Index
Integrating Gender in Agricultural Development
ISBN: 978-1-78973-056-2, eISBN: 978-1-78973-055-5
Publication date: 2 December 2019
This content is currently only available as a PDF
Citation
(2019), "Index", Singh-Peterson, L. and Carnegie, M. (Ed.) Integrating Gender in Agricultural Development, Emerald Publishing Limited, Leeds, pp. 175-185. https://doi.org/10.1108/978-1-78973-055-520191015
Publisher
:Emerald Publishing Limited
Copyright © 2020 Emerald Publishing Limited
INDEX
Action research, food processing
, 126–129
Ad hoc roadside markets
, 43
Adverse health outcomes
, 1
Agricultural development
, 121, 129–130
Agricultural extension
, 137–138, 145
Agricultural livelihoods, agency and resources
, 42–49
Agriculturally oriented economies
, 4
Agriculture Sector Plan (ASP)
, 75
Agrobiodiversity
, 107
Agroecology and Sustainable Rural Livelihoods Framework (ASRLF)
, 107–108
conceptual framework
, 108
context-specific gender livelihoods analysis
, 108
gender livelihoods analysis
, 108
activities, priorities and incentives
, 114–115
influencing structures and processes
, 113
resources, access and control
, 113–114
risks and vulnerability
, 110–112
rural farming women, engagement
, 115–117
methods
, 109–110
populations of Vanuatu by province
, 109
project site
, 108–109
role
, 108
Aid
, 27–28
Alliance of Small Island States (AOSIS)
, 19
Allotments
, 46
Anti-CEDAW public protests
, 40–41
Anti-Christian, CEDAW
, 40–41
Aquaculture sector in Samoa
data collection process
, 77–78
gender conceptual framework
, 77
gender institutionalization
, 74–75
methods
, 78–80
carers, women
, 80–81
focus group discussions (FGDs)
, 79–80
key informant interviews
, 79
producers, women as
, 81–84
sisters
, 86–87
time use surveys (TUS)
, 79
weavers, women as
, 84–85
women’s role
, 87
traditional systems, customary norms and gender
, 75–77
‘Arc of instability’
, 18–19
ASRLF. See Agroecology and Sustainable Rural Livelihoods Framework (ASRLF)
Asset-based community development
, 137
Aualuma
, 81–82
Auntie
, 92
Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research (ACIAR)
, 105
‘Banking education’
, 138
Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action (BPfA)
, 35–36
Bilateral donors
, 39–40
Bisnis Blong Buluk (BBB) women’s group
, 116–117, 169
‘Blue Continent’
, 29
‘Blue economy’
, 29
The Blue Pacific
, 29
Bose-va-koro, community meetings
, 64
British colonial heritage
, 18–19
Bula Coffee
, 60
case study sites
, 61
Community Engagement Study (CES)
, 63
decision-making for income earned
, 67
field work process
, 63–65
in-depth interviews and FGDs
, 62
mataqali
, 69–70
methodology
, 61–63
monetary contributions
, 68
in organic certification
, 66
post-harvest and organic training, registration
, 67
representatives
, 62, 63
savings
, 68
supplier participation by gender
, 65
volume and type
, 63
women role
, 70
women’s access, supply trends in
, 65–67
women’s agency
, 67–68
women’s influence, social norms through collective action
, 69
Capital deregulation
, 24
CARE Conceptual Framework
, 77
Care International Gender Network (2012) framework
, 83–84
Cash-earning activities
, 43, 154
Cattle donation for custom
, 112
Cattle farming
, 113
Chitrilada
, 74
Christianity
, 76
Civil society actors
, 39–40
Climate change impacts
, 1
Climate change resilience
, 107
CLIP. See Community Livelihood Improvement Program (CLIP)
Coastal fisheries
, 75
‘Coastal squeeze’
, 16, 28
Coffee harvesting
, 67
Colonialism and late independence
, 18–19
Commcare
, 109–110
Community and strength
, 42–43
Community-based responsibilities
, 157
Community-based rural development project
, 93–94
Community development and project initiation
, 94–97
Community Engagement Study (CES)
, 63
Community learning plan development
, 138
Community Livelihood Improvement Program (CLIP)
, 124–125, 126, 167
Connectivity and gender roles
, 159–160
Constitution Amendment Act (2013)
, 41
Context-specific gender livelihoods analysis
, 108
Context-specific gender relations
, 106
