Index
Martha Ríos Manríquez
(University of Guanajuato, Mexico)
ISBN: 978-1-80117-383-4, eISBN: 978-1-80117-382-7
Publication date: 23 August 2021
This content is currently only available as a PDF
Citation
Manríquez, M.R. (2021), "Index", Empowerment, Transparency, Technological Readiness and their Influence on Financial Performance, from a Latin American Perspective, Emerald Publishing Limited, Leeds, pp. 267-277. https://doi.org/10.1108/978-1-80117-382-720211008
Publisher
:Emerald Publishing Limited
Copyright © 2021 Martha Ríos Manríquez. Published under exclusive licence by Emerald Publishing Limited
INDEX
Access to information
, 148–150
Access to technologies
, 139–140
and indexes to assess technological readiness
, 136–140
Activity indicators
, 35
Activity-based costs
, 5
Activity-based management
, 5
Administered questionnaire
, 14
Alliances
, 114–115, 177, 180
Alliances with Dependent Variable Financial Performance
, 3
AMOS program
, 22–23
Analysis of variance (ANOVA)
, 39, 106
Annual operating/sales expenses
, 10
Annual sales growth
, 10, 184
Asset
, 33
Authority
, 57
Autocorrelation test. See also Individual Significance Test
empowerment model by company size
, 84
empowerment model by company type
, 87
empowerment model by economic activity
, 90
ERLGTOen model by company size
, 166
ERLGTOen model by company type
, 168
ERLGTOen model by economic activity
, 170
financial performance model by company size
, 197–198
FIPEGTOen model by economic activity
, 205
FIPEGTOen model by type of company
, 200
TRANSGTOen model
, 121, 124, 127
Average variance extracted (AVE)
, 26
Bank debt
, 5, 33, 233–234
Barlett sphericity test
, 67, 69, 71
Basic Network Services (BNS)
, 2–3, 133–134, 146, 177, 180
Best unbiased linear estimator (BLUE)
, 15, 73
Breusch–Pagan test
, 195
Bribery Sources Index (IFS)
, 103–104
Broadband link
, 139
Business
partners
, 34
performance
, 10
Capital analysis
, 33
Chi-squared test (χ2 test)
, 24–26
Coefficient of determination
empowerment model by company size
, 82
empowerment model by company type
, 85
empowerment model by economic activity
, 88–91
ERLGTOen model by company size
, 165
ERLGTOen model by company type
, 167
ERLGTOen model by economic activity
, 169
financial performance model by company size
, 196
FIPEGTOen model by economic activity
, 203
FIPEGTOen model by type of company
, 200
TRANSGTOen model
, 119–120, 122–123, 125–126
Communication
channels
, 3, 114, 177, 180
technologies
, 148–150
Companies
, 66
empowerment implementation process in
, 60–61
Company size (CS)
, 19, 21, 66
empowerment indicators by
, 77
empowerment model by
, 82–85
ERLGTOen model by
, 165–167
financial and nonfinancial information by
, 45–46
financial performance model by
, 196–199
transparency dimensions by
, 116, 119, 122
Company type
empowerment model by
, 85–88
ERLGTOen model by
, 167–169
FIPEGTOen model by
, 199–203
Comparative fit index (CFI)
, 24, 209
Competence
, 3, 9, 64, 233
Competition
, 66–67, 177, 180
Composite reliability (CR)
, 25, 210
Conceptualization
, 6–7
Confirmatory factor analysis
, 15–16
first order initial model
, 211–212
first order respecified models
, 213–216
second order structural models respecified
, 216–218
Connectivity
, 136–139
of companies located in Guanajuato
, 150–151
and indexes to assess technological readiness
, 136–140
Content validity
, 13
Contingency tables
, 186–189
Control
approach
, 58
of workplace decisions
, 66
Convergent validity
, 13–14
Correlational analysis
, 15–16
Corruption
, 1, 101–103
Corruption Perception Index (IPC)
, 103–104
Costs
, 33
Criterion validity
, 13
Cronbach’s alpha
, 222
Customer
retention rate
, 33
satisfaction
, 34
Data collection technique
, 14–15
Debt
analysis
, 33
indicators
, 35
total
, 233–234
Decision-maker
, 59
Dedicated links
, 139
Descriptive analysis
, 15–16
