Ableism

, 8

Abnormality

, 132

Abolitionists

, 7–8, 167–168

Aboriginal

, 2–3

Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples

, 9, 14–15, 142, 144, 153, 156–159, 161–162

risk assessment

, 114–116

Aboriginal community-controlled organisations (ACCOs)

, 156

Aboriginal Justice Agreements (AJA)

, 32–33, 41–43, 60, 158, 190

Aboriginal sentencing courts

, 28–29, 60

Activism

, 23

Adaptations

, 19–20, 35–36

Administrative datasets

, 11

Advocacy

, 111, 113

Agonistic approach

, 6–7, 181–183

Agonistic politics

, 181–183

Alexander, Michelle

, 7

Andrews, D. A.

, 27, 34, 109, 134

Anindilyakwa Land Council

, 160

Assessment and Referral Court (ARC)

, 56

Australia

community sanctions in

, 9, 52–55

developments and challenges in community corrections in Australia

, 35–38

settler colonialism and distinctive history of community sanctions in

, 9–10

Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS)

, 11

Australian Capital Territory (ACT)

, 41

Australian community sanctions

, 25

Australian criminal legal systems

, 25–26

Australian criminology

, 183–184

Australian jurisdictions

, 12, 51–52

community sanctions in

, 52–55

Australian Law Reform Commission (ALRC)

, 11

Australian probation and parole services

, 26

Australian scholarship

, 9

Baldry, Eileen

, 8, 15–16, 117–118, 132, 162, 165, 169, 189

Bartels, Lorana

, 20, 25, 81–82, 95–97, 121, 126, 134

Bail

, 88–89

Behind the Walls

, 99–100

Biometric Offending Reporting Information System (BORIS)

, 128

Biometric reporting

, 128

Bond (see Community-based orders (CBOs))

Bonta, James

, 26–28, 34, 109, 134

Boulton v The Queen (2014) VSCA 342

, 37, 70–71, 77, 85, 182–183

Bourdieu, Pierre

, 79

Braithwaite, John

, 183–185

Breaches of orders

, 65–68, 121–122, 135, 139, 141, 156, 165–166, 191–192

British colonial presence

, 9–10

British punishment

, 10

Brown, David

, 17, 83, 88, 90, 124–125, 133, 179, 183–185, 188, 191–192

Brown, Michelle

, 98, 104–105

Bureau of Crime Statistics and Research (BOCSAR)

, 73

Butts, Jeffrey

, 30, 189

Callinan report

, 121–122

Carceral citizenship

, 179, 185, 189

Carlen, Pat

, 110–111, 134–136

Carr, Darryl

, 1, 118, 171, 188–189

Centrality of risk assessment in community sanctions

, 118–124

courts and pre-sentencing reports

, 118–120

parole release decision-making

, 120–122

post-sentence supervision

, 122–124

Chat, The

, 102–104

Citizen juries

, 85–87

Citizenship, diminished, carceral, discursive

, 185–189

Civil citizenship

, 186

Civil Rehabilitation Committee

, 132

Cognitive behavioural therapies (CBT)

, 27, 76, 134

frameworks

, 135

Cognitive behaviouralism

, 135–136

Cognitive disability

, 112–113

Cognitive Impairment Diversion Program (CIDP)

, 175

Cohen, Stan

, 87–88

Collective advocacy

, 129

Colonialism

, 154

Community (Re) integration

, 149–151

Community, conceptions of

, 4

Community Correction Order (CCO)

, 21, 42, 52

Community Correctional Services in Victoria

, 26

Community corrections

, 20, 31, 38, 77, 189

developments and challenges in community corrections in Australia

, 35–38

Community custody orders (CCtO)

, 52

Community Impact Assessment (CIA)

, 124

Community involvement in corrections processes

, 100–102

Community Justice Program (CJP)

, 175

Community Restorative Centre (CRC)

, 102, 132

Community safety

, 69

Community sanctions

, 2, 36, 77, 156, 162

administering community sanctions in Australian Context

, 38–40

aims and approach

, 16–18

in Australia

, 9

in Australian jurisdictions

, 52–55

availability and suitability of community sanctions for people with cognitive disability