Convention on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW)
, 5, 35–36, 38–39, 74–75, 92, 158–159
‘Copy-and-paste’ people
, 145–146
Crown land
, 46
Cultural diversity
, 17–18
Cultural values
, 158
‘Culture of migration’
, 26
Custom
, 158, 159
and human rights
, 8
and intersectionality
, 7–8
Customary land systems
, 48
Customary ownership of land
, 106
Customary stratification and practices
, 157–159
Customary structure
, 154
Customary values
, 8, 158, 171
Cyclone Gita in Tonga (2018)
, 17
Cyclone Pam in Vanuatu (2015)
, 17
Cyclone Winston in Fiji (2016)
, 17
Declaration of the International Forum for Agroecology 2015
, 107
Declaration of the International Forum for Agroecology, Nyeleni, Mali, 2007
, 116
Deep sea mining
, 23
Deforestation
, 16–17
De-radicalisation
, 38
Economic development
, 19–20
Economic displacement
, 123
Ecosystem services
, 107
Eco-tourism project and aualuma
, 81–82
EEZs. See Exclusive economic zones (EEZs)
El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO)
, 16
Emigration
, 25
Emotional violence
, 4
Employment
, 3
Empowerment
, 42–49, 93
approach to learning
, 137–138
approach to research
, 136–137
methodology
, 137
into practice
, 138–144
‘one step removed’ approach
, 139–140
peer-to-peer learning process
, 140–144
Enhancing Women’s Participation in Economic Development
, 6
Entitlement imbalances
, 6
Environmental change
, 28–29
Environments and hazards
, 16–17
Exclusive economic zones (EEZs)
, 22–23
Experiential learning
, 138–139
External invention
, 18–19
Family Farm Teams Program (FFTP)
, 138–139, 141, 142, 169–170
Family food security
, 43
Family-owned production units
, 43
Family peer education
, 141
Family pie chart
, 140
Feafaiga (sister)
, 86
Female parliamentary representation
, 41
Female self-reported literacy rates
, 137–138
Feminist development scholars
, 35
Feminist scholars, women’s empowerment
, 38
FGDs. See Focus Group Discussion (FGD)
Fiji
cash crop
, 59
communities for business purposes
, 63
community meetings
, 64
economy
, 59
rural iTaukei communities in
, 69
talanoa
, 64
See also Bula Coffee
Fijian talanoa
, 64
Fisheries. See Aquaculture sector in Samoa
Fisheries Division of the Ministry of Agriculture
, 75
Fish Reserve, women participation
, 86
Focus Group Discussion (FGD)
, 61, 79–80
Food processing
cassava-based flour
, 127
farming family
, 127
group training and demonstration activities
, 126–127
Human Development Index
, 127
human nutrition and hygiene
, 128
hygiene health-related cases
, 128
positive social outcomes
, 128–129
products
, 126
UNDP Development Report (2018)
, 127
women leaders as future trainers
, 127–128
Food security
, 112
Forestry and fishery activities
, 5
Free-trade agreements
, 1
Freirean principles of liberatory learning
, 138
Gender
, 73, 130, 158
analysis process
, 77
and birth order
, 168
and cultural issues
, 139
discrimination
, 1
family issues
, 137
hierarchies
, 167–168
indicators
, 37
inequalities
, 140
institutionalization
, 74–75
knowledges
, 138
learning activities
, 136
norms
, 37–38
policy
, 38
in Samoa
, 75–77
stocktake
, 75
transformation
, 145–146
violence
, 3–4
rate
, 4
Gender and Development (GAD) approach
, 34–35
Gender-based violence
, 123
Gender conceptual framework
, 77
Gender differences in Vanuatu
, 107
Gender discourse
, 38–42
Gendered institutions
, 100–101
gender equality
, 92–93
gender-sensitive stakeholder analysis
, 93–94, 96, 98
organisations and local empowerment
, 100–101
phase 1: community development and project initiation
, 94–97
phase 2: intensive horticulture − orchard maintenance
, 97–100
Gender equality
, 2–3, 40–41, 91–92, 106, 107, 108, 152
and empowering women
, 106
and empowerment
, 33
gendered institutions
, 92–93
social justice and
, 107
status of
, 36–38
and women’s empowerment
, 33–36
See also Gender inequality
Gender Equality as Smart Economics: A World Bank Group Gender Action Plan − Fiscal Years 2007 − 2010
, 6
Gender equity
, 2–3, 141, 142, 143, 145, 152
and empowerment objectives
, 6
engagement methodologies and methods employed
