

, 12

Global health pandemic

, 125–126

Global leadership

, 133

Global precarious realities in shipping

, 229–230

Global Sustainable Tourism Council (GSTC)

, 448

Goods and services tax (GST)

, 252

Google Meet (online meeting platform)

, 506

Government intervention

, 79

Government involvement with cruise tourism

, 453–454

Government of Bangladesh (GoB)

, 92, 97

Gozo Business Chamber (GBC)

, 408–409

Great Depression

, 12

Great Plague

, 251–252

Great Recession

, 376

Greenhouse gas (GHG)

, 407

Gross Domestic Product (GDP)

, 196, 285–286

Guesthouse accommodation in sharing economy

, 435–436

Guesthouse tourism

, 434

H1N1. See Swine flu virus

Hackathons

, 46

as inflexion point

, 48–51

questions

, 64

Hangzhou, Case City of tourism recovery

, 113–114

Health and safety

, 80

Health factors

, 377

Heroic leader

, 30

Higher education institutions (HEIs)

, 125–126, 197

Hilton Hippies

, 158

Holocaust tourism

, 180–181

Home-is-safer-than-abroad bias

, 398

Hospitality

businesses in Africa and Nigeria

, 74

change and

, 27–29

COVID-19 effect on hospitality industry in Africa

, 76–77

discourse amid COVID-19 pandemic

, 14–15

educators

, 47

firms

, 78

future in Nigeria

, 79–81

industry

, 74

innovation management in hospitality industry in Nigeria

, 77–79

modern history of

, 75–76

Host community, raising awareness of

, 148

Hotel and accommodations, COVID-19’s effects on

, 94

Hotel and Restaurants Association of Odisha (HRAO)

, 256

Human behavioural change

, 27

Human development

, 24–25

Human intent studies

, 26–27

Human-caused disasters

, 24

Human-to-human interaction

, 303–304

Hybrid events

, 503

Hygiene

, 214, 258

Hypermobility

, 154–155, 157

Hypothesis testing

, 220

Immediate crises

, 344

In-depth interviews

, 399

Incentives

, 66

Independent flashpackers

, 158

Indian Scenario, Festivals and Events Tourism in

, 505–506

Indirect impacts of lockdowns on personal well-being

, 293–294

Influenza

, 302

Infocomm Media Development Authority (IMDA)

, 202

Information and communication technology (ICT)

, 45–47, 200

Information questionnaire

, 388

Infrastructure development and services

, 147

Innovations

, 74, 77

in dark tourism research

, 179

management in hospitality industry in Nigeria

, 77–79

Instagram

, 345–346

Institution

, 196–200

Integral Port Administration

framework

, 447, 449

of Quintana Roo

, 454

Intelligent Highway Systems

, 157

Intentional crisis

, 344

Internal consistency type reliability

, 382

International Labour Organization (ILO)

, 288–289

International tourism

, 398

and IATA travel pass

, 261

International Tourism Bourse (ITB)

, 254

Internationalisation

, 199

Inti Live

, 504–505

Intra-destination

, 156

Investment, business development and

, 146

Investors

, 210

Islamic State of Iran and Syria (ISIS)

, 319

Island tourism

area of study

, 399–401

causes leading to predominance of domestic tourism on small islands

, 403–404

challenges for domestic tourism

, 409–410

connections lost and gained

, 407

domestic tourism role in cutting emissions

, 407–409

methods

, 401–403

negative impacts of pandemic on domestic tourism

, 406–407

positive impacts of pandemic on domestic tourism

, 405–406

recent trends in domestic tourism

, 404

results

, 403–410

Israeli Defense Forces (IDF)

, 188

Job insecurity leads to increased workloads and job stress

, 233–241

Job stress

, 233–241

Job-losing employees, psychological and physiological impacts on

, 109

Judging criteria

, 65

Kruskal–Wallis test

, 380, 388

Latent crisis

, 344

Latent Profile Analysis (LPA)

