Abstractions

, 44, 47, 52–55, 57

ACT-R Theory

, 54

Attribution Theory

, 107, 132

Automatic steady-state functions

, 62

Autotelic (self-goal) motivation

, 135

Badges

, 151, 152, 165–169

checklist

, 161–164

learning points

, 159

online and event-based

, 170

spaced and massed practice

, 153

storyboarding

, 160

themes

, 155

Behavioural learning

, 26, 29

Biofunctional regulation

, 126

Bloom’s taxonomy

, 168

British Computer Society (BCS)

, 13

Career mapping

, 172

Cognitive Load

, 53–55, 67, 70, 128

Cognitive Phenomenological Theory

, 104

Competence

, 99

Constructivism

, 25

Contention Scheduling

, 41, 43, 48, 49

Control-Value Theory

, 111

Coping

, 104

Criterion-referenced feedback

, 112

Crystallised Intelligence

, 64, 66–67, 117

Cultural Intelligence

, 82

Cultural transmission

, 39

Curiosity-Driven Learning

, 51, 75, 156

Decision-making

, 41, 60, 63, 67, 74

Deliberate Practice

, 120, 129

Dialogic learning

, 28

Digital badges

, 159

Digital Citizens

, 154, 170

Digital Entrepreneurs

, 156, 170

Digital Makers

, 155, 170

Digital Workers

, 155, 170

Ecological Systems Theory

, 80

Educational fluency

, 87–90

Educational policy

, 3–4

Emotional Intelligence

, 105

Emotions

, 46, 63, 105

Empiricism

, 25

English National Curriculum

, 23

Event-based badges

, 153

Expectancy Value Theory

, 132, 147

Experience-dependent plasticity

, 51

Experiential learning

, 26–27, 29

Explicit learning rules

, 47

Extraneous Cognitive Load

, 56

Extrinsic motivation

, 135, 146

Family Systems Theory

, 94

Fluid Intelligence

, 64, 66–67, 69

Formal learning

, 5, 31, 157, 176

Functional learning

, 6–7, 17

artificial learning approach

, 22

behavioural learning

, 26, 29

characteristics

, 21

definition

, 19

dialogic learning

, 28

educational delivery

, 31

English National Curriculum

, 23

experiential learning

, 26–27, 29

human capabilities

, 20

human rights

, 20

knowledge

, 29

mass personalisation

, 33

mass-production model

, 19

Metalearning model

, 21

migration

, 30

Montessori approach

, 32–33

National Curriculum Council (NCC)

, 23–24

Office for Standards in Education (OFSTED)

, 35–36

parental support

, 26

participatory learners

, 28–29

praxis-based approach

, 34, 38

radical constructivist theory

, 27

self-regulated learning

, 30

social mobility

, 21–22

universal formal education system

, 20

Game-based skills development

, 156

General Extended Technology Acceptance Model for E-Learning (GETAMEL)

, 73

Germane Cognitive Load

, 56

Growth Mindset

, 133, 141

Habits

, 44, 50–52, 54, 61–62, 70–71

Human capabilities

, 4, 7–8, 20, 25, 156, 180, 182

Human rights model

, 7, 20, 25, 155, 180, 182

Informal learning

, 10, 15, 38, 151, 187, 197

Inspiring Digital Enterprise Award (iDEA)

, 152

badge and award curators

, 153

badge categories

, 154, 156

digital badges

, 158

formal learning

, 176

social elements

, 174

Instance Theory

, 43, 54, 57

Institute for Coding (IoC)

