Prelims

Half Title Page

Entrepreneurship for Social Change

Series Page

Lab for Entrepreneurship and Development

Series Editors: Bruno S Sergi and Cole C. Scanlon

Lab for Entrepreneurship and Development is Emerald's innovative book series on the study of entrepreneurship and development, striving to set the agenda for advancing research on entrepreneurship in the context of finance, economic development, innovation, and the society at large.

The Lab for Entrepreneurship and Development (LEAD), a now-independent research lab that first started at the Institute of Quantitative Social Sciences (IQSS) at Harvard University, with the overarching and ambitious aim of using the book series as to synthesize interdisciplinary research by academics and students to advance our understanding of modern entrepreneurship and development across cultural and disciplinary boundaries.

Previous volume:

Entrepreneurship and Development in the 21st Century – Edited by Bruno S. Sergi and Cole C. Scalon

Title Page

Entrepreneurship for Social Change

EDITED BY

BRUNO S. SERGI

Harvard University and Lab for Entrepreneurship and Development (LEAD), USA & University of Messina, Italy.

Cole C. Scanlon

Lab for Entrepreneurship and Development (LEAD), USA

and

LUKE R. I. HEINE

Lab for Entrepreneurship and Development (LEAD), USA

United Kingdom – North America – Japan – India – Malaysia – China

Copyright Page

Emerald Publishing Limited

Howard House, Wagon Lane, Bingley BD16 1WA, UK

First edition 2021

Copyright © 2021 Emerald Publishing Limited

Reprints and permissions service

Contact: permissions@emeraldinsight.com

No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, transmitted in any form or by any means electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without either the prior written permission of the publisher or a licence permitting restricted copying issued in the UK by The Copyright Licensing Agency and in the USA by The Copyright Clearance Center. Any opinions expressed in the chapters are those of the authors. Whilst Emerald makes every effort to ensure the quality and accuracy of its content, Emerald makes no representation implied or otherwise, as to the chapters’ suitability and application and disclaims any warranties, express or implied, to their use.

British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

ISBN: 978-1-80071-211-9 (Print)

ISBN: 978-1-80071-210-2 (Online)

ISBN: 978-1-80071-212-6 (Epub)

Contents

List of Tables

List of Figures

About the Editors

Bruno S. Sergi is an Instructor at Harvard University and an Associate of the Harvard's Davis Center for Russian and Eurasian Studies and the Harvard IQSS. He is the Series Editor of Cambridge Elements in the Economics of Emerging Markets and Entrepreneurship and Global Economic Growth. He teaches Political Economy and International Finance at the University of Messina and co-directs the Lab for Entrepreneurship and Development (LEAD).

Cole C. Scanlon is a Social Entrepreneur whose areas of expertise include economic development, housing policy, and K-12 education. He co-directs the Lab for Entrepreneurship and Development (LEAD), co-founded/co-directs FairOpportunityProject.org (an education technology nonprofit), and was awarded Forbes 30 Under 30.

Luke R. I. Heine is a Software Social Entrepreneur. He presently builds the app where creators meet each other with a total fan base of 500 million. Prior, he started FairOpportunityProject.org, a social network used by students from 130 different universities, and the Lab for Entrepreneurship and Development (LEAD). He holds a patent in machine learning, won Forbes 30 Under 30, attended Harvard University, and was YC W18.

About the Contributors

Imran Chowdhury, is the Diana Davis Spencer Chair of Social Entrepreneurship and Associate Professor of Business & Management at Wheaton College in Norton, MA, and Visiting Professor at the Free University of Berlin’s International Summer and Winter University. He teaches courses in entrepreneurship, strategic management and international management, and conducts research at the intersection of business and society, encompassing domains such as social entrepreneurship and innovation, corporate social responsibility, philanthropy, and community-focused organizations. Professor Chowdhury serves on the Editorial Board of Academy of Management Learning & Education and is a Term Member at the Council on Foreign Relations.

Daniel Cosgrove graduated with a BBA in Finance from Pace University, magna cum laude, in 2019. He is currently an Associate at Pluris Valuation Advisors LLC, where he specializes in performing valuations for a variety of illiquid assets, including private companies, private fund interests, and investment holding companies, among others. Mr. Cosgrove has an interest in entrepreneurship and innovation, and he attended the Forbes Under 30 Summit in 2018.

Luke Heine is a Software Social Entrepreneur. He presently builds the app where creators meet each other with a total fan base of 500 million. Prior, he started FairOpportunityProject.org, a social network used by students from 130 different universities, and the Lab for Entrepreneurship and Development (LEAD). He holds a patent in machine learning, won Forbes 30 Under 30, attended Harvard University, and was YC W18.