, 380, 386

Leaders

, 25–26, 30

Leadership

, 27, 32

programmes

, 33–34

readiness

, 33–34

traits

, 32

‘Learner-centric’ structure

, 126

Learning

, 129

experience

, 131

Lebanese Civil War

, 181

Lebanon, crises in

, 181

Lethargic young tourists

, 378–379

Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE)

, 319

Light Rail Transit (LRT)

, 157

LinkedIn

, 255

Livelihoods, substantial impacts on

, 108–109

Local communities

, 359

Localised tourism

, 270

Lockdowns

, 254–255

policies

, 107–108

Logo rebranding

, 79

London Resort Company Holdings (LRCH)

, 420

Long-term strategies

, 34–36

Machine Learning

, 47

Mahahual, cruise tourism in

, 446–448

Mahahual Urban Centre Development Plan

, 453–454

Major League Hacking (MLH)

, 51

Malaysia, COVID-19 effects on learning behavior in

assessments

, 200–202

COVID-19 eradication strategy

, 205

global impact of COVID-19 epidemic on educational institutions

, 202–203

impact on education

, 196–200

socio-demographic indicators

, 203–204

student organizations

, 204

Malaysian Communications and Multimedia Commission (MCMC)

, 201–202

Malaysian Higher Education Research

, 197

Maldives

guesthouses

, 437–439

tourism growth in

, 436–437

Malta Tourism Authority (MTA)

, 401, 403–404

Man-made disasters

, 181

Managerial development

, 146–147

Marine Protected Areas (MPAs)

, 406

Market segmentation

, 426–427

Marketing messages

, 466–467

key factors related to tourists and stakeholders in relation to

, 468–469

Marketing strategies

, 64

Mass Rapid Transit (MRT)

, 157

Mean inter-item correlations (MIC)

, 382

Meeting Professional International (MPI)

, 498–499

Meetings, Incentives, Conferences and Exhibition business (MICE Tourism)

, 498

Memory as opportunity to encourage tourist engagement

, 475–476

Mexico, COVID-19 pandemic implications for tourism sustainability and resilience in

, 447–448

Micro, small and medium-sized enterprises (MSMEs)

, 111

Microsoft Team (online meeting platform)

, 506

Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)

, 244–245

Ministry of Higher Education (MOHE)

, 198

Mixed method approach

, 322

Modern tourism

, 417

More-than-tourism

, 270

perspective

, 269

re-enchanting local as ‘more-than-tourism’ agenda

, 273–274

Movement Control Order (MCO)

, 196

Movie induced tourism

, 154–155

Multimodal resources, application of

, 473–475

Multimodality

, 473–474

Muurrung Marai

, 276–278

National Key Economic Areas (NKEAs)

, 198

National Statistics Office (NSO)

, 402–403

National Tourism Development Plan

, 228

Natural catastrophes

, 24–25

Natural disasters

, 24, 181, 250, 342

Natural Language Processing (NLP)

, 49–51

Neo backpacker

, 158

Neoliberal economic theory

, 213

New product development

, 74

New South Wales (NSW)

, 269

Newcastle Afoot

, 275–276

Nigeria

future of hospitality industry in

, 79–81

hospitality businesses in

, 74

innovation management in hospitality industry in

, 77–79

Non-governmental organisations (NGOs)

, 204, 402

Non-health factors

, 377

Nonparametric Wilcoxon rank sum test

, 384–385

North-East Tourism academy (NETA)

, 128

Northern Ireland, strategic marketing plans and destination imagery in

, 321

Odisha State Council-FICCI

, 256

Odisha Tour Operators association

, 256

Odisha tourism

, 250

COVID-19 impact on

, 251, 254–255

COVID-19 protocols

, 256–259

global community

, 255–256

international tourism and IATA travel pass

, 261

methodology

, 255

promotion of alternative tourism

, 259–261

promotion of domestic tourism during COVID-19 pandemic

, 259

review of literature

, 251–252

tourism in Odisha

, 252–254

Odisha Tourism development Corporation (OTDC)