analysis and results
, 186–189
of financial performance
, 186–189
Development
, 3, 9, 66, 233
Dial up network
, 138
Digital business
, 1
Discriminant analysis
, 5, 33, 35–36
Discriminant validity
, 13–14
DuPont
, 35–36
Durbin–Watson test
, 81, 195
Dynamic structural framework
, 66
E-commerce
, 142
E-readiness (ER)
, 2, 9, 19, 21, 37–38, 134–135, 237
association between financial performance with
, 48–50
association between nonfinancial performance with
, 50
benefits
, 135–136
connectivity and access to technologies and indexes to assess
, 136–140
descriptive analysis of financial performance with indicators
, 186–189
in financial performance
, 177–179
indices to assess technological readiness
, 136
model to assess technological readiness based on ICT adoption
, 141–143
studies in Guanajuato
, 140–141
E-readiness level (ERL)
, 161
association between indicators of ICT adoption and
, 161–162
Econometric models
, 9
on variables influence “FIPEGTOen” financial performance
, 18–22
Economic activity (EA)
, 19, 21, 66
empowerment indicators by sector of company’s economic activity
, 77
empowerment model by
, 88–91
ERLGTOen model by
, 169–171
FIPEGTOen model by
, 203–206
ICT adoption by
, 155
transparency dimensions by sector of
, 116, 125, 128
Economic crisis
, 1
Economic value added (EVA)
, 35–36
Efficiency indicators
, 35
Electronic banking
, 141
Electronic invoicing
, 141–142
Electronic transactions. See Internet transactions
Email
, 141
EMPHCEGTOen model. See also TRANSGTOen Model
, 66, 72–73, 79, 91
empowerment model by company size
, 82–85
empowerment model by company type
, 85–88
empowerment model by economic activity
, 88–91
general model of empowerment in Guanajuato companies
, 79–82
Empowerment (EMP)
, 1–2, 10, 19, 21, 37–38, 57, 233, 235–236
analysis and results
, 74–79
association between empowerment variables
, 79
association between financial performance with
, 48–50
association between nonfinancial performance with
, 50
descriptive analysis of financial performance with indicators of
, 186–189
dimensions, indicators, and research hypothesis
, 67
EMPHCEGTOen model
, 79–91
exploratory factor analysis
, 67–72
in financial performance
, 177–179
future research lines
, 97
granted to human capital in MSMEs of Guanajuato, Mexico
, 92–93
in human capital
, 58–60
human capital in enterprises
, 58
indicators and sales revenue
, 75–77
indicators by company size
, 77
indicators by property type
, 79
indicators by sector of company’s economic activity
, 77
instrument reliability
, 71–72
literature review
, 58–66
Mattews, Díaz, and Cole organizational empowerment conceptualization
, 65–66
methodological design
, 66–73
methodologies
, 62–63
model
, 2–3
OLS method
, 73
specific objectives
, 58
specifications of empowerment model for companies in Guanajuato, Mexico
, 72–73
Spreitzer’s psychological empowerment
, 64, 94–95
Spreitzer’s psychological model
, 64–65
studies of influence of
, 179–180
study objectives
, 57–58
training, development, and remuneration
, 66
Enterprises, human capital in
, 58
ERLGTOen model
, 144
Commerce model
, 170
by company size
, 165–167
by company type
, 167–169
by economic activity
, 169–171
Family Businesses Model
, 169
general model of E-readiness level of Guanajuato companies
, 162–165
Industry Model
, 170
instrument reliability
, 146–147
Mercantile Companies Model
, 168
Service Model
, 171
by size, economic activity, and type of property
, 162–171
Sole-Owner Model
, 168
Exploratory factor analysis (EFA)
, 15–16, 66–67, 72, 108, 110, 144, 180
of financial performance
, 180–186
Family
business
, 66
companies
, 18
Federation of Municipalities and Provinces (FEMP)
, 103–104
Field technique
, 9
Financial analysis
, 5, 33, 35
Financial indicators
, 10, 35, 44
Financial information
by company size
, 45–46
