Accessibility

, 2–3

pyramid

, 6

Accessible tourism. See also Recovery tourism

, 3, 187

benefits of

, 4–5

functioning market for

, 6–7

investing in

, 5

new economic opportunities for barrier-free Europe

, 191–192

reflections

, 194–195

regulations

, 187–189

“Sicily tourism for all” Association

, 192–193

updated data on

, 189–191

Accor Hotels Group

, 157

Active sustainability

, 220–221

Adaptability

, 296

Adaptation scenario

, 8

Adaptive cycle

, 122

Agorai

, 18–19

Air transport

, 243–246

effects on tourism

, 245–246

Airline Deregulation Act

, 244

Amenity migration

, 212–213

Ancestral tourism. See Roots tourism

Ancient religious travel

, 57–58

Ancient routes in Sicily

Via Francigena of Sicily Route and ‘place awareness’

, 42–48

historical research

, 35–38

reconstruction of paths

, 38–42

Andalusia. org website

, 202

Anti-tourism movements

, 258

Archaeological heritage of Taormina

, 20

Archaeological map of Taormina

, 21–22

Archaeological Museum

, 19–20

Art

cities

, 65

seeking

, 178–179

Artificial intelligence

, 129–130

AssoretiPMI

, 233

Attractiveness dimension

, 95

Attributes

, 96

Average stay index

, 312

Barrier-free Europe, new economic opportunities for

, 191–192

Benchmarking study between European countries

, 201–202

Bermuda I and II agreement

, 244

Best practices

, 192–193

Bilateral air services agreements

, 244

Black list

, 246

Borghi

, 65

Bottom-up processes

, 154

Brand

, 159

Brundtland Commission. See World Commission on Environment and Development (WCED)

Brundtland definition

, 282

Brundtland Report

, 49, 151–152, 281

Business management

, 145–146

Calabria

expectations

, 208–209

experience and satisfaction

, 209–210

link with

, 205–206

perceived image

, 210

reasons for journey

, 206–208

Calgary model

, 96

Caminos

, 60

Cannibalistic economic and productive model

, 78

Cartesian system

, 299

Castronovo center

, 37

Catholic Church

, 56

guidelines on ecological education and spirituality

, 60–61

Cemetery tourism

, 199–200

Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union (CFR)

, 242

Chicago Convention on International Civil Aviation (1944)

, 244

Christian pilgrimage

, 64

Citizenship tourism

, 171–172

Civil Liability Convention (CLC)

, 281

Cluster(ing)

algorithm

, 262–263

analysis

, 99

membership

, 99

Coevolutionary perspective

, 170

Collaborative network for success of destination

, 179

Committee for the Promotion and Support of Accessible Tourism

, 188

Community

, 40, 76–77

community-resourced based theory

, 10

list

, 246

resilience

, 295

Community-based tourism (CBT)

, 295

Comparative analysis, conditions for

, 156–157

Competitiveness

, 94–95

Composite indicator

, 96–97

Content-based models of CSR

, 153

Corporate brand

, 157

Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR)

, 153, 285

Cost advantage

, 157–158

CRR selection

, 157

Cruise industry and contract

, 249–253

Culinary tourism

, 109–110

Culinary tourists

, 115, 257–258

Cultural

assets

, 123

landscape

, 126, 169

omnivores

, 115

transformation of inhabitants

, 44

values

, 67

Customer services recovery guidelines in Italian territories

, 28–31

Definitive stakeholders

, 151

Deshpande and Webster model

, 153

Destination

management organization

, 67

tourism competitiveness

, 96

Destination marketing organisations (DMOs)

, 258

Diaspora tourism. See Roots tourism

Differentiation advantage

, 158–159

Diffused hotel model

, 171, 175

Digital ecosystem of paths

, 40–41

Digital technologies

, 220–221

Digitalization

, 129–130

Disability

, 194

Dominant coalition

, 151

Dwyer and Kim model

, 96

Earth Summit (2002)

, 283

Earthquake

, 81

Eco-destination managers

, 139

Eco-tourism

, 218–219, 221–222

Economic dimension

, 95

Economic growth

, 152

in Mediterranean region

, 130–135

Economic resilience of urban destinations. See also Resilience

, 292

methodology

, 298–300

results

, 300–303

Ecosustainability. See also Sustainability

on human and religious perspective

, 61

of tourism

, 61

Ecosystems

, 291

Ecumenical approach to religious tourism

, 61–62

Egypt, tourism in

, 133

Eleventh Europcar Observatory

, 192

Empathy

, 7, 159

Energetic efficiency (EE)

