Advanced Info Services (AIS)

, 155

Advanced Wireless Research Initiative (AWRI)

, 35

Africa

, 161–162

AIR 6468

, 23

Alaskan telco GCI

, 134

Altice USA

, 132

América Móvil

, 125, 129

Android

, 184

Antel

, 139

Apple

, 186–190

Asia Pacific Telecom (APT)

, 154

Asia-Pacific Telecommunity (APT)

, 6, 25–26

AT&T

, 129, 131

Auction

coverage obligation

, 10

plans

, 137–139

reserve prices

, 9

Auction methods

, 8–9

combinatorial clock

, 8

simultaneous multi-round ascending

, 8

Augmented reality

, 195

Australia

, 139–140

Austria

, 71–73

Autonomous transport

, 195

Average revenue per user (ARPU)

, 165–166, 197

Axtel

, 129

Backhaul

, 24–25

Bahrain

, 156

Batelco

, 156

Beamforming

, 24, 29

Beauty contest

, 8

Belgacom

, 73

Belgium

, 73–74

Belgium Competition Authority (BCA)

, 73

Bharti Airtel

, 144, 162

Bité

, 88

Bouygues

, 79

Brazil

, 125

Broadband Radio Services (BRS)

, 137–138

BT Plus

, 105

BT/EE

, 185

Bulgaria

, 74

C-band

, 26

Cableco/MVNO CJ Hello

, 153

Canada

, 125–127

Carrier aggregation (CA)

, 5, 22

CAT Telecom

, 155

Cellular IoT (CIoT)

, 31

Centimetre wave (cmWave)

, 34–35

Centuria

, 88

Ceragon Networks

, 93

Channel Islands Competition and Regulatory Authorities (CICRA)

, 83, 88

Chief Technology Officer (CTO)

, 185

Chile

, 127–128

Chile, private networks

, 127–128

China

, 141–142

China Broadcasting Network (CBN)

, 141

China Mobile

, 141

China Telecom

, 141

China Unicom

, 39, 141–142

Chipsets

, 186–190

Chunghwa Telecom

, 154

Citizens Broadband Radio Service (CBRS)

, 130–131

CK Hutchison

, 145

Cloud computing

, 24

Co-operative MIMO. See Coordinated Multi Point software (CoMP software)

Colombia

, 128

Combinatorial clock (CCA)

, 8

‘Commercial’ launch

, 11

Conference of Postal and Telecommunications Administrations (CEPT)

, 25

Coordinated Multi Point software (CoMP software)

, 22

Coronavirus

, 37

Coverage obligations

, 10

Croatia

, 74

Cut-throat pricing

, 13

Cyprus (South)

, 74

Czech Republic

, 74–75

D-Band

, 40

Denmark

, 75–76

Dense Air

, 95

Densification

, 48–49

Deutsche Telekom

, 32, 81–82, 185

Device ecosystem

, 190

Device-to-device technologies (D2D technologies)

, 48

DiGi Communications

, 84

‘Digi Mobil 5G Smart’

, 96–97

Digital Communications Commission (DCC)

, 144

Digital dividend

, 5

DISH Network

, 133–134

DITO

, 165

DNA

, 78

DoCoMo

, 136, 142, 145–146

Du

, 160

Dynamic spectrum access (DSA)

, 15

Dynamic spectrum sharing

, 24

Ecuador

, 128

Educational Broadband Service (EBS)

, 137–138

EE

, 104–105

Eir Group

, 85

Electromagnetic fields (EMFs)

, 38–39

Elisa

, 76–77

End-to-end network slicing

, 23–24

Enhanced Inter-Cell Interference Coordination (eICIC)

, 22

Enhanced machine type communications (eMTC)

, 32

Enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB)

, 27

Enhanced MTC (e-MTC)

, 31

Ericsson

, 23

Estonia

, 76–77

Etisalat

, 159, 160

European Commission

, 6

European Electronic Communications Code

, 71

European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI)

, 6

European Union (EU)

, 67

5G Action Plan

, 67–71

European Union

, 6–7

Extended coverage GSM-IoT (EC-GSM-IoT)

, 32

Facebook

, 192

Far EasTone

, 154

Fastweb

, 86–87

Federal Communications Commission (FCC)

, 129, 138, 184

Fibre to the premises (FTTP)

, 30

Finland

, 77–78

Fixed Wireless Access (FWA)