, 170–173

brief statistical overview

, 10–16

centrality of risk assessment in

, 118–124

in colonial state

, 153–156

impact of COVID-19

, 18–20

definitions and diversity in

, 20–21

democratising

, 190–192

divergent contexts for

, 40–48

emerging themes and questions

, 6–8

interrelated effects of community sanctions and related measures

, 55

key legal factors

, 55–62

key themes in emergence of current forms of

, 3–6

normative justification for

, 180–181

politics

, 180–183

public opinion and

, 81–82

rehabilitation and

, 137, 144, 151

settler colonialism and distinctive history of community sanctions in Australia

, 9–10

Victorian reforms and precarious legitimacy of

, 70–72

Community sector, implications for

, 111–112

Community service

, 53–54

Community service orders (CSO)

, 52

Community Triage Risk Assessment Scale (CTRAS)

, 125

Community work orders (CWO)

, 52

Community-based orders (CBOs)

, 30, 44, 52

Community-based support for criminalised women

, 165–166

Competitive funding models

, 37–38

Competitive tendering

, 37–38

Compliance

, 11

Compliance Management or Incarceration in Territory model (COMMIT model)

, 32–33, 66, 122, 139, 142

Conditional release order (CRO)

, 52

Conditions (parole)

, 62–65

Confederation of European Probation

, 19–20

Confidence in criminal justice

, 82–85

Continuing detention orders (CDOs)

, 53

Contracting tendering

, 37–38

Convergence and divergence in community sanctions policies

administering community sanctions in Australian Context

, 38–40

developments and challenges in community corrections in Australia

, 35–38

divergent contexts for community sanctions

, 40–48

influence of international policy settings and trends

, 25–35

Corston report

, 162

Cost-benefit analyses

, 29

Costs

, 41

Country (see also On Country)

, 161

Court Integrated Services Program (CISP)

, 43, 56

Court Referral and Evaluation for Drug Intervention and Treatment programme (CREDIT)

, 56

Court Referral of Eligible Defendants into Treatment (CREDIT)

, 174

Courts

, 118–120

COVID-19, effects on criminal legal systems

, 18–20

Creating Futures justice programme

, 158

Creative criminology

, 79

Crime rates

, 107

Crimes (High Risk Offenders) Act 2006

, 1

Criminal Justice Diversion Program (CJDP)

, 56

Criminal Justice System (CJS)

, 82–83

Criminal legal system

, 158

Criminalisation

, 5, 7–8

of disability

, 8

Criminogenic needs

, 108–109, 111, 119, 129

Crisis Assistance Helping out on the Streets (CAHOOTS)

, 173–174

Crisis of legitimacy

, 133

Critical carceral approaches

, 17

Critical disability criminology

, 8

Critical engagement with risk-based governance

, 33–35

Cultural Rehabilitation Centre

, 160

Culture and ethos of criminal legal systems

, 42–43

Cunneen, Chris

, 10, 44, 87, 115, 117, 154, 157, 160, 184, 189

Custodial orders

, 52

Deadly Connections

, 156

Decarceral strategies

, 167–168

Decarceration/net-widening debates

, 3–4

Deliberative democracy

, 183–185

Deliberative democratic approaches

, 102

Democracy

, 95, 98, 179

Democratic politics

, 179

Democratic under-labourer

, 183

Democratising community sanctions

, 190–192

Demography

, 44–48

Desistance

, 30–32, 48–49, 64, 129, 132, 136–137, 143–146, 152, 173, 193

theories

, 29

Diminished citizenship

, 179, 185, 189

Disability

, 7–8, 56–57, 168–170, 173, 176, 190–191, 193

Discretion

, 69

Discrimination

, 165

Discursive citizenship

, 179, 185, 188–189

Diversion

, 56–57, 169–170

schemes

, 21–22

Dowse, Leanne

, 8, 117–118, 190–191

Drug Court

, 42–43

Dynamic structural risk

, 34–35, 48–49, 129, 186, 193

Dzur, Albert

, 85–86, 179, 183

Electronic kiosks

, 128

Electronic monitoring

, 1, 126

EQUIPS

, 137–139

Evidence-based policy and practice (EBP)

, 21, 28, 30

in context of risk

, 107–108, 113

Executive

, 51

Experiential distance

, 98–104

Chat, The

, 102–104

community involvement in corrections processes

, 100–102

corrections to community

, 99–100

narrowing

, 104

Songbirds

, 102–104

Extended supervision order (ESO)

, 1–2, 53, 123–124

Extra Offender Management Service (EOMS)