, 145

Energy supply from renewable sources (ER)

, 145

Environmental

integrity

, 152

sustainability

, 129–130

Ethics

, 147–148

EU ecomanagement and audit scheme (EMAS)

, 285

EU emissions trading system (EU ETS)

, 287

Europe, historical evolution in

, 57–58

‘Europe Without Barriers’ initiative

, 192

European Agricultural Fund for Rural Development (EAFRD)

, 230

European Capital of Culture (ECoC)

, 169, 172

European High Middle Ages cultural climate

, 37

European Tourism Indicators System (ETIS)

, 285–286

European transport policy

, 282

European Travel Commission (ETC)

, 110–112

Expectant stakeholders

, 151

Experienced hospitality

, 40–41

Exposure

, 296

External mobility

, 243

Faith tourism. See Religious tourism

Food

, 257–258

Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO)

, 258

Fragile tourist destination

, 172–174

Francigene reception network

, 40–41

Gastronomic experiences

, 110–111

Gastronomy

decision

, 112–113

gastronomy-motivated tourists

, 114–115

individual passion for gastronomy driving travel decisions

, 111–112

lovers

, 113

motivations, activities and behaviours of tourists travelling for

, 111–115

strategies for

, 115–116

in tourism

, 109–111

tourists for different types of experiences

, 113–114

Genealogical tourism. See Roots tourism

Geographical information system (GIS)

, 21–22

Germany. travel website

, 202

Global Geopark

, 124

Global positioning system (GPS)

, 21

Globalization

, 77–78

Green marketing

, 145–146

Green models

, 126

Green practices

, 154

Green tourism

, 43, 139

Greenwashing

, 144–146

Hierarchical cluster analysis

, 99

Historical routes

, 42

Holiness

, 59–60

Hospitality

, 40–41

businesses

, 170

Hotel businesses

, 170

Hotel Chains

, 145, 156

‘Hub-and-spoke’ approach

, 245

ICLEI

, 282

Identity

, 76–77

Importance performance analysis (IPA)

, 96

In-depth analysis

, 38

Inactivity scenario

, 8

Inclusion

, 190

Inclusive packages in Europe

, 251–253

Inclusive tourism

, 7, 11–12

Innovation(s)

, 5–6

choice for innovative destination

, 5–7

in tourism

, 129–130

Institutional collaborations

, 11–12

Integrated ecology

, 138

Integrated network tourism model

, 11

Integrated relational tourism

, 10–11

Internal mobility

, 243

International Convention on Travel Contracts (CCV)

, 250

International Ship and Port Facility Security Code (ISPS Code)

, 247–248

International tourist arrivals

, 131–132

International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN)

, 282

Interpersonal collaborations

, 11–12

IPCA. See Importance performance analysis (IPA)

Ireland. com website

, 201

Island contexts

, 310–312

Italia. it website

, 202

Italian emigration

, 200

Italian Episcopal Conference (CEI)

, 222–223

Italian Federation Immigration-Emigration (FIEI)

, 200

Italian Ministry of Cultural Heritage and Tourism

, 219

Italian Multiple Sclerosis Association (AISM)

, 192

Italian sign language (LIS)

, 193

Italian Society of Soft Mobility

, 26–27

Italian territories, customer services recovery guidelines in

, 28–31

Italy

attractiveness

, 26–28

attractivity to tourism in post-COVID-19 scenario

, 32

sustainability for tourism recovery in

, 31–32

Italy’s island systems

, 310

contexts

, 310–312

performances

, 314–316

tourism in

, 312–314

Itinerarium Rosaliae

, 226–227, 230–235

Landscape

, 125

maps

, 126

Latent stakeholders

, 151

Legitimacy

, 149–151

Leximancer

, 259, 263–265

Liberalization of air transport

, 245

Lifestyle migration

, 212

Lisbon Treaty

, 283

Local awareness

, 45–46

Local community

, 3, 9–10, 120, 122–123

Local development

, 219–222

Local heritage assets

, 77–78

Local identity

, 39, 80–82

Local street food

, 258

Local tourist areas (LTAs)

