Abduction

, 14

Abductive Codebook

, 207

Abductive research methodology

, 204–207

Abductive thematic analysis

, 203–206

key challenges and limitations

, 216–217

phases

, 207–211

small business social responsibility in foodservice sector

, 211–216

ABI/Inform Global

, 44

Ableist bias

, 29–30

Abstraction process

, 135

Accreted ethnographers

, 194–195

Action research

, 237–238, 240

in academic research programs

, 242

characteristics

, 238

generating theory through

, 247

implementing

, 244–246

needs

, 242–243

origins and philosophy

, 240

quality in

, 247–248

skills

, 246

in tourism and hospitality research

, 241–242

Agreement

, 149

Amazon’s Mechanical Turk

, 115

American Psychological Association (APA)

, 172

ANOVA

, 119

Answer formats

, 97–99, 106

Assurance procedures

, 209–211

ATLAS

, 145

ATLAS. ti

, 135

Attention check questions

, 78, 86, 89

Augmentative and alternative communication (AAC)

, 29

challenging ableist bias around children using

, 29–30

Axial coding

, 260–262

Bestiality in leisure and tourism

, 30–32

Bibliographic coupling

, 64, 71

Bibliometrics

, 55–56

analysis

, 55–56, 285

bibliographic coupling

, 71

citation and publication structure of scientific field

, 64–65

co-authorship analysis

, 71

co-citation analysis

, 65–71

co-occurrence of author keywords

, 71

documents

, 58–59

indicators

, 62–63

interpretation

, 64–71

leading authors, institutions, and countries

, 65

literature review

, 56–60

methods

, 60–64

most cited documents

, 65

most productive journals

, 65

WoS options

, 61

Binary stability measure

, 97

Bootstrap test

, 119

Bradford’s law

, 56–57

Case studies (CSs)

, 224–226

approach

, 222–228

operationalizing

, 228

research

, 162, 223–224

selecting

, 226–227

CATPAC

, 135

Causal effect

, 119

Chrono ethnography

, 3, 191–192

Citations

, 56–57, 62

per document

, 62

Citavi®

, 46

Classical GT

, 254–257

Co-authorship analysis

, 64, 71

Co-citation analysis

, 63, 65, 71

Co-occurrence of author keywords

, 64, 71

COARSE theory of measurement

, 100

Coding

, 133

interviews

, 207–208

scheme

, 134

Cognition

, 101

Coldharbour project in Brixton

, 274

Collection, analysis, and discussion of data framework (CAD framework)

, 40, 43

Comparative case study

approach

, 223–225

methodological reflections and commentary

, 230

in tourism

, 228–230

Compensation

, 181

Componential analysis

, 199

Concealment

, 195–196

Constructivism

, 161

Constructivist GT

, 255, 257

Consumer-generated media (CGM)

, 150–151

Content analysis. See also Qualitative content analysis

, 127–129, 143–144, 275

approach

, 143–144

as data treatment technique

, 145–146

within hospitality and tourism research

, 150–151

modes

, 146–148

Convenience sampling

, 105

Conventional content analysis

, 148

Core action research project

, 242

Covariates

, 119–120

Covert method

, 195–196

Credibility

, 136–137, 210

Crowdsourcing platforms

, 81

Data analysis

, 143–144, 167–168

Data collection methods

, 164, 181, 183

Data display

, 146, 167

Data reduction

, 146, 167

Data treatment technique, content analysis as

, 145–146

Data triangulation

, 137

Deductive content analysis

, 133

360-degree involvement

, 274

Demographic data

, 182

Dependability

, 211

Destination marketing organizations (DMOs)

, 143–144

Device ownership

, 179

Dillman’s ToDM

, 82

Directed content analysis

, 148

Directed content analysis. See Deductive content analysis

Disabled children

language and identity

, 27–28

research context

, 27

researching with

, 27–30

Disabled people’s organizations (DPOs)