Iman Hemmatian, Ph.D., is an Assistant Professor of Strategy and Entrepreneurship in the College of Business Administration at Cal Poly Pomona. His current research focuses on how firms can develop and protect their human capital and intellectual capital. His work has been published in the innovation and management journals, including Research Policy and Global Strategy Journal.

Todd M. Inouye, Ph.D., has been an Assistant Professor of Management at the University of Hawai’i at Hilo since 2019. Prior to that, he was at Niagara University since September 2016 after receiving his Ph.D. in Business Administration from the Shidler College of Business at the University of Hawai’i at Mānoa. His research has appeared in Small Business Economics: An Entrepreneurship Journal, Global Strategy Journal, BRC Journal of Advances in Education, and the Decision Sciences Journal of Innovative Education.

Amol M. Joshi, Ph.D., is an Associate Professor of Strategic Management at the Wake Forest University School of Business. He has thirteen years of prior experience as an engineer, executive, and entrepreneur in the communications sector. He co-founded software startup BeVocal, Inc. and co-invented two patents for speech recognition technologies. His research focuses on global innovation management and technology entrepreneurship. He is a 2016 Kauffman Foundation Junior Faculty Fellow and 2010 Kauffman Dissertation Fellow. He has published in the Strategic Management Journal, Organization Science, Journal of International Business Studies, Journal of Management, Research Policy, Organizational Research Methods, Global Strategy Journal, and Small Business Economics.

Marquita Kilgore-Nolan, M.D., is an OB/GYN resident physician at Duke University who researches maternal health equity and women’s health social enterprises. She graduated summa cum laude from Emory University with a B.S. in Anthropology and Human Biology then received her M.D. from Yale University. She attended Harvard Business School and completed the Social Enterprise Summer Fellowship. Dr. Kilgore-Nolan’s mission is to integrate medicine, social enterprise, and life strategy to help transform the lives of women, families, and historically marginalized communities.

Ikechukwu D. Nwaka is an Assistant Professor of Economics at the Girne American University and Co-Director of Center for Gender Studies. He received a PhD in Economics at the Eastern Mediterranean University, Cyprus. He also serves as Managing Editor of Gender, Labor and Economic Development and Editorial Member of Kadın/Woman 2000, Journal for Women’s Studies. Dr Ikechukwu Nwaka’s research unites several strands of emerging subjects of enquiry: inter alia the intersection of labour economics, gender in household decision-making, environmental sustainability, and health issues.

Qerim Qerimi is a Professor at the University of Prishtina and a Visiting Professor and member of the Law and Development Research Group at the University of Antwerp. His research and teaching activities are linked to such themes and areas as International Law and Sustainable Development, International Organizations and Information and Communications Technology, International Economic Law, and International Environmental Law. He is a member of Council of Europe’s European Commission for Democracy through Law (Venice Commission) and vice-chair of its sub-commission on the rule of law, and a Rapporteur for Oxford International Organizations (OXIO).

Elena G. Popkova – Doctor of Science (Economics), Professor, the founder and president of the Institute of Scientific Communications (Russia) and Leading researcher of the Center for applied research of the chair “Economic policy and public-private partnership” of Moscow State Institute of International Relations (MGIMO) (Moscow, Russia). Her scientific interests include the theory of economic growth, sustainable development, globalization, humanization of economic growth, emerging markets, social entrepreneurship, and the digital economy and Industry 4.0. Elena G. Popkova organizes Russian and international scientific and practical conferences and is the editor and author of collective monographs, and serves as a guest editor of international scientific journals. She has published more than 300 works in Russian and foreign peer-reviewed scientific journals and books.

Jeffrey A. Robinson, Ph.D., is an award-winning Business School Professor, International Speaker and Entrepreneur. Since 2008, he has been a leading faculty member at Rutgers Business School where he is an Associate Professor of Management and Entrepreneurship and the Academic Director of The Center for Urban Entrepreneurship & Economic Development. Dr. Robinson is a passionate advocate for social entrepreneurship, inclusive innovation and economic development. He is the author of books and articles on such topics as social entrepreneurship, African American women in entrepreneurship, and inclusive innovation. Emerging from his pioneering research, the New Jersey Social Entrepreneurship Institute and the CUEED Pipeline to Inclusive Innovation are national and international models for economic development and social problem solving using entrepreneurial approaches. He is the Principal Investigator of two National Science Foundation funded research projects related to inclusive innovation. He is an editorial board member for Academy of Management Perspectives.

Bruno S. Sergi is an Instructor at Harvard University and an Associate of the Harvard's Davis Center for Russian and Eurasian Studies and the Harvard IQSS. He is the Series Editor of Cambridge Elements in the Economics of Emerging Markets and Entrepreneurship and Global Economic Growth. He teaches Political Economy and International Finance at the University of Messina and co-directs the Lab for Entrepreneurship and Development (LEAD).