, 298–299

Logistic infrastructures

, 66

Low-cost

airlines

, 245

phenomenon

, 245–246

Maastricht Treaty

, 282

‘Made with sustainability in mind’ program

, 157

Madonie

, 121

Madonie Ecomuseum

, 126

Madonie Park

, 121, 124

resilience strategies in

, 124–127

‘Magna Via Francigena’ project

, 40, 42, 48–49, 226

Maritime safety

, 280

Market-oriented notation

, 153

Marketing function

, 144

‘Matera Alberga’ project

, 178–179

Matera case

citizenship tourism

, 171–172

findings

, 175–181

literary review

, 169–171

research objectives and methodology

, 172–175

sustainability of tourism

, 171–172

as tourist destination

, 168–169

Maturation

, 46–47

Mediterranean Basin, performances of island contexts in

, 314–316

Mediterranean countries

, 93–94, 99–100

dendrogram

, 104

PCA results for

, 103

ranking and value of subindexes for

, 102

score, rank and change

, 100

Mediterranean region

, 129–130

tourism and economic growth in

, 130–135

tourism and sustainability in

, 137–140

Mettici manu (slogan)

, 39

MiBACT

, 42–43

Micro and small enterprises (MSEs)

, 265–266

Micro-enterprises

, 47–48

Micro-island contexts

, 313

Migration

, 201

Ministry of Cultural Heritage and Tourism (MiBACT)

, 224

Mobility

, 242, 243

Modern religious tourism

, 57–58

Monti Sicani Operator Network

, 230

Morocco, tourism in

, 132–133

Murgia Materana plateau

, 169

Narration

, 41

Natural assets

, 123

Natural parks

, 65

Naumachia

, 18–20

Need

, 149–151

Neo-institutionalist theory

, 149

New ecology of tourism

, 43

New normality

, 26

New tourism scenarios

, 25–26

Niche tourism

, 43

No-frills airlines. See Low-cost airlines

North American empirical studies

, 110–111

Officina Territoriale Itinerarium Rosaliae, Project of

, 233–235

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)

, 94, 98–99

Our Common Future

, 281

Overcrowding

, 4

Overtourism

, 43, 138

effects of

, 176–177

Package holidays

, 251

Package tours

, 251

Package travel

, 251

Palermo province

, 37

PANORAMED project

, 136–137

Parco della Murgia Materana

, 169

Partnership

, 159

Passive sustainability

, 220–221

‘Paths’ Network Ò in Sicily’

, 230

Pilgrimages

, 57, 63–64

Place attachment

, 212

Place awareness

, 42–48, 75–77, 79

tourism and

, 80–84

Place-based development policies

, 126

Planning of business operation

, 154–156

Poland. travel

, 202

Policoro Project

, 232–233

Polish Genealogical Society of America (PGSA)

, 202

Polish Tourism Organization

, 202

Porter’s diamond model

, 96

Power

, 149–151

Prevention principle

, 5–6

Primary stakeholders

, 149

Principal component (PC)

, 101

Principal component analysis (PCA)