, 28

Disclosure

, 195–196

Distress

, 30

Documents

, 166

Domain analysis

, 197–198

Drafting PhD thesis

, 172–173

Drawing and verifying conclusions

, 146

EBSCOhost

, 44

Ecological validity

, 183–184

Effect size

, 120

Embedded survey questions

impact on survey response rate and quality

, 83–86

in invitation emails

, 79, 83

Empiricism

, 8

Epistemological position

, 7–9

Epistemology

, 5–8

Ethical reflexivity

, 21–22

Ethics

, 21–22, 172

Ethnographic interviews

, 3, 190

Ethnographic research

, 3

Ethnography

, 189–190

conduct

, 192–196

ethnographic analysis and narrative

, 196–200

forms

, 190

meaning, origins, and types

, 190–192

Evaluative techniques

, 60, 62–63

Event-contingent sampling

, 180

Everyday life

, 177

Experience Sampling Method (ESM)

, 3, 176

analyzing data

, 184

data

, 182

ordinary and extraordinary moments of tourist experience with

, 177–178

preparation

, 179–181

questionnaires

, 179–180

recall bias and ecological validity

, 183–184

study design

, 178–183

in tourism research

, 176–177

Experiment

, 113

Experimental design

, 114

Experimental research

, 119

External validity

, 116

Face-to-face interview

, 275

Factorial ANOVA

, 119

Floodlight analysis

, 119

Follow-up interview

, 183

Food and Beverage (F&B)

, 229

Foot-in-the-door phenomenon

, 83

Front Office managers (FOM)

, 229

Generalizability with dependability

, 136–137

Goodness

, 170

Graphic mapping

, 63–64

Grounded theory (GT)

, 3–4, 191, 253–254

advantages, disadvantages, and limitations of

, 265

approaches to

, 257

comparison of approaches

, 258–260

critical reflection on

, 262–264

design

, 257–261

development of

, 255–257

example

, 261–262

hospitality issues

, 254–255

intellectual evolution and development of

, 257

H-index

, 63

High quality survey data

, 103–107

Hospitality

, 1, 44, 57, 60, 190–191

using abductive methodology for

, 204–205

action research in

, 241–242

using content analysis technique within hospitality and tourism research

, 150–151

context

, 2

experimental research in

, 3

experimenters

, 117

literature of

, 111–112

papers

, 112–113

qualitative content analysis process in hospitality and tourism research

, 130

qualitative research in

, 222–228

research strategy in

, 2

researchers

, 77–78

scholarship

, 8–9

House Keeping managers (HKM)

, 229

Human Resources managers (HRM)

, 229

Identity

, 27–28

Impact factor (IF)

, 60, 63

Increased response rate

, 87

Incremental approach

, 195–196

Incremental gap spotting

, 284–285

Inductive approach

, 133

Inductive-deductive research cycle

, 14

Informants

, 194

Institute for Scientific Information (ISI)

, 56–57

Institutional review boards (IRBs)

, 23–24

Instructional manipulation checks

, 105

Interdisciplinary approach

, 271–272

Internal validity

, 116

International studies

, 221–222

Interpretivism

, 2, 8–10, 13

Interpretivist paradigm

, 222–223

Interval-contingent sampling

, 180

Interviews

, 164–165

Investigator triangulation

, 138

Jaccard stability measure

, 97

Kappa analysis

, 149

Krippendorff’s agreement coefficient alpha

, 149

Language

, 27–28, 194

Latent content analyses

, 148

Leximancer

, 135, 145

Likert scale

, 99

Literature reviews

, 39, 151

Lotka’s Law

, 56–57

Manifest content analyses

, 148

MAXQDA®

, 47

Measurements

, 97, 100

Mechanical Turk (MTurk)

, 115

Median-split

, 119

Mediation

, 119

Merging codes

, 208

Method triangulation

, 137–138

Methodology

, 221–222

chapter

, 157–158

Mixed methods

, 224

Moderation

, 119

Multi-methods of data collection for abduction

, 206

Multiple survey questions

, 100

Narrative reviews

, 284–285

National Parks Service

, 277

Negatively valenced influencing behavior (NVIB)