, 256

Olery (Netherlands-based company)

, 49–51

Olery Hotel Review

, 49–51

Omicron variant

, 287, 289–290

One-island–one-resort concept

, 433

Online interviews

, 402

Online learning

, 200

Online tourism academy

, 128

‘OpeNER’ toolset

, 49–51

Opportunistic young tourists

, 378–379

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)

, 88

Outfit of the Day (OOTD)

, 154

Overtourism

, 125–126, 481

Ownership

, 168–169

Pacific Asia Travel Association (PATA)

, 92–93

Palestine Liberation Organisation (PLO)

, 188

Pandemic

, 497

Pandemic and sustainable tourism

, 90–92

Paper-based systems

, 261

Paris Terrorist Attacks

, 320

ParseHub

, 158

Partner organizations

, 65

Pedagogical techniques

, 128

Pelagian Islands

, 400

People

, 79

Perceived risk

, 343

tourists perceptions of risk and search for information

, 342–343

Performing Arts sector

, 501–502

Personal growth

, 33

Personal protective equipment (PPE)

, 303–304, 306, 311–312

Personal well-being, direct and indirect impacts of lockdowns on

, 293–294

Philippine Overseas Employment Agency (POEA)

, 231

Philippines, cruise tourism industry in

before and onset of pandemic

, 231–233

changed cruise tourism landscape

, 243–244

financial management and gender expectations

, 242–243

global precarious realities in shipping

, 229–230

isolation and sexual harassment

, 241–242

job insecurity leads to increased workloads and job stress

, 233–241

literature review

, 228–230

methods

, 230–233

staggering global impact of COVID-19

, 228

transparent gender policies in recovery strategies

, 244–245

Photography and tourist destinations

, 345–346

Physical evidence

, 79

Place

, 79

Place image

, 343

Policies to assist recovery

, 119

Policy Development Organization

, 197

Policymakers

, 210

Policymaking

, 146–147

Political leadership

, 37

Popularity

, 168

Post-conflict destinations

, 178

Post-COVID-19

, 127

era

, 446

pandemic

, 65

tourism education in

, 133–135

Post-pandemic marketing approaches

implications for future academic and management research

, 477

influence of tourist-related factors on

, 472–473

tourist ‘knowing’ to form

, 471–472

Post-pandemic period

, 96–98

Potential crisis

, 344

Potential customers

, 78

Practice pandemic restrictions

, 120

Pre-pandemic tourism research

, 5

Price

, 79, 170

of street cuisine

, 213

Price-sensitive customers

, 78

Priceline

, 75

PricewaterhouseCoopers (PWC)

, 434

Pricing strategies

, 219

Priming as opportunity to encourage tourist engagement

, 475–476

Principles of Buen Vivir

, 271

Principles of Responsible Management Education (PRME)

, 128

Priorities for resuming tourism

, 97–98

Private funding

, 501

Private sector involvement

, 454–455

Problem identification

, 64–66

frequency

, 66

incentives

, 66

judging criteria

, 65

number of participants per team

, 66

partner organizations

, 65

time duration

, 65

Process

, 79

Product

, 79

Professional well-being

, 291–292

Programa de Conservaci ón para el Desarrollo Sostenible (PROCODES)

, 449

Promotion

, 79

Proximity tourism

, 273

Psychology

, 470

Pushkin State Museum of Fine Arts

, 49

Push–pull factors

, 376–377

Quality of life

, 356

Quality of street cuisine

, 213, 219

Quarantine

, 107–108

Questionnaire

, 361–362

Questionnaire on Information in Pandemic Conditions (UInP)