, 13

Instrumental motivation

, 136

Integrated learning behaviour

, 75

Integrative motivation

, 136

Intrinsic Learning Capabilities

, 97

Intrinsic motivation

, 74, 109, 135–136, 146, 152, 173

Intuition

, 127–128

Kelley’s Covariation Model

, 109, 132, 138

Learned Habit

, 71

Learned Helplessness

, 103, 133, 150

Learned Optimism

, 103, 105, 150

Learner progress

, 168, 179

Learning Capabilities

, 2, 57, 77–78, 97–98, 123

Learning Choices

, 95–96, 149–150, 179

Expectancy Value Theory

, 147

extrinsic motivation

, 135

internalisation

, 137

intrinsic motivation

, 135

metalearning

, 132, 133

motivation

, 131

perception-performance choices

, 134

perceptions

, 137

Self-Control

, 141

Self-Determination Theory

, 135

Self-Efficacy

, 139

Self-Esteem

, 132, 141

self-evaluation

, 146

Self-Fulfilment

, 132, 141

Self-Monitoring

, 142, 146

Self-Regulated Learning

, 143

Social Cognitive Theory

, 139

socialisation

, 148

Learning Diet

, 98

Learning Expertise

acquiring expertise

, 121

biofunctional regulation

, 126

characteristics

, 115

Cognitive Load

, 128

Deliberate Practice

, 120, 129

developmental cognition

, 122

expert and novice designers

, 117

genetic and environmental factors

, 121

intelligences

, 121

internalisation of Habits

, 122

intuition

, 127

metalearning

, 115, 117, 122

Non-Rapid Eye Movement (NREM) sleep

, 126

perception

, 122

priming

, 127

problem-solving processes

, 118

Rapid Eye Movement (REM) sleep

, 126

reading ability

, 121

Self-Regulated Learning

, 115, 116, 125

specific skills

, 119

Learning Fitness

, 116, 132

Attribution Theory

, 107

Cognitive Phenomenological Theory

, 104

competence

, 99

coping

, 104

Emotional Intelligence

, 105

emotional responses

, 105

Intrinsic Learning Capabilities

, 97

Learned Optimism

, 103

Learning Diet

, 98

Metalearning model

, 100

MINDSPACE

, 100

performance appraisal process

, 101–102

Person–Environment Interaction model

, 104

Positive Psychology

, 102

Self-Regulation

, 99

Learning information

abstractions

, 44, 47, 52–55, 57

ACT-R Theory

, 54

chunking

, 43

Cognitive Load

, 53–55

Contention Scheduling

, 41, 43, 48, 49

decision-making

, 41

dual process roles

, 47–48

emotions

, 46

explicit learning rules

, 47

Extraneous Cognitive Load

, 56

Germane Cognitive Load

, 56

habits

, 44, 48, 50–52, 54

Instance Theory

, 43, 57

Learning Memory Model

, 41, 45

Metalearning model

, 42

neuroplasticity

, 43

problem-based learning

, 55

Reinforcement Learning

, 42

semantic memory

, 46

Supervisory Attention System

, 41, 48

three-tiered conceptual model

, 44

working memory

, 45

Learning Intelligence

automatic steady-state functions

, 62

Cognitive Load

, 67, 70

computer anxiety

, 74

Crystallised Intelligence

, 64, 66–67

decision-making

, 60, 63, 67, 74

dual cognitive process

, 59

emotions

, 63

external socio-cultural norms

, 61

Fluid Intelligence

, 64, 66–67, 69

habits

, 61–62, 66, 70–71

Metalearning model

, 61

MINDSPACE

, 72–73

Mindware

, 64, 68

nudge behaviour

, 70

Reasoned Action Approach

, 73

reinforcement learning

, 74

Self-Reflection

, 69

Three-Stratum theory

, 68

Tripartite Learning Model

, 65, 68

working memory

, 74

Learning Memory Model

, 41, 45

Learning Sensitivity

, 116, 132

bioecological model

, 81

Cultural Intelligence

, 82

Ecological Systems Theory

, 80

educational constraints

, 86

educational fluency

, 87–90

education systems

, 85

environmental context

, 79

Family Systems Theory

, 94

Learning Capabilities

, 77

mediational processes

, 91

Metalearning model

, 78

parental involvement

, 92

proximal processes

, 79

Situated Learning Theory

, 91

Social Identity Theory

, 82–84

socially mediated learning

, 81

socio-cultural environment

, 82

Systems and Cultural Intelligence

, 77

Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs)