by sector of economic activity of company
, 46
by type of property
, 46–47
Financial measures
, 1
Financial performance (FIPE)
, 1, 5, 19, 21, 33, 177, 193–194, 225, 233–235
analysis and results
, 44–50
association between financial and nonfinancial variables
, 47
association between financial performance with empowerment, transparency, and e-readiness
, 48, 50–51
association between predictory variables with financial performance
, 189
EFA of
, 180–186
empowerment, transparency, and e-readiness
, 37–38, 177–179
evaluation
, 8
financial and nonfinancial information by company size
, 45–46
financial and nonfinancial information by sector of economic activity of company
, 46
financial and nonfinancial information by type of property
, 46–47
financial indicators
, 44
indicators
, 34–35
indicators in MSMEs
, 36
instrument reliability
, 44, 184, 186
limitations and future lines of research
, 55
literature review
, 34–39
methodological design
, 39–44
model
, 23
model by company size
, 196–199
MSMEs
, 52–54
nonfinancial indicators
, 45
objectives of study
, 33–34
operationalization of financial performance indicators
, 181–183
research focus
, 39
research on empowerment, transparency, e-readiness, and influence on
, 38–39
sales revenue
, 44
variables, dimensions, and assumptions
, 39–44
Financial profitability. See Financial performance
FIPEGTOen model. See also EMPHCEGTOen model
, 2–3, 7–8, 15–16, 177, 206, 222, 233–234
association between predictory variables with financial performance
, 189
Commerce Model
, 205
comparison of rival models
, 222
criteria used and conceptual model
, 207–211
descriptive analysis of financial performance with indicators
, 186–189
econometric model on variables influence financial performance
, 18–22
EFA of financial performance
, 180–186
empowerment, transparency, e-readiness in financial performance
, 177–179
empowerment indicators
, 222–224
Family Business Model
, 203
financial performance instrument reliability
, 184–186
FIPEGTOen model 6th
, 220
FIPEGTOen model 7th
, 221
FIPEGTOen SEM model
, 229
first order initial model
, 211–212
first order respecified models
, 213–216
future research lines
, 230–231
Industry Model
, 205
linear regression analysis under OLS method
, 189–206
Medium model
, 199
Mercantile Companies Model
, 203
methodological design
, 180
Micro model
, 198
regression model by ordinary least squares method
, 227–228
reliability CR, AVE, Cronbach’s alpha
, 222
research variables, dimensions, indicators, and hypothesis
, 180
second order structural models respecified
, 216–218
Services Model
, 206
Small model
, 198
Sole-Owner Model
, 203
structural equations model on variables influence financial performance
, 22–26
studies of influence of empowerment, transparency, and technological
, 179–180
Transparency International
, 225–226
First order initial model
, 211–212
First order respecified models
, 213–216
Fixed telephony
, 138–139
Fluency in information sharing
, 66–67
Fluidity
in exchange of information
, 177, 180
information sharing
, 3, 9, 37, 66, 77, 233
Global Corruption Barometer (BGC)
, 103–104
Global Index of Corruption (IGC)
, 103–104
Goodness of Fit
empowerment model by company size
, 82
empowerment model by company type
, 85
empowerment model by economic activity
, 88–91
ERLGTOen model by company size
, 165
ERLGTOen model by company type
, 167
ERLGTOen model by economic activity
, 169
financial performance model by company size
, 196
FIPEGTOen model by economic activity
, 203
FIPEGTOen model by type of company
, 200
TRANSGTOen model
, 119–120, 122–123, 125–126
Goodness-of-fit index (GFI)
, 24, 209
Gross Domestic Product (GDP)
, 14
Gross profit margin
, 10, 33–35, 184, 233–234
Growth in sales
, 233–234
Guanajuato, e-readiness studies in
, 140–141
Heteroscedasticity test. See also Autocorrelation test