, 385

Queuing

, 425–426

R package

, 380

Re-engineering tourism education

, 134

coalescence between tourism education and TLT

, 130–133

TLT

, 128–129

tourism education and COVID-19

, 127–128

Real-time assessment of vulnerability hospitality sector

, 294–295

Recovery marketing

, 342

Recovery phase of tourism destinations

aim and objectives

, 318

counter-terrorism frameworks for tourism stakeholders

, 319–321

data analysis and findings

, 323–329

destination branding

, 319

literature review

, 318–322

methodology

, 322–323

terrorism and tourism

, 318–319

Reed Exhibitions

, 505

Reflexivity

, 230

Relative Exposure Index

, 504

Relaxation

, 497

Remittances

, 232–233

Reopening theme parks

, 422, 425, 427

Research-led practice

, 30

Residents’ perceptions of tourism impacts

, 359–361

Respondents profile

, 114, 215–216

Restaurant, COVID-19’s effects on

, 94

Rethinking tourism

in ‘Fortress Australia’

, 271–273

as more than industry

, 269–271

Revenue models

, 501

Ride-oriented theme parks

, 418

Robotics

, 45–47

Robots

, 48

RStudio Cloud

, 158

Rural tourism

, 260

Safety

, 258

health and

, 80

Sanitation

, 258–259

Santa Claus Land

, 418

Santa’s Workshop

, 418

Seafarers

, 229

Self-concept

, 472–473

Self-examination

, 130

Self-improvement programs

, 33

Semi-structured interviews

, 141

Semiotics-based approach to post-pandemic tourist destination perceptions

, 469–470

11th September 2001 Terrorist Attacks (9/11 Terrorist Attacks)

, 319–321

Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)

, 24, 90, 251–252, 302

SARS-CoV1

, 95

SARSCoV2 pandemic

, 87–88

Sexual harassment, isolation and

, 241–242

Shapiro–Wilk test

, 380

Shared accommodations in Maldives

guesthouse accommodation in sharing economy

, 435–436

Maldives’ guesthouses

, 437–439

tourism growth in Maldives

, 436–437

Sharing

, 131

Short-term strategies

, 34–36

Shutdowns

, 254–255

Skype (online meeting platform)

, 506

Small and medium enterprises (SMEs)

, 92

Small islands, domestic tourism on

, 403–404

Small-scale sports tourism

, 149

Snowball sampling technique

, 402

Snowballing method

, 304

Social constructionism

, 470

Social distancing

, 92, 258, 286, 423

COVID-19 Pandemic

, 422–427

theme park operations and logistics

, 420–422

theme parks growth and development

, 418–420

Social fabric development

, 25

Social impacts

of COVID-19

, 80

tourism and

, 90–91

Social interaction

, 37

Social media

, 169–170

platforms

, 255

Social Network Analysis (SNA)

, 158

Socio-demographic indicators

, 203–204

Socio-demographic information

, 304

Sofar Sounds

, 502

Spanish flu

, 251–252

Specialised accommodation businesses

, 434

Sports

COVID-19’s effects on

, 95

events

, 140–141

Sports tourism

, 140–142

business development and investment

, 146

data analysis

, 144

findings

, 144–148

infrastructure development and services

, 147

literature review

, 141–143

managerial development and policymaking

, 146–147

method

, 143–144

raising awareness of host community

, 148

research design

, 143–144

stakeholder theory

, 142–143

Stakeholders

, 65, 402

counter-terrorism frameworks for tourism

, 319–321

theory

, 142–143

Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS)

, 361–362

Strategic informant sampling technique

, 402

Strategic intent

, 24, 26–27

change and tourism and hospitality industry

, 27–29

during COVID-19 epidemic

, 34

leadership programmes

, 33–34

literature review

, 24–26

strategic leadership and

, 30–33

Strategic leaders

, 26–27, 30–31

Strategic leadership and strategic intent

, 30–33

Strategic marketing

, 318, 342

plans

, 321–322

Strategic planning

, 24–25

Street cuisine

, 210

community attitude

, 218

community-based

, 213

factors influencing perception to

, 212–214

hygiene

, 214

hypothesis

, 215

hypothesis testing

, 220

location

, 212

perception of street cuisine location

, 217

price

, 213

pricing strategies

, 219

quality

, 213, 219

research framework and method

, 214–215

respondent’s demographic profile

, 215–216

results

, 215–219

study area

, 215

uniqueness

, 212, 217

Student organisations

, 204

Supply and demand curves

, 26

Supply-side of dark tourism

, 179

Survey analysis

, 323–329

Sustainability-focused recovery approach

COVID-19 pandemic implications for tourism sustainability and resilience in Mexico