Dr Renata Thiebaut is an Advisory Board Member and Alibaba Global Initiatives Lecturer for Alibaba Business School and its affiliate Taobao University where she assists governments and mentor students on Digital Transformation. In addition, Dr. Renata has joined LEAD, a Harvard University spun-out lab, as a researcher in 2018. Dr. Renata Thiebaut has been awarded Innovator of the year in 2020 by the International Professional Women’s Society.

Kalu E. Uma is an Associate Professor at the Alex Ekwueme Federal University, Ndufu-Alike Ikwo, Department of Economics and Development Studies, Ebonyi State, Nigeria. He has taught economics for over 16years. His research interests are public sector economics, international economics, economics of development and urban economics. He is also an Associate Fellow at the African Heritage (formerly the African Institute for Applied Economics) and a full member of the Nigeria Economics Society.

Andreia Costa Vieira is a Lawyer registered at the Brazilian Bar Association; she holds a PhD in International Law (USP − having finished her PhD studies at the University of Cambridge, where she was also Visiting Fellow of the Lauterpacht Centre for International Law), an LLM in International Commercial Law (University of Nottingham, UK), and a B. A. in Law (UFV). She is the Founder of the ACV International Law Institute in Brazil. From 2002 to 2020, she was a Professor of undergraduate, Masters and PhD Programs in International Law and International Economic Law and Sustainable Development in different universities in Brazil and the MBA Program in International Business at the University of Steinbeis/Germany/Brazil. She was a temporary Delegate Member of the Brazilian Diplomatic Mission to the WTO and UNCTAD in Geneva (2017). She was a lawyer for the UN High Commission for Refugees/Caritas/Ministry of Justice Partnership, in Brazil, in charge of legal petitions and oral proceedings to recognize the status of Refugees (2012–13). From 2014 to 2019, she was a Post-doctoral Researcher at the Centre for Global Trade and Investments (CCGI) at FGV − a think tank based in São Paulo (2014–19).

List of Contributors

Foreword

If you have a vision for how the world should be and you’re an impatient person, entrepreneurship is probably the path for you. Everyday, we rely on mission-driven entrepreneurs to make our lives easier, safer, healthier, and more meaningful. They create new jobs, provide the lifeblood of our communities, and – a few times each decade – dramatically change how humans across our planet go about their everyday lives. Perhaps most importantly, entrepreneurs provide us all with ever-growing opportunities to find our own purpose in life.

We all owe the entrepreneurs who have come before us a great deal of gratitude for taking risks to drive society forward. While we may not be able to say thanks in person, we all have a way to repay them: betting on ourselves, our ideas, and taking risks of our own.

Rohan Pavuluri

CEO, Upsolve

Times 100 Recipient

Forbes 30 Under 30

Acknowledgments

We would like to express thanks, first and foremost, to the contributors of Entrepreneurship for Social Change, the second book of the Lab for Entrepreneurship and development book series and our publisher, Emerald Publishing. In particular, we would like to thank the Executive Editor Charlotte Maiorana for her help and support in setting up the new book series and the staff members at Emerald Press who assisted in making the second book in the series possible.

Introduction

A central theme of our contemporary period will be the ease of sharing an idea.

As more ideas come online, more factorials exist between the interfaces, providing an opportunity for innovation like never before. A child in Missouri and Malaysia can take online Harvard classes for free. In the comfort of your home, you can have a browser tab open to Shakespeare’s work, another being used to pay your taxes, all while streaming a tutorial on chemical titration. Cheap, fast, and easy idea transfer has changed how you get to work, what and how you eat, and the language you use.

And far from confined to our phones, computers, the information age is now increasingly home in our physical one. For example, a car designer in India can send a CAD model to begin immediately printing in an office in Detroit, a pharmaceutical company in Switzerland can immediately change drug production with an automated lab in Boston.

Sixty years ago, our advances would have been considered fantasy. Now they seem almost blase. With our new tools have come new responsibilities. And it seems our odyssean journey today is wading through the outcomes of our own creations. We are living in an era where entire livelihoods are blooming, changing, dying, shrinking, and expanding along with the communities that comprise them.

The following chapters in Entrepreneurship for Social Change follow these changes and provide snapshots of innovation and entrepreneurship in the information age. This compilation of chapters is the second book of a series of works investigating our changing world made possible through LEAD, the Lab for Entrepreneurship and Development, a Cambridge-based worldwide network of both junior and senior researchers collaborating and exploring. Far from exhaustive, we hope that the following readings open new questions and explorations for the readers, along with continued interest and participation for researchers around the world in LEAD.

Bruno S. Sergi, Cole C. Scanlon, and Luke R. I. Heine