financial performance model by company size
, 196
FIPEGTOen model by economic activity
, 205
FIPEGTOen model by type of company
, 200
TRANSGTOen model
, 121, 124, 127
Homoscedasticity
, 15
empowerment model by company size
, 84
empowerment model by company type
, 87
empowerment model by economic activity
, 90
Human capital
, 34
empowerment benefits for human resources and organization
, 59–60
empowerment granted to human capital in MSMEs of Guanajuato, Mexico
, 92–93
empowerment implementation process in company
, 60–61
empowerment in
, 58–60
in enterprises
, 58
factors influencing empowerment of
, 61–63
Human resources and organization
human capital empowerment benefits for
, 59–60
ICT Integration that improve business management and development (ICTIBMD)
, 147, 174–176
Impact
, 9, 65–67, 177, 180, 233
variable
, 3
Improve Business Management and Development
, 177, 180
Income Tax Law
, 85
Independence
, 57
Index of Clubs Football (INFUT)
, 103–104
Index of councils (INDIP)
, 103–104
Index of municipalities (ITA)
, 103–104
Index of water management (INTRAG)
, 103–104
Indexes of communities (INCAU)
, 103–104
Indexes of parliaments (IPAR)
, 103–104
Indexes of sports federations (INFD)
, 103–104
Individual Significance Test
empowerment model by company size
, 82
empowerment model by company type
, 85
empowerment model by economic activity
, 88–91
ERLGTOen model by company size
, 165
ERLGTOen model by company type
, 167
ERLGTOen model by economic activity
, 169
financial performance model by company size
, 196
FIPEGTOen model by economic activity
, 203
FIPEGTOen model by type of company
, 200
TRANSGTOen model
, 119–120, 122–123, 125–126
Inflation
, 5, 33, 35
Information and communication technologies (ICTs)
, 1–2, 8, 37–38, 133, 142, 177
analysis and results
, 148–171
association between indicators of ICT adoption and ERL
, 161–162
basic technological infrastructure of companies located in Guanajuato
, 148–151
degree of technological preparation in MSMEs of Guanajuato, Mexico
, 171–172
e-readiness in SMEs
, 173
by economic activity
, 155
entrepreneurs or managers attach to indicators and dimensions of ERLGTOen
, 153–162
ERLGTOen instrument reliability
, 146–147
future research lines
, 176
indicators by size
, 153–155
instrument validation
, 145–146
integration
, 3, 146
level of technological preparation for companies in Guanajuato
, 147–148
literature review
, 134–143
methodology design
, 143–148
MSMEs
, 174
OLS method
, 148
research indicators and hypothesis
, 144
specific objectives
, 134
study objectives
, 133–134
by type of property
, 155
Initiative
, 57
Instrument
, 9–14
reliability
, 44
Integration of ICTs
, 2, 233
International Financial Reporting Standards
, 35
International transparency
, 99
Internet
, 139
transactions
, 141
Jarque–Bera test
, 86–87
Job satisfaction of human capital
, 59
Joint-stock companies
, 18
Kaiser–Meyer–Olkin sample measure (KMO sample measure)
, 67, 69, 145, 184
Kaizen costing
, 5
Kolmogorov–Smirnov test
, 86–87, 120–121
Leadership
, 57
Likert scale
of 3 points
, 10, 39
of 6 points
, 10, 67
Linear regression analysis
, 15
financial performance model by company size
, 196–199
FIPEGTOen model
, 189
FIPEGTOen model by economic activity
, 203–206
FIPEGTOen model by type of company
, 199–203
general model of financial performance
, 191
under OLS method
, 189, 191, 206
specifications of proposed model of financial performance
, 191
Liquidity indicators
, 35
Local area network (LAN)
, 139
Mahalanobis distance test
, 97
Margin of gross profit
, 5
Market performance
, 34
Mattews, Díaz, and Cole organizational empowerment conceptualization
, 65–66
Maximum Likelihood (ML)
, 207–211
Maximum likelihood estimation method (MLE method)
, 24–26
Mean variance extracted (AVE)
, 211, 222
Meaning
, 3, 9, 64, 66–67, 77, 177, 180, 233