, 99

results for Mediterranean Countries

, 103

Priority scenario

, 8

Products and services

, 144

Public tourism planning

, 120

Quality

, 159

Real religious tourism

, 62

Reciprocity principle

, 171

Recovery index

, 298–299

Recovery tourism. See also Accessible tourism

customer services recovery guidelines in Italian territories

, 28–31

Italy’s attractiveness

, 26–28

Italy’s attractivity to tourism in post-COVID-19 scenario

, 32

new tourism scenarios

, 25–26

sustainability for tourism recovery in Italy

, 31–32

Regional government

, 9–10

Relationship tourism

, 43

Relativism

, 58

Religion

, 58–59, 62

Religious itineraries

, 223–224

Religious light tourism

, 59–60

Religious pilgrimages

, 55–56

Religious routes

, 218–219, 227–230

and paths and Italian policies

, 224–226

and paths as integrated experience

, 223–224

Religious tourism. See also Accessible tourism

, 55–56, 61, 222

areas and tools to creating

, 66–67

asset for socioeconomic sustainability by development

, 62–63

Catholic Church guidelines on ecological education and spirituality

, 60–61

ecumenical approach to religious tourism

, 61–62

historical evolution in Europe

, 57–58

perspective and paths in progress

, 222–230

religious travel and

, 55–56

and sustainability

, 65

youth in whole world

, 58–59

Religious travel

, 55–56, 60

to religious tourism and sustainability

, 63–66

Residential tourism

, 212

Residents’ attitude towards tourism

, 177–179

Resilience

, 122, 292

interpretations

, 294

principles

, 122

of Sicilian tourism systems

, 296–303

strategies in inner areas

, 120–124, 124–127

theory

, 293

and tourism

, 293–296

Resistance index

, 299

Resource-advantage theory

, 153

Responsible development

, 145

Responsible tourism

, 65–66

Retirement migration

, 212

Return migration

, 212

Return tourism. See Roots tourism

Rio Declaration

, 282

Rio+20. See United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development (UNCSD)

Roots tourism. See also Sustainable tourism

, 199–200

benchmarking study between European countries

, 201–202

correlation with other tourism segments

, 212–213

effects on economic and social fabric of destination

, 211–212

roots tourist profiles, needs and motivations to travel

, 203–210

Roots tourists

, 212

Rural and village tourism

, 218–219

Rural areas

, 218–219

Rural tourism

, 123–124

‘Sacred Ways of Sicily’

, 230

Safety in field of transport and tourism

, 246–249

Safety of Life at Sea Convention (SOLAS Convention)

, 247–248

Saint Francis Caracciolo’s Camino

, 65

Saint Francis Way

, 64–65

Sambuca di Sicilia

, 80–84

Sassi area

, 169, 176, 178

Satisfaction dimension

, 95

Saturation principle

, 174–175

Second homes

, 200, 203

Secondary stakeholders

, 149

Secularism

, 58

Security in field of transport and tourism

, 246–249

Self-sustainability

, 49

Sensitivity

, 296

‘Sicilia Turismo per Tutti’ association

, 193

Sicilian tourism systems, resilience of

, 296–303

Sicily

, 18, 292

case study in

, 226–235

island

, 219

tourism in

, 296–297

“Sicily tourism for all” Association

, 192–193

Simtur

, 26–28

Single European Act (1986)

, 282

Singular value decomposition method (SVD method)

, 99

Slow tourism

, 31, 61, 138–139, 218–219

forms

, 42–43

routes

, 66–67

Social commitment

, 222–223

Social equality

, 152

Social inclusiveness

, 66

Socio-ecological systems

, 294–295

Socioeconomic sustainability asset by development

, 62–63

Spiritual tourism. See Religious tourism

Spirituality

, 58–59, 62

Squared Euclidean distance

, 99

Stability of system

, 10

Stakeholder theory

, 147–152

Street food

, 257–258

approach

, 259–261

breakdown sources

, 260

as developer of social capital

, 266–267

as leveraging tool

, 265–266

and locals

, 262

method

, 259

methodology

, 258–259

as pull factor

, 263–265

rationale

, 258–259

results

, 259–263

and tourism

, 261

Street vending foods

, 258

Supplies

, 158

Supply chains

, 26

Sustainability

, 49, 60–61, 157–158

in business vision

, 151–154

dimension

, 95

at EU level

, 284–286

horizons as opportunity for tourism and local development

, 219–222

religious tourism and

, 65

tourism and

, 136–140

of tourism in Matera

, 171–172

for tourism recovery in Italy

, 31–32

Sustainability, Memory, Art, Regeneration, Territory (SMART)

, 234

Sustainable business approach

, 147–151

Sustainable company management

, 145–147

Sustainable consumption and production (SCP)

, 136

Sustainable development

, 49, 151, 280–284

in field of transport and tourism

, 246–249

international programs

, 156

Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

, 172, 218–219, 283

Sustainable mobility strategy

, 243

Sustainable sharing accommodation

, 175–176

Sustainable tourism

, 3, 43, 136, 219–221, 263–265, 280

areas and tools to creating

, 66–67

professionals

, 26–27

Sustainable Tourism Program (STP)