, 447–448

findings

, 449–457

methodology

, 448–449

Sustainable destination management, VERB Model of

, 485–486

Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

, 90, 199, 244–245, 358–359

Sustainable development model

, 110

Sustainable education

assessments

, 200–202

COVID-19 eradication strategy

, 205

global impact of COVID-19 epidemic on educational institutions

, 202–203

impact on education

, 196–200

socio-demographic indicators

, 203–204

student organizations

, 204

Sustainable tourism

, 88–89, 213

communication in tourism industry during crises

, 344–345

COVID-19 context

, 90

COVID-19 in Bangladesh

, 92

COVID-19’s effects on leisure and travel industry in global and Bangladeshi environments

, 93–95

COVID-19’s impact on Bangladesh’s sustainable tourism economy

, 92–93

development

, 89

findings

, 347–349

future implications/policies for

, 98–99

methodology

, 346–347

new prospects for sustainable tourism industry

, 96

pandemic and

, 90–92

photography and tourist destinations

, 345–346

research aims

, 346

tourism and economic effects

, 91–92

tourism and environmental effects

, 91

tourism and social impacts

, 90–91

tourism industry recovers and resolves

, 96–98

tourism industry’s global sustainability

, 89

tourists’ perceptions of risk and search for information

, 342–343

Sustained crises

, 344

Swift recovery

COVID-19 effect on hospitality industry in Africa

, 76–77

future of hospitality industry in Nigeria

, 79–81

innovation management in hospitality industry in Nigeria

, 77–79

modern history of hospitality industry

, 75–76

reviews and recommendations

, 81

Swine flu virus

, 447–448

Symbolic interactionist approach

, 472–473

Teachers

, 129, 201

teacher-centred teaching methods

, 201

Teaching

, 201

Technological advancements

, 156

Technology

, 47, 134

technology-oriented teaching and learning ecosystem

, 201–202

Telegram

, 320

Temperature checks

, 423

Terrorism

, 318–319

Terrorist attacks

, 24–25, 250

Thematic analysis

, 46, 51–52

framework

, 52

Theme Index Museum Index

, 419–420

Theme parks

, 417

COVID-19 Pandemic

, 422–427

growth and development

, 418–420

operations and logistics

, 420–422

Theme Parks Reopen 2020

, 422–425

Theme Parks Reopen 2021

, 425–427

Top-down approaches

, 467–469

Tourism. See also Counter-terrorism frameworks for tourism stakeholders

, 12, 89, 178, 210, 250–251, 318–319, 398, 401

advancement and growth of

, 46–47

business

, 24

change and

, 27–29

COVID-19 impacts on tourism

, 107–110

and COVID-19 pandemic challenges

, 465–466

disrupted due to COVID-19 pandemic health crisis

, 140

and economic effects

, 91–92

education and COVID-19

, 127–128

education in post-COVID-19

, 133–135

educators

, 126, 128

and environmental effects

, 91

global crisis in

, 177–178

global sustainability

, 89

graduates

, 126

growth in Maldives

, 436–437

growth in Philippines

, 231

industry

, 88, 106

in Mahahual

, 449

marketing

, 118

in Odisha

, 252–254

priorities for resuming

, 97–98

reset

, 269

sector

, 107

and social impacts

, 90–91

tourism-induced impacts

, 362–363

value chain

, 88

‘Tourism for Good’ recovery plan

, 483–484

Tourism recovery

methods

, 484–486

research significance

, 481–484

results

, 486–491

studies

, 110–112

Tourism Recovery Task Force (TRTF)