Micro, small, and medium-sized enterprises (MSMEs)
, 1, 4, 33, 57, 133, 178, 233
indicators of financial and nonfinancial performance in
, 36
Mobile phones
, 139
Model-implied covariance matrix
, 22–23
Multicollinearity test
empowerment model by company size
, 84–85
empowerment model by company type
, 87–88
empowerment model by economic activity
, 90–91
ERLGTOen model by company size
, 166–167
ERLGTOen model by company type
, 168–169
ERLGTOen model by economic activity
, 170–171
financial performance model by company size
, 198–199
FIPEGTOen model by economic activity
, 205–206
FIPEGTOen model by type of company
, 202–203
TRANSGTOen model
, 121–122, 124–125, 127–128
Net profit margin
, 5, 10, 33–35, 184, 233–234
Nomological validity
, 13–14
Nonfinancial indicators
, 45
Nonfinancial information
association between nonfinancial performance with empowerment, transparency, and e-readiness
, 50, 52–54
by company size
, 45–46
by sector of economic activity of company
, 46
by type of property
, 46–47
Nonfinancial measures
, 1
Nonfinancial performance (NOFIPE). See also Financial performance (FIPE)
, 19, 21, 33–34
indicators
, 36
in MSMEs
, 36
Nonnormed fit index (NNFI)
, 25, 210
Normality
, 15
Normality test
empowerment model by company size
, 82–83
empowerment model by company type
, 86–87
empowerment model by economic activity
, 90
ERLGTOen model by company size
, 165–166
ERLGTOen model by company type
, 167–168
ERLGTOen model by economic activity
, 170
financial performance model by company size
, 196
FIPEGTOen model by economic activity
, 203–204
FIPEGTOen model by type of company
, 200
TRANSGTOen model
, 120–121, 123–124, 126–127
Normed fit index (NFI)
, 25, 209
Objective costing
, 5
Operating expenses
, 233–234
Ordinary least squares method (OLS method)
, 8–9, 18, 73, 111, 148
linear regression analysis under
, 189, 191, 206
technique
, 106
Organizational empowerment
, 1–2
Organizational performance
, 34
Overall Significance Test
empowerment model by company size
, 82
empowerment model by company type
, 85
empowerment model by economic activity
, 88–91
ERLGTOen model by company size
, 165
ERLGTOen model by company type
, 167
ERLGTOen model by economic activity
, 169
financial performance model by company size
, 196
FIPEGTOen model by economic activity
, 203
FIPEGTOen model by type of company
, 200
TRANSGTOen model
, 119–120, 122–123, 125–126
Pearson’s χ2 test
, 39, 106
Performance of company
, 34
Power
, 57
Predictory variables with financial performance
, 189
Prevention
, 3, 111, 114, 177, 180
Product life cycle costing
, 5
Profit margin
, 33
Profitability
, 34–35
Property type
empowerment indicators by
, 79
transparency dimensions by
, 116–117
Public Companies Transparency index (INDEP)
, 103–104
Qualitative factors influence financial performance
conceptual development of research
, 5–7
conceptualization
, 7
data collection and sampling procedure
, 14–15
econometric model
, 18–22
instrument
, 9–14
interpretation and communication of results
, 18
objectives
, 8–9
research design
, 8–9
research method
, 15–16
sample structure
, 26–32
sectorial study
, 7–8
specific objectives
, 8–9
structural equations model
, 22–26
variables and dimensions of research
, 18–19, 21
Ramsey specification test
empowerment model by company size
, 84
empowerment model by company type
, 87
empowerment model by economic activity
, 90
financial performance model by company size
, 198
FIPEGTOen model by economic activity
, 205
FIPEGTOen model by type of company
, 202
TRANSGTOen model
, 121, 124, 127
Rate of return
on assets
, 233–234
on equity
, 10, 184, 233–234
on equity own
, 184
Regression
, 15–16
Reliability CR
, 222
Remuneration
, 9, 66, 233
Return on assets (ROA)
, 5, 10, 33–34, 184
Return on capital
, 5
Return on equity (ROE)
, 33–34
Return on investment (ROI)
, 35