, 43

Facebook

, 87

Family Action Plan

, 166–167

Feminist approaches

, 8, 116, 163

First Nations

organisations and allies

, 44

peoples

, 5, 10, 114, 116, 153, 156

First-generation risk assessments

, 108

Fitzgerald, Robin

, 81–82, 95, 121, 134

Flexibility

, 147

Forced migration of convicts

, 9–10

Free Her campaign

, 168

Freiberg, Arie

, 3, 9, 25, 27, 51, 81–82, 86, 95, 97, 121, 134

Funding

, 41

Garland, David

, 3, 25, 51, 62–63, 80, 107, 180–181

Gelb, Karen

, 30, 36, 80–81, 97

Gelsthorpe, Loraine

, 164

Gender

, 7–8, 112–113, 116, 129, 162, 165, 177, 193

Gender neutral risk assessment

, 116

women and risk

, 110, 116–117

Gendered pathways

, 116

Gendered social relations

, 116

Gladue reports

, 60–61, 64, 115–116, 119–120

Grant, Luke

, 31–32, 39, 67, 74, 124, 137, 155

Good Lives Model (GLM)

, 31–32

Goodman, Philip

, 4, 23, 179, 181–182

Governance

, 40–41

Hamill, Justice

, 2

Hannah-Moffat, Kelly

, 5, 34–35, 48–49, 63, 108–109, 113, 116, 124, 129, 163

Hao, Nick murder

, 93–94

Hatzistergos Review of Bail Act 2013

, 90–91

Hawaii’s Opportunity Probation and Enforcement (HOPE)

, 139

Healing

, 157–158

High Risk Serious Offenders Act

, 123, 2020

Hogg, Russell

, 83, 88, 97, 133

Holistic support for criminalised women

, 165–166

Home detention

, 52, 77

Imaginary penalities

, 110

Imprisonment

, 4–5, 10

Indigenous community-controlled approaches

, 157

Indigenous decision-making

, 158–159

Indigenous justice initiatives

, 185

Innes, Martin

, 78, 88

Innovation

, 43–44

Intellectual Disability Rights Service (IDRS)

, 175

Intensive corrections order (ICO)

, 52, 58, 63, 69, 119, 126–127

International agencies

, 19–20

International policy settings and trends

critical engagement with risk-based governance

, 33–35

evidence-based policy and practice

, 28–30

influence of

, 25–35

offender management frameworks

, 31–33

risk-based governance

, 31

What Works

, 26–28

International research

, 4

Intersectional support for criminalised women

, 165–166

Intersectionality

, 8, 131, 144, 186–187, 192

context of risk and people with MHD&CD

, 117–118

Judiciary

, 51

Jurisdictions

, 41

Jurisic

, 84–85

Justice Reinvestment (JR)

, 44, 108, 160

Koori Court

, 60

Kilroy, Debbie

, 167–168, 191

Kunga Stopping Violence Program (KSVP)

, 166

Law-and-order

, 133

Legal processes

, 51

breaches

, 65–68

community sanctions in Australian jurisdictions

, 52–55

conditions

, 62–65

key legal factors shape community sanction regimes

, 55–62

legislative reforms

, 68–73

supervision

, 73–76

Legislative reforms

, 68–73

Legislature

, 51

Lerman, Amy E

, 186

Level of Service Inventory-Revised (LSI-R)

, 27

Liminality

, 189

Loader, Ian

, 17, 23, 85, 179, 183, 185

Local decision-making

, 159–161

Local government area (LGA)

, 44

Long-term support

, 147–148

Managerialism, risk and influence of

, 124–126

Maranguka

, 160–161

Maruna, Shad

, 4, 28–29, 79, 136, 143

Mass incarceration

, 7

McIvor, Gillian

, 69

McNeill, Fergus

, 6, 75, 79, 98, 126, 128

Meagher, Jill, murder of

, 92

Media

, 3, 77, 180

Melbourne CBD, killing of six people in

, 93

Mental health assessments

, 57

Mental health disorders and/or cognitive disabilities (MHD&CD)

, 9

in context of risk

, 117–118, 126, 130

MERIT programme

, 42–43, 565

Miller, Reuben Jonathon

, 179–180, 187

Miranda Project

, 165

Mixed methods approach

, 18

Monis, Man Haron

, 91

Moore, Elizabeth

, 82–83

Moral panic theory

, 87–88

Mouffe, Chantal

, 182

Multiple and Complex Needs Initiative (MACNI)

, 176

National Disability Insurance Scheme (NDIS)