, 78

5G

, 1, 21, 67

5GX Platinum Plan

, 152–153

Action Plan

, 47

applications

, 48, 195–196

business models

, 49–51

coverage

, 197–199

emerging 5G ecosystems

, 51–52

equation

, 21–23

GigaCube

, 82

Home Broadband

, 140

Hub

, 140

speed

, 197–199

technology update

, 23–24

Wi-Fi Pro

, 140

5G Public Private Partnership (5G PPP)

, 40

5G Technology Forum (5GTF)

, 130

Former Soviet Union (FSU)

, 5

4G

, 1, 7–8

4.5G

, 23

4ka (SWAN)

, 98

France, private networks

, 78–80

Frequency division duplex (FDD)

, 36

Funn

, 93

General Authorised Access (GAR)

, 137

Germany, private networks

, 80–82

Gigabits per second (Gbps)

, 1

Global mobile Suppliers Association (GSA)

, 10, 12

Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM)

, 2–3

GlobalConnect

, 93

Greece

, 83

Guam/Mariana Islands

, 142

Guernsey

, 83

Harmonisation

, 3–4, 6–7

Healthcare

, 48

High frequency bands

, 34–36

High-speed packet access (HSPA)

, 4

Honduras

, 128

Hong Kong

, 142–144

HongMeng OS

, 184

Hot-spot

, 22–23

Huawei

, 102, 144, 183–186

5G CPE Pro router

, 157–158

Honor View Pro 30 5G

, 192

Mate 20X 5G

, 191

Nova 7 SE 5G

, 155

P40

, 192

Hungary

, 83–84

Hutchison

, 86–88, 144

Ice Group

, 93

Iceland

, 85

IDATE DigiWorld

, 6–7, 195

Iliad

, 79, 87

IMT-2020

, 26

IMT-Advanced

, 7

India

, 144–145

Indonesia

, 145

Industrial IoT (IIoT)

, 37

Infrastructure sharing

, 13–14

Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)

, 27

International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP)

, 39

International Communication Union Radiocommunications Sector (ITU-R)

, 3

International Data Corporation (IDC)

, 190–191

International Mobile Telecommunication system-2020 (IMT-2020)

, 3

International Telecommunication Union (ITU)

, 3–4

Radiocommunications Sector

, 27

Internet of Things (IoT)

, 30–31, 47, 53–57

Iran

, 156–157

Ireland

, 85

Israel

, 157

Italy

, 85–88

ITU-R

, 3

ITU-T

, 3

Japan, private networks

, 145–147

Jersey

, 88

Joint-Venture Consortium (JVCo)

, 151

Kazakhstan

, 157

Kazakhtelecom (Tele2-Altel)

, 157

KDDI

, 145

Kenya

, 161

Keysight Technologies

, 195

KPN

, 90–91

KT Corp

, 152

KT Telecom

, 152–153

Kuwait

, 157–158

L-band

, 26

Laos

, 147

Lattelecom

, 88

Latvia

, 88–89

Launch, definition of

, 10

Launch data

, 197

Lebanon

, 158

Lenovo

, 193

Lesotho

, 161

LG Uplus

, 153

LG V50 ThinQ 5G

, 100

Libya

, 161

Licence Assisted Access (LAA)

, 33

Licence costs

, 107–108

Licence-exempt spectrum

, 33

Licensed shared access (LSA)

, 15

Ligado Networks

, 134

Liquid Telecom

, 162

Listen before talk mechanism (LBT mechanism)

, 33

Lithuania

, 89

Local operators

, 50–51

Localised services

, 51

Long term evolution–Advanced (LTE-A)

, 1, 7

Long term evolution (LTE)

, 1, 183

launch data

, 10–12

network

, 2

unlicensed (LTE-U)

, 130

LoRa Alliance

, 32

LoRa Alliance WAN (LoRaWAN)

, 34

Low-power, wide-area network (LPWAN)

, 31

LTE Cat-M technology

, 34

LTE in Unlicensed Spectrum (LTE-U)

, 130

LTE-B

, 22–23

LTE-Licence Assisted Access (LAA)

, 130

LTE-U

, 33

Luxembourg

, 89–90

M1

, 151

Macau

, 147

Machine Type Communication (MTC)

, 31

Machine-to-machine communications (M2M communications)

, 22, 165–166, 199

Madagascar

, 161

Magyar Telekom

, 84

Malaysia

, 147–148

Malaysia, private networks

Maldives

, 148

Malta

, 90

Market leadership

, 195

MásMóvil

, 100, 101

Massive machine type communications (mMTC)

, 27

Massive MIMO

, 23, 28

Megabits per second (Mbps)

, 1

MegaFon

, 97, 151, 159

Merger and acquisition (M&A)