, 321

Tourist ‘knowing’

to form post-pandemic marketing approaches

, 471–472

as social construction

, 470

Tourists

behavior

, 268–269

demand

, 341–342

destinations, photography and

, 345–346

difficulties in travelling by tourists during COVID-19

, 13

gaze

, 345–346

hypermobility

, 156–157

perceptions of risk and search for information

, 342–343

Training

, 33–34, 259

Transformational leadership

, 30–32

Transformational Learning Theory (TLT)

, 2, 127–129

acquiring knowledge

, 132

assessment and alienation

, 130–131

building competence

, 131–132

coalescence between tourism education and

, 130–133

disorienting dilemma

, 130

exploring

, 131

plan for action

, 132

re-integration phase

, 133

role

, 133

self-examination

, 130

sharing

, 131

tourism education in post-COVID-19

, 133–135

Transformative impacts on way of thinking and preserving planet

, 110

Transformative learning

, 127

experience

, 131

Travel

, 466

Travel Agents Association of Odisha (TAAO)

, 256

Traveling

, 140

TripAdvisor

, 158, 171

Tunisia, strategic marketing plans and destination imagery in

, 321–322

UK Department for Culture, Media and Sport (DCMS)

, 484–485

UN General Assembly

, 319

UN Global Counter-Terrorism Strategy

, 320

Unintentional crisis

, 344

Uniqueness

, 212, 217

United Arab Emirates (UAE)

, 108

United Nations (UN)

, 50

United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO)

, 89

Creative Cities

, 356, 362–363

creative tourism and creative cities

, 357–359

literature review

, 357–361

methodology

, 361–362

residents’ perceptions of tourism impacts

, 359–361

results

, 362–369

sample profile

, 362

tourism-induced impacts

, 362–363

United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)

, 89

United Nations World Tourism Organization (UNWTO)

, 111, 286–287, 482

United Nations World Tourist Organization

, 88

United States Counter-Terrorism Policy

, 320

United States of America (USA)

, 319

Universiti Malaysia Kelantan (UMK)

, 197

Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UNIMAP)

, 197

Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM)

, 197

Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia (UTHM)

, 197

Unprecedented crisis

, 288–289

Urban art (UA)

, 358

User Generated Content (UGC)

, 158

USTurPan1 questionnaire

, 379

dimensionality of

, 381

Utilitarian young tourists

, 378–379

Variant of concern (VOC)

, 289–290

VERB Model

, 485–486, 488, 490–491

Virtual classrooms

, 126, 128

Virtual concerts

, 502

Virtual experiences

, 348

Virtual reality (VR)

, 45–48

Virtual runs

, 502–503

Virtual tourism

, 118

Virtual voice guide

, 49

Viruses

, 302

VisitBritain

, 485

Voluntourism

, 154–155

Walt Disney World

, 419

War on terror

, 376

Wars

, 250

Waves of Pandemic

, 497

Web scraping techniques

, 158

Wellness tourism

, 260

WhatsApp

, 255

Wi-Fi 6

, 48

Wilcoxson Rank Sum Test

, 380, 385–386

Wildlives, COVID-19’s effects on

, 95

Working from home

, 197–198

Workloads, job insecurity leads to increased and

, 233–241

Workplaces, changing nature of

, 45–46

World Health Organisation (WHO)

, 90, 106–107, 125–126, 250, 286

World Tourism and Tourism Council

, 140

World Tourism Organisation (WTO)

, 89, 346

World Travel and Tourism Council (WTTC)

, 106, 286–287, 319

World Wildlife Fund (WWF)

, 448

Wuhan Municipal Health Commission

, 251–252

Young tourists, classification of

, 386–388

Zona Federal Marítimo Terrestre (Zofemat)

, 449

Zoom (online meeting platform)

, 502, 506

Zoomers. See Generation Z (Gen Z)