, 170

Neighbourhood Justice Court

, 42

Neo-liberalism

, 154

New public management

, 27

New rehabilitationism

, 134

New South Wales (NSW)

, 9, 137, 139

Bail Act

, 89, 1978

reforms

, 72–73

signal cases and sabotage of bail reform in NSW

, 88–91

New York programme

, 191–192

Non-custodial orders

, 52

Non-custodial penalties

, 58

Non-government organisations (NGOs)

, 18

Non-parole period (NPP)

, 61

North Australian Aboriginal Justice Agency (NAAJA)

, 14

Northern Territory (NT)

, 9, 13–14

government

, 160

Signal Case

, 94

Northern Territory Aboriginal Justice Agreement

, 158

NSW Law Reform Commission (NSWLRC)

, 15

NT Community Corrections (NTCC)

, 94

Offender management frameworks

, 31–33

Olabud Doogethu

, 160–161

On Country

, 43

One size fits all approach

, 155

Open-ended support

, 147–148

Organisational risk

, 125

Page, Joshua

, 4, 6, 25, 181

Pains of supervision

, 4, 36

Palipuaminni, Jodie murder

, 94

Parole

, 61–62

officers

, 17–18

orders

, 63–64

regimes

, 52

release decision-making

, 120–122

Parole Act

, 122, 1971

Parole Boards

, 19–20, 39–40, 68, 81, 97, 103, 122, 139, 141

Parole Supervision

, 159

Penal action

, 4

modes of

, 17, 39–40, 58, 63, 69, 120

Penal afflictions

, 4

Penal assistance

, 4

Penal change

, 6

Penal controls

, 4

community sanctions

, 156–162

First Nations people

, 153–156

people with mental health disorders and cognitive disability

, 168–173

support for people with disability

, 173–176

things differently for women

, 164–168

women

, 162–164

Penalities

, 180–181

Penal levies

, 4

Penal logics

, 154

Penal policies and practices

, 25

Penal populism

, 48–49

Penal power

, 40–41

Pendular logic

, 182

Pendulum

, 6, 181–182

People with mental health disorders and cognitive disabilities

, 117–118, 168, 173

risk assessment

, 117–118

Periodic detention

, 52

Person-centred approaches

, 146

Petersilia, Joan

, 20

Phelps, Michelle

, 4–6, 9, 25, 55, 65, 133, 179

Place-based and on country programmes

, 161–162

Policing

, 189

Policy assemblage

, 21, 25–26, 35–36

Political commentary

, 3

Political effect of ‘signal’ cases

, 87–88

Political leaders

, 107

Political risk

, 124–125

Politics

, 179

agonistic politics

, 181–183

of community sanctions

, 180–183

Populism

, 95–98

Post-disciplinary approach

, 184

Post-prison orders

, 53–54

Post-sentence orders

, 20, 62–63, 66

Post-sentence supervision

, 122–124

orders

, 64

Postcode justice

, 5

Postcode Justice

, 44–48

Practice Guide for Implementation/Intervention (PGI)

, 37, 74, 137, 139

Pre-sentence reports (PSRs)

, 60–61, 118, 120

Prison industrial complex

, 7

Prisoners Action Group (PAG)

, 188

Probation

, 4–5, 17–18

Probation and Community Corrections Officers Association (PACCO)

, 39–40

Probation and Parole services (see Community corrections)