, 14–15

Netnography

, 3, 191–192

Normal Theory approach

, 119

Notification schedule

, 180–181

NVIVO software

, 135, 145, 207, 211

Objective phase

, 284–285

Observations

, 165–166

One-way ANOVA

, 119

Online surveys

, 77–78

embedded survey questions impact on survey response rate and quality

, 83–86

embedded survey questions in invitation emails

, 79, 83

findings

, 87–89

limitations and future research suggestions

, 91

literature review

, 80–81

methods

, 86–87

recommendations

, 90–91

research

, 80–81

survey response quality

, 82–83

survey response rate

, 81–82

tools

, 84–85

Online travel agents platforms (OTA platforms)

, 2

Ontological position

, 7–9

Ontology

, 5–8

Open coding

, 134, 262

sample of

, 263

Oral history

Coldharbour project in Brixton

, 274

community projects

, 272

face-to-face interview

, 275

interdisciplinary approach

, 271–272

interpretation of

, 270

in tourism and hospitality

, 276–278

tourism and hospitality researchers

, 273–274

UK’s

, 269–270

unstructured interview

, 273

Walking horse culture

, 277–278

Organization development (OD)

, 240

p-value

, 120

Paradigms

, 5–6

Participant observation

, 191

Participants

, 164

Performance analysis. See Evaluative techniques

PhD methodology chapter

, 159–172

data analysis

, 167–168

data collection methods

, 164

documents

, 166

ethics

, 172

goodness and trustworthiness

, 170

interviews

, 164–165

observations

, 165–166

participants

, 164

philosophical foundation

, 160–162

research approach

, 159–160

research design

, 162

research sites

, 163–164

research steps

, 168

researcher positionality

, 170–172

Philosophical assumptions

, 5–6

Philosophical foundation

, 160–162

Positivism

, 2, 8–12

Post-positivism

, 8–13, 16

Post-positivists

, 9–10

Practical knowledge

, 239, 245–246

Pragmatic-inspired approach

, 40

Pragmatism

, 8–9, 13, 15–16

Pragmatists

, 14

Pre-testing

, 107

Privacy

, 181

Procedural ethics vs. being ethical

, 22–24

critical reflections on ethical journeys

, 24–26

impact on readers

, 26

impact on researcher

, 25–26

researching with disabled children and young people

, 27–30

sex and bestiality in leisure and tourism

, 30–32

social media data with sensitive content

, 24–25

ProQuest

, 40

Psychometric methods of scale development

, 100

Publications

, 62, 111–112, 118

Publishing

, 111–112

analysis and results section

, 119–121

introductory section of paper

, 112–113

literature review and hypothesis section

, 113–114

method section

, 114–118

multiple studies

, 118

outcome variables

, 117–118

participants

, 115–116

recommendations

, 121–122

settings and realism of manipulation

, 116–117

Purposive sampling for abduction

, 206–207

Qualitative content analysis

, 127–128, 130, 143–144, 205

checklist for researchers

, 131–132

data collection and analysis

, 133–135

evaluation of process

, 136–138

literature review

, 145–148

preparation

, 130–133

process in hospitality and tourism research

, 130

reporting findings

, 135–136

trustworthiness of qualitative content analyses

, 149–150

Qualitative Data Analysis (QDA)

, 47–48

Qualitative method

, 184–185

Qualitative methodology

, 222–223

Qualitative research

, 145

in hospitality and tourism studies

, 222–228

literature review

, 158–159

method

, 129, 157–158

PhD methodology chapter

, 159–172

Qualtrics

, 78, 83

Quantitative research method

, 129

QuestionPro

, 78, 83

Rationalism

, 8

Realism

, 9, 117

Reality

, 7, 9

Recall bias

, 183–184

Recruiting

, 181

compensation

, 181

number of participants

, 181

privacy

, 181

Reflexivity

, 21–22

Relational techniques

, 60, 63–64

Reliability

, 136–137, 149

Reporting of results

, 120–121

Research

agenda

, 49–50

approach

, 159–160, 237

design

, 162

method

, 112–113

paradigms

, 6–7

philosophy

, 5–6

sites

, 163–164

steps

, 168

Research Ethics Board (REB)