, 136

Sustainable transport

, 248

Sustainable transportation

, 284

Syncretism

, 58

Taormina

, 18–20, 23

archaeological heritage

, 20

archaeological map

, 21–22

individual archaeological monuments

, 23

webGIS

, 22–23

Tauromenion

, 18, 22–23

Technological innovation

, 11, 220–221

Technology

, 129–130

Terracotta

, 81

Territorial

continuity

, 242, 243

development

, 78

identity

, 78

scales for tourism planning

, 120

Territorialist model

, 78

Territory

, 44

Terrorism

, 284–285

The International Ecotourism Society (TIES)

, 137

Theory of regulation

, 10

Third Package of liberalization measures

, 245

3D virtual reconstruction technologies

, 20

Torrey Canyon

, 280–281

Tour Operator approach

, 156

Tourism

, 60–61, 63, 75–77, 93–94, 218–220, 291–292

as ‘return to territory’

, 77–80

destination competitiveness

, 95

development

, 75–77

development model

, 9, 29–30

dramatic effects of coronavirus on

, 286–287

at EU level

, 284–286

gastronomy in

, 109–111

industry

, 129–130, 291–292

instruments to reducing impact of

, 180–181

in Italy’s island contexts

, 312–314

literature overview

, 133–135

in Mediterranean region

, 130–135

in Morocco

, 132–133

and place awareness

, 80–84

planning in inner areas

, 120–124

resilience and

, 293–296

sector

, 129–130

sector

, 241

service providers

, 6

in Sicily

, 296–297

and sustainability

, 136–140

Tourism and Environment Reporting Mechanism (TOUERM)

, 285

Tourism competitiveness

, 94

data and methodology

, 99–101

literature overview

, 95–96

measuring competitiveness of tourist destination

, 96–99

results

, 101

Tourism for all

, 2–5

investment for

, 5–7

territorial determinants for planning

, 7–12

universal design method

, 12–14

Tourism led growth hypothesis (TLGH)

, 133–135

Tourism of origins. See Roots tourism

Tourismphobia

, 258

Tourists

for different types of experiences

, 113–114

measuring competitiveness of tourist destination

, 96–99

motivations, activities and behaviours of tourists travelling for gastronomy

, 111–115

region

, 9

Transport

dramatic effects of coronavirus on

, 286–287

at EU level

, 284–286

transport-tourism-mobility

, 242–243

Transport and tourism relationship

, 241

air transport

, 243–246

cruise industry and contract

, 249–253

safety, security and sustainable development in

, 246–249

transport-tourism-mobility

, 242–243

Transportation

, 242

Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Index (TTCI)

, 97–99

Travel Activities and Motivation Survey (TAMS)

, 110–111

Travel Industry Association of America (TIAA)

, 110–111

Travel sentiment

, 26–27

Travellers

, 109

behaviour

, 109–110

profile

, 110–111

Trekking of the Saint

, 226

Tunisia, tourism in

, 133

‘Turismo per Tutti Development’ project

, 193

Tuscan archipelago

, 312

United Nation World Tourism Organization (UNWTO)

, 4–6

United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED)

, 282

United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development (UNCSD)

, 283

United Nations Conference on the Human Environment (UNCHE)

, 281

United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)

, 282

United Nations World Tourism Organization (UNWTO)

, 63, 93–94

Universal design method

, 12–14

Urban tourism

, 300

US Civil Aeronautics Board (US CAB)

, 244

Variable geometry model

, 121

Via Francigena

, 66

Via Francigena Fabaria, The

, 227

Via Francigena Mazarense, The

, 227

Via Francigena Messina per le Montagne, The

, 227

Vicinati

, 180

Vie Francigene di Sicilia project

, 38–39, 42–48

Village for all (V4A)

, 191–192

Visitscotland. com website

, 201–202

Voluntary pilgrim reception committees

, 40

Vulnerability

, 296

Ward’s method

, 99

Weberian criteria

, 7

WebGIS

, 21–22

Widespread economy

, 43–44

World Commission on the Environment and Development (WCED)

, 49, 151–152, 281

World Economic Forum (WEF)

, 94

World Food Travel Association (WFTA)

, 110–111

World Health Organization (WHO)

, 25, 26

World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD)

, 283

World Wildlife Fund (WWF)

, 282

10-Year Framework of Programs on Sustainable Consumption and Production Patterns (10YFP)

, 136

Year of Walking, The

, 219

Youth in whole world

, 58–59