Problem solving courts

, 32

Proportionality principle

, 58

Public confidence

, 78

Public criminology

, 23, 79, 179, 183, 185

Public opinion

, 79–80

changing landscape of parole

, 94–95

and citizen juries

, 85–87

and community sanctions

, 81–82

and confidence in criminal justice

, 82–85

experiential distance

, 98–104

NT Signal Case

, 94

political effect of ‘signal’ cases

, 87–88

populism and democracy

, 95–98

and sentencing

, 80–81

signal cases and sabotage of bail reform in NSW

, 88–91

surveys

, 77–78

Victorian signal cases trigger major changes

, 91–94

Punishment

, 7–8, 10

Race

, 7–8

Race/racialisation and risk

, 114–116, 123

Racial disparities in probation

, 5

Racism

, 10, 191

Recidivism

, 29–30, 34–35, 109, 129, 174–175, 189

Rehabilitation

, 3–4, 37, 109, 111, 131

brief history

, 132–136

and community sanctions in Australia

, 137, 144, 151

interdisciplinary conceptualisation

, 131

principles and good practice approaches

, 145–148

Rehabilitative ideal

, 133–134

Relational aspects of rehabilitation and desistance

, 145–146

in context of risk and ways work is constrained

, 110

Renaissance of rehabilitation

, 133

Research design and methodology

, 17–18

Resources

, 40–41

Risk assessment

, 69

and implications for groups vulnerable to penal control

, 112–118

rise of

, 108–109

tools

, 21, 27, 31, 33, 35, 108–110

Risk mentalities, technologies and practices

, 107

centrality of risk assessment in community sanctions

, 118–124

implications for community sector

, 111–112

new technologies, risk and punishment

, 126–128

risk, rehabilitation and advent of ‘criminogenic needs’

, 109–111

risk and influence of managerialism

, 124–126

Risk-based governance

, 21, 31, 107

critical engagement with

, 33, 35, 108–109, 113–114

Risk-Need-Responsivity model (RNR model)

, 26–27, 30–31, 40, 48–49, 64–65, 74–75, 107, 109, 117, 120, 124, 134–139, 154, 162–163

Robinson, Gwen

, 4, 6, 20, 27, 31, 35–36, 40, 131–134

Royal Commission into Aboriginal Deaths in Custody (RCADIC)

, 41

Russell, Sophie

, 8, 87, 115

Schiraldi, Vincent

, 30, 189

Schwartz, Melanie

, 112, 137–138, 158

Second-generation risk assessment tools

, 108

Self-determination

, 158–159

Sensory criminology

, 79

Sentencing

, 58–59, 80–81, 159

Sentencing First Nations People

, 60–61

Sered, Susan

, 179–180, 186–187

Serious Offender Review Council (SORC)

, 121

Serious Violent Offender

, 121–122

Settler colonialism

, 9–10

Sexual Offender Parole division of the Board (SVOSOP)

, 121–122

Signal bail cases in NSW

, 89

Signal cases and sabotage of bail reform in NSW

, 88–91

Signal crime

, 88

Snapchat

, 87

Social media platforms

, 87

Social model of disability

, 8

Social Supports in Supervision (Triple S)

, 189

Socially disadvantaged groups

, 36

Songbirds

, 102–104

Sparks, Richard

, 17, 23, 85, 179, 183, 185

Speakman, Mark

, 72, 91, 94

Specialised courts

, 21–22, 43–44

Specialist courts

, 59–60

Spigelman, Chief Justice

, 84–85, 97

State-based variation in probation

, 6, 54

State of New South Wales v Carr

, 1–2

Strengths-based approaches

, 147

Stuart, Forrest

, 179–180, 187

Stubbs, Julie

, 162, 165

Supervised community orders

, 54

Supervised order forms

, 53–54

Supervision

, 73–76

Suspended sentences

, 52

Taxman, Fay S.

, 33–34, 64–65, 120

Technical breaches

, 65

Therapeutic jurisprudence (TJ)

, 32

Third-generation tools

, 108

Throughcare

, 132, 149, 151

TikTok

, 87

Tiraapendi Wodli

, 160–161

Truth in sentencing’ movement

, 134

Turner, Elizabeth

, 78, 83–85, 184

Twitter

, 87

Uluru Statement from the Heart

, 17, 190

UNSW Human Research Ethics Committee

, 17–18

Victimisation surveys

, 84

Victorian Agreement (Burra Lotjpa Dunguludja)

, 32, 41–42

Victorian Offender Management Framework (OMF)

, 32

Victorian signal cases trigger major changes

, 91–94

Jill Meagher murder

, 92

killing of six people in Melbourne CBD

, 93

Masa Vukotic murder

, 92–93

Nick Hao murder

, 93–94

Voice recognition

, 128

Vukotic, Masa, murder of

, 92–93

WA Community Corrections (WACC)

, 28

Waminda

, 167

Warner, Kate

, 86

Weatherburn, Don

, 96–97

Weaver, Beth

, 136–137

Weaver, Vesla

, 186

Western Australia (WA)

, 11–12

What Works approach

, 26, 28–29

Women

, 116–117, 162, 164–168

partnerships between government and NGOs to support women with children

, 166–167

risk assessment

, 116–117

Women’s centres

, 164, 191

Women’s Diversion Pathway

, 166–167

Worrall, Anne

, 5, 28

Wulgunggo Ngalu Learning Place (WNLP)

, 35, 142, 144

Yuwaya Ngarra-li in Walgett

, 160–161