, 152

Mass personalisation

, 33

Mass-production model

, 19

Mastery Motivation

, 179

Mastery Self-Talk

, 145, 146

Meritocratic education

, 39

Metacognition

, 144

Metalearning model

Functional Learning

, 21

Learning Choices

, 132, 133

Learning Expertise

, 115, 117, 122

Learning Fitness

, 100

learning information

, 42

Learning Intelligence

, 61

Learning Sensitivity

, 78

Personalised Learning system

, 16

Microcredentialing

, 15, 183

Migration

, 30

MINDSPACE

, 72–73, 100

Mindware

, 64, 68

Montessori approach

, 32–33

Motivation

definition

, 131

instrumental

, 136

integrative

, 136

intrinsic and extrinsic

, 135

types

, 131

Multiple intelligences

, 121

National Centre for Computing Education (NCCE)

, 13

National Curriculum Council (NCC)

, 23–24

Neuroplasticity

, 43

Non-formal education

, 2

Non-Rapid Eye Movement (NREM) sleep

, 126

Nudge behaviour

, 70

Office for Standards in Education (OFSTED)

, 35–36

Open Badges

, 152

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)

, 5, 10, 180, 182

challenges

, 190

design principle

, 190

process design

, 191

process improvement solutions

, 190

Parental support

, 15, 21, 26, 93, 196

Participatory learners

, 28–29

Performance appraisal process

, 101–102

Personalised Learning system

British Computer Society (BCS)

, 13

educational policy

, 3–4

formal learning

, 5

functional learning

, 6–7, 17

human capabilities

, 8

human rights model

, 7

informal learning

, 5

Institute for Coding (IoC)

, 13

Metalearning model

, 16

Microcredentialing

, 15

National Centre for Computing Education (NCCE)

, 13

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)

, 5, 10

Program for International Student Assessment (PISA)

, 11

schooling categories

, 10

Skills Framework for the Information Age (SFIA)

, 14

socio-cultural reactions

, 12

substantial freedoms

, 8

Person–Environment Interaction model

, 104

Positive Psychology

, 102

Praxis-based approach

, 34, 38

Problem-based learning

, 55, 175

Program for International Student Assessment (PISA)

, 11

Project-based learning

, 176

Rapid Eye Movement (REM) sleep

, 126

Rationalism

, 25, 30

Reasoned Action Approach

, 73

Reinforcement Learning

, 42, 74

SCARCETIME

, 192

Schooling categories

, 10

Self-Awareness

, 32, 40

Self-Confidence

, 171

Self-Control

, 109, 141

Self Determination Theory

, 132, 135

Self-Differentiation

, 95, 109

Self-Efficacy

, 34, 79, 83, 89, 93, 108, 139, 140, 176

Self-Esteem

, 32, 37, 79, 83, 132, 141

Self-Fulfilment

, 32, 37–38, 132, 141

Self-Monitoring

, 142, 146

Self-Reflection

, 69, 76

Self-Regulated Learning

, 25, 56, 110, 124–125, 141–143, 188

Semantic memory

, 46

Situated Learning Theory

, 91

Skills Framework for the Information Age (SFIA)

, 14, 157

Social Cognitive Theory

, 132, 139

Social environment

, 25

Social Identity Theory

, 82–84

Socialisation

, 7, 148

Social mobility

, 21–22

Socio-cultural environment

, 12, 82

Socio-economic disparity

, 187

Subjectification

, 7

Substantial freedoms

, 8

Supervisory Attention System

, 41, 48

Times Educational Supplement (TES)

, 151

Transferability

, 190

Tripartite Learning Model

, 65, 68

UK Standard for Professional Engineering Competence (UKSPEC)

, 157

Universal formal education system

, 20

Working memory

, 44–45, 63, 67, 74, 128–129