, 23

Researcher

, 194–195

positionality

, 170–172

Respondent attention

, 89

Response bias

, 88

Response quality

, 82–83

Response quality

, 88–89

Response rate

, 87–88, 182–183

Rigor

, 136–137

Rooted ethnographers

, 194–195

ScienceDirect

, 40

Scientific mapping

, 63–64

Selective coding

, 260–262

Self-citations

, 62

Semi-covert component

, 195–196

7-point bipolar scale

, 98

7-point Likert scale

, 106

Sex in leisure and tourism

, 30–32

Signal contingent sampling

, 180

Simulation tests

, 119

Small business social responsibility in foodservice sector

, 211–216

analysis of online documents

, 212

merging codes

, 213–214

refining themes

, 214–215

transcribing and coding interviews

, 213

writing up

, 216

Smartphones

, 175–176

Sobel z-test

, 119

Social cohesion

, 159–160, 169

Social constructivism

, 8–10, 13, 16

Social media

, 22

data with sensitive content

, 24–25

research context

, 24–25

Social networks

, 285

Sociogram

, 197

Software

, 179

Spotlight analysis

, 119

Stability

, 97

Straussian approach

, 256

Straussian GT

, 255, 257

Strict stability measure

, 97

Sub-themes

, 208

Subjective momentary experiences

, 177

Subjective phase

, 284–285

Suitability of survey studies

, 101–103

Summative content analysis

, 148

SurveyMonkey

, 78, 83

Surveys. See also Online surveys

, 95

completion

, 78

factors undermining survey data quality

, 96–100

high quality survey data

, 103–107

implicit assumptions

, 96

research

, 80

respondents

, 97–100

response quality

, 82–83

response rate

, 81–82

suitability of survey studies

, 101–103

Systematic literature reviews

, 40

data analysis

, 47–48

data collection

, 43–47

data discussion

, 48–50

implications and limitations

, 50–51

objectives

, 46

planning

, 43–50

pragmatic methodology

, 41–43

Systematic reviews

, 284–285

in tourism research

, 40–41

Taxonomic analysis

, 198

Technology

, 185

Thematic analysis

, 196, 203–205

with abductive research methodology

, 204–207

Themes

, 208

refining

, 208–209

Theoretical triangulation

, 138

Theory testing

, 113–114

Thesis action research project

, 242–244

framing thesis research issue

, 243

gaining access

, 243–244

Total design method (ToDM)

, 82

Tourism

, 1, 40–41, 44, 57, 60, 159–160, 175–176, 190–191, 221–222

using abductive methodology for

, 204–205

academics

, 176

action research in

, 241–242

comparative case study in

, 228–230

using content analysis technique within hospitality and tourism research

, 150–151

context

, 2

ESM in tourism research

, 176–177

experimental research in

, 3

experimenters

, 117

literature of

, 111–112

papers

, 112–113

qualitative content analysis process in hospitality and tourism research

, 130

qualitative research in

, 222–228

research strategy in

, 2

researchers

, 77–78

scholarship

, 8–9

studies

, 223

tourism-oriented research

, 224–226

Tourist experience

, 175–176

Transcribing interviews

, 207–208

Transferability

, 136–137, 210–211

Triangulation

, 48, 137–138, 170

Trigger

, 180–181

True positivist approach

, 10

Trustworthiness

, 170

of qualitative content analyses

, 149–150

Turkish tourism

, 277

Typology

, 197

Unit of analysis

, 133

User-generated content (UGC)

, 150–151, 287

Validity

, 136–137, 170

Virtual reality (VR)

, 116–117

Visual data

, 166

Walking horse culture

, 277–278

Web of Science

, 44

Women hotel managers’ experiences

, 228–230

Writing up

, 209

Young people

ableist bias

, 29–30

handling unexpected distress

, 30

language and identity

, 27–28

research context

, 27

researching with

, 27–30