Return on sales (ROS)
, 33–34
Root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA)
, 24
Sales
, 33
costs
, 5
Sales revenue
, 44
empowerment indicators and
, 76–77
indicators of degree of technological readiness and
, 153
Sampling procedure
, 14–15
Scale reliability
, 108–110
Second order structural models respecified
, 216–218
Secretary of Innovation, Science, Higher Education (SICES)
, 140–141
Sectorial study
, 7–8
Self-administered questionnaire
, 14
Self-determination
, 3, 9, 65–67, 177, 180, 233
Self-efficacy
, 75
Short-term bank debt
, 10, 184
Single-owner companies
, 18
Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs)
, 5, 140, 206, 222
Sole Owner Companies
, 66
Spreitzer model
, 95
Spreitzer’s psychological empowerment
, 64
Spreitzer’s psychological model
, 64–65
Structural equation model (SEM)
, 2, 8, 22, 177, 233–234
on variables influence “FIPEGTOen” financial performance
, 22–26
Teamwork
, 58–59
Technological preparation influence on financial performance
, 179–180
Technological readiness
connectivity and access to technologies and indexes to assess
, 136–140
indicators of degree of technological readiness and sales revenue
, 153
indices to assess
, 136
model to assess technological readiness based on ICT adoption
, 141–143
Theory of value
, 5
Tolerance (TOL)
, 81–82, 124, 164, 195
Total debt
, 5, 10, 184
Traditional measures
, 5
Training
, 3, 9, 66, 233
TRANSGTOen Model
, 100, 106, 111, 117, 128
Commerce Model
, 128
general model of transparency in Guanajuato companies
, 118–119
Industry Model
, 127
Mercantile Companies Model
, 125
Model Family Businesses
, 125
Service Model
, 128
Sole Owner Model
, 124
transparency model by company size
, 119–122
transparency model by economic activity
, 125–128
transparency model by type of company
, 122–125
Transparency (TRANSP)
, 2–3, 19, 21, 37–38, 100, 102, 178, 236–237
alliances
, 114–115
analysis and results
, 111–117
association between dimensions of transparency
, 117
association between financial performance with
, 48–50
association between nonfinancial performance with
, 50
communication channels
, 114
descriptive analysis of financial performance with indicators
, 186–189
dimensions by company size
, 116
dimensions by property type
, 116–117
dimensions by sector of economic activity
, 116
dimensions
, 111–115
as essential element in companies
, 102–103
exploratory factor analysis and scale reliability
, 108–110
in financial performance
, 177–179
indicators, dimensions, and research hypotheses
, 106–107
instruments for measuring transparency in companies
, 103–104
literature review
, 100–106
measuring
, 103
method of ordinary least squares
, 111
methodological design
, 106–111
objectives of study
, 100
prevention
, 111–114
prevention, communication channels, and alliances
, 104–105
research focus
, 106
specific objectives
, 100
studies of influence of
, 179–180
studies on elements influence
, 106
TRANSGTOen Model
, 111, 117, 128
Transparency International
, 99–100, 102
Tucker-Lewis index (TLI)
, 25, 210
Type of property (TP)
, 19, 21, 66
financial and nonfinancial information by
, 46–47
ICT adoption by
, 155
Validity of construct
, 13–14
Value for Money (VFM)
, 103–104
Variance Inflation Factor (VIF)
, 81–82, 89, 124, 164, 195
Web domain
, 141
Website
, 141
Well-being of human capital
, 59
- Prelims
- Introduction
- Chapter 1 Qualitative Factors That Influence Financial Performance: Methodological Design
- Chapter 2 Financial Performance and Its Relation with Empowerment, Transparency, and E-Readiness
- Chapter 3 Empowerment in Human Capital
- Chapter 4 Transparency in MSMEs
- Chapter 5 E-Readiness and ICT Adoption in Guanajuato Companies
- Chapter 6 FIPEGTOen Model: The Financial Performance Model
- Conclusions
- Glossary of Acronyms and Abbreviations
- References
- Index