, 9

Mexico

, 128–129

Mid-band spectrum

, 38

Millimetre wave (mmWave)

, 34–36

Mobile Communication Company (MCI)

, 156–157

Mobile edge computing

, 24

Mobile network operator (MNO)

, 50–51, 165

Mobile TeleSystems (MTS)

, 97

Mobile Virtual Network Enablers (MVNEs)

, 11

Mobile Virtual Network Operators (MVNOs)

, 11

Monaco

, 90

Monaco Telecom

, 90

Motorola

, 134

Edge+

, 191

MTN

, 162

MTS

, 150–151

Multi-access edge computing (MEC) see Mobile edge computing

Multi-operator core network (MOCN)

, 13

Multi-operator RAN (MORAN)

, 13, 107

Multi-user MIMO (MU-MIMO)

, 28

Multiple input multiple output antennas (MIMO antennas)

, 4

Narrowband LTE (NB-LTE)

, 31

Narrowband IoT (NB-IoT)

, 31–33

NB-IoT Forum

, 32

Nepal

, 148

Net4Mobility

, 101

Netherlands, private networks

, 90–92

Netia

, 93–94

Network densification

, 25

Network function virtualisation (NFV)

, 23–24, 48–50

Network sharing. See Infrastructure sharing

Network slicing

, 23–24

Networks Software 17a

, 32

‘NetWorkS!’ network

, 95

New Radio (NR)

, 132

New Zealand, private networks

, 148–149

Nigeria

, 161

Nokia

, 146

Non-Standalone (NSA)

, 22

North Macedonia

, 92

Norway

, 92–93

NOW Telecom

, 150

NSA-5G

, 27–28

Numericable-SFR

, 79

Ofcom

, 103–104, 106–107

Oman

, 158

Omantel

, 158

1&1 Drillisch

, 82

OnePlus

, 192

7 Pro 5G

, 78

OnePlus 8 Pro

, 192

OnePlus 8

, 192

Ooredoo

, 158, 185–186

Ooredoo 5G Supernet

, 158

OpenAPI

, 37

OpenRAN (O-RAN)

, 145

OpenSignal

, 29, 134–135, 166

OPPO

Find X2 5G

, 191

Find X2 Pro

, 74, 191

Reno 5G

, 145

Reno3 Pro

, 145

Optus

, 140

Orange

, 73, 79, 94, 96, 100

Ordinance on Protection from Non-ionising Radiation (ONIR)

, 102–103

Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM)

, 36

P4 (Play)

, 94

Pakistan

, 149

Partial Economic Areas (PEAs)

, 136

PCCW

, 143

Peru

, 129

Philippines

, 149–150

Pioneer band

, 71

Poland

, 93–95

Polkomtel (Plus)

, 94

Portugal

, 95–96

Post-WRC-15

, 26–28

PPF Group

, 75

Price comparisons

, 113

Priority Access Licences (PALs)

, 137

Private networks

, 193–195

Puerto Rico

, 129

Qatar

, 158–159

Quadrature amplitude moderation (QAM)

, 4

Qualcomm

, 27–28, 33, 190

Radio access network (RAN)

, 13

Radio access technologies (RATs)

, 3

Radio Regulations

, 3–4

Radio Spectrum Policy Group (RSPG)

, 27

Radio Spectrum Policy Programme

, 6

Rakuten

, 145–146

RCS&RDS

, 83

Re-farming

, 12–13

Realme X50 Pro 5G

, 191

Reno

, 141

Reserve prices

, 9

Rewheel

, 113

Romania

, 96–97

Rostelecom (Tele2)

, 97, 150

Russia

, 97–98

Russia

, 150–151

Safaricom

, 161

Salt

, 103

Samsung

Galaxy A51 5G and A71 5G models

, 192

Galaxy A71 5G

, 192

Galaxy S10 5G smartphone

, 132, 152–153

Galaxy S20 smartphone

, 102

Galaxy S20+ 5G smartphone

, 135

San Marino

, 98

Satellite Industry Association (SIA)

, 26

Satellite provision

, 26

Saudi Arabia

, 159

Saudi Telecom (Viva)

, 156

Senegal

, 161

Seychelles

, 161

Sigfox

, 31

Simultaneous multi-round ascending (SMRA)

, 8

Singapore

, 151–152

SingTel

, 152

6G

, 39–40

SK Telecom

, 33, 153

Sky Mobile

, 106

Slovakia

, 98–99

Slovanet

, 99

Slovenia

, 99

Smart city projects

, 54–55

Smart homes

, 53–54

SmarTone

, 143–144

Smartphones

, 190–193

Softbank

, 145–146

Software defined infrastructure (SDI)

, 23

Software-defined networking (SDN)

, 48–50

Sony

, 102

South Africa

, 161–162

South Korea

, 152–153

Spain

, 99–101

Spectral efficiency

, 27

Spectrum bands

, 5–6

re-farming

, 12–13

Spectrum cap

, 92

Spectrum sharing

, 14–15

Sprint

, 131, 133

Sri Lanka

, 153

Stakeholders

, 55

Standalone (SA)

, 22

StarHub

, 151

StarHub-M1

, 152

State Commission for Radio Frequencies (SRCF)

, 97

STC

, 159

Sunrise

, 103

‘Super Rete’ project

, 88

Supplementary downlink (SDL)

, 25–26

Supplementary uplink bands (SUL bands)

, 36

Suriname

, 129

Sweden

, 101–102

Swiss Federal Council

, 103

Swisscom

, 102–103

Switzerland

, 102–103

T-Mobile

, 72, 84, 90–91, 94–95, 130–131, 134

T-Mobile US

, 33, 129, 132–133

Taiwan

, 153–154

Taiwan Mobile

, 154

Taiwan Star

, 154

Tajikistan

, 159

Tanzania

, 162

Tcell

, 159

Tele2

, 88, 90

Telecom Italia

, 87, 98, 125

Telecom Regulatory Authority of India (TRAI)

, 144

Telecommunications Services of Trinidad & Tobago (TSTT)

, 139

Telefónica

, 81, 98, 105

Telekom Austria

, 72–73

Telekom Romania

, 96

Telekom Slovenije

, 99

Telenor

, 93

Telia

, 93, 102

Telia Company

, 78

Telkom

, 162

Telstra

, 140

Terrestrial digital audio broadcasting (T-DAB)

, 6

Tesco Mobile

, 107

Thailand

, 155–156

The cloud

, 56

The USA, auctions in

, 130–135

Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP)

, 2–3

Release 10

, 7, 22–23

Release 11

, 22–23

Release 12

, 22–23

Release 14

, 3

Release 15

, 3, 36

Release 16

, 3, 37

Release 17

, 3

Release 4

, 3

Release 7

, 3

Release 8

, 3

3G

, 4

3UK

, 107

Time division duplex (TDD)

, 4–5, 36

TOT

, 155

Total Access Communication

, 155

Touch

, 158

TPG Telecom

, 140

Trinidad and Tobago

, 139

Turkcell

, 159–160

Turkey

, 159–160

2G

, 4

UHF band

, 7

UK, private networks

, 103–107

UK Broadband

, 104

Ukraine

, 160

Ukrainian High Technologies (FreshTel)

, 160

Ultra mobile broadband (UMB)

, 4

Ultra-reliable and Low Latency Communication (URLLC)

, 37

United Arab Emirates

, 160

United Arab Republic (UAE)

, 166

United Internet

, 81

Universal mobile telecommunications system (UMTS)

, 4

Unlicensed spectrum

, 33–34

Unpaired spectrum. See Time division duplex (TDD)

Upper Microwave Flexible Use Service (UMFUS)

, 35, 135

Uruguay

, 139

US Cellular

, 132

US Virgin Islands

, 139

USA

, 130–135

Vehicle-to-everything communications (V2X communications)

, 195

VEON

, 97, 150–151

Verizon

, 131, 134

Verizon Communications

, 28

Verizon Wireless

, 130

Verticals

, 50

Video gaming

, 196

Vietnam

, 156

Viettel

, 147

VimpelCom

, 150

Virtual reality

, 195

Viva

, 156

Vodacom

, 161, 162

Vodafone

, 81–82, 87, 95, 96, 100–101, 106, 185

Vodafone Hutchison Australia (VHA)

, 140

VodafoneZiggo

, 90–91

Wholesale open-access network (WOAN)

, 162

Wi-Fi 6

, 29

Wi-Fi Alliance (WFA)

, 33

Wide-band code division multiple access (WCDMA)

, 4

Wireless Fidelity (Wi-Fi)

, 28–30

World Radiocommunication Conference (WRC)

, 2–4

WRC-12

, 6

WRC-15

, 6, 25–26

WRC-19

, 37–38

WRC-23

, 38

Xiaomi

, 102

Black Shark

, 192

Mi 10

, 191

Mi Mix 3

, 86

Xplornet

, 126

Zain

, 156, 159

Zon Optimus (Nos)

, 95

ZTE

, 39, 88, 141, 184

Axon 10 Pro 5G

, 76–77