, 170–171
gender mainstreaming
case study contributions to
, 166–167
and women’s empowerment
, 165–166
Gender inequality
, 128
See also Gender equality
Gender Inequality Index (GII)
, 3
Gender integration
, 2
Gender livelihoods analysis
, 108
activities, priorities and incentives
, 114–115
influencing structures and processes
, 113
resources, access and control
, 113–114
risks and vulnerability
, 110–112
rural farming women, engagement
, 115–117
Gender mainstreaming
, 35–36, 92–93, 100–101, 151, 160, 165–166
agricultural development initiatives
, 5–7
case study contributions to
, 166–167
definition
, 2
gender statistics in South Pacific
, 3–4
Gender roles
, 80, 159–160
Gender-sensitive stakeholder analysis
, 93–94
Gender variability
, 106
Global human rights discourses
, 38–39
Globalised markets and international trade agreements
, 1
Global Monitoring Report 2007: Confronting the Challenge of Gender Equality and Fragile States
, 6
‘Green gold’
, 22
Guadalcanal plains
, 22
Gun ownership
, 159
Health and education
, 3
Hereditary estates
, 46
Hides Alliance Group
, 131
Home-based small-scale businesses
, 43
Home making decisions
, 84
Horticulture − orchard maintenance
, 97–100
Huli women
, 130–131
Human Development Index
, 127
Human Rights Defenders
, 141
Incorporated land group (ILG)
, 47–48
Inequalities
, 3
Inequality and privilege
, 160
Informal economy
, 113
‘Instance of theoretical imperialism’
, 155
Intensive horticulture − orchard maintenance
, 97–100
Intercultural learning environments
, 138
International Centre for Research on Women (ICRW)
, 60
‘International development project’
, 33
International donors
, 39–40
International Labour Office
, 2–3
Intersecting inequalities
situated and relational understandings of
, 167–170
Intersectionality
, 8
concept
, 152–155
connectivity and gender roles
, 159–160
customary stratification and practices
, 157–159
masculinities in transition
, 155–157
person’s social position
, 153
social constructivism
, 152
Intra-household and community dynamics shape decision-making
, 84
Intra-household power
, 6
‘Inverse sovereignty effect’
, 27
Invisible barrier
, 137–138
iTaukei traditional culture
, 60
Kabeer’s Social Relations Approach
, 35
‘Kava-biscuit war’
, 24
Key informant interviews
, 79
Land ownership types
, 46
Land Reform Act
, 49
Land tenure and access
, 45, 46, 48
Land tenure arrangements
, 48
‘Lease-lease-back’ scheme
, 47–48
Liberalisation
, 24
Liberatory learning approach
, 138
Liquid Natural Gas (LNG) project
, 121–122
impact
, 123
project sites
, 122–123
Livelihood diversification
, 112
Livelihood Restoration (LR) program
, 124–125
Livelihoods
, 124–125, 126, 129, 131
LNG project. See Liquid Natural Gas (LNG) project
Marital discord and violence
, 6–7
Market Development Facility (MDF)
, 59
Markets Work for the Poor (M4P)
, 60
Masculinities
, 156–157
in transition
, 155–157
Matai
, 76, 84, 86
Mataqali
, 69–70
MDF. See Market Development Facility (MDF)
Mehekitanga
, 92
Migration
, 25–27, 112
Migration, Remittances, Aid and Bureaucracy (MIRAB) states
, 26–27
Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)
, 17, 36
Ministry of Women, Children and Community Development (MWCSD)
, 78
Ministry of Women Community & Social Development (MWCSD)
, 75
Mobile Acquired Data App
, 109–110
Mobility
, 26
Multinationalisation of production
, 24
Nangai (Canarium)
, 114
National population censuses and household surveys
, 3
Native Land Trust Board (NLTB)
, 47–48
Neo-classical economists
, 106
Neoliberal gender policy discourse
, 38
Neoliberalism
, 38
Neoliberal market-led development
, 1
Non-cash informal economy
, 154
Non-climate-related tectonic activity
, 16
Non-coffee suppliers
, 63
Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) crisis
, 17
Non-customary owner
, 47–48
Non-timber Forest Products (NTFPs)
, 113, 114
NTFPs. See Non-timber Forest Products (NTFPs)
Oceanic fisheries
, 75
‘Ocean of democracy’
, 18–19
‘One step removed’ approach
, 139–140
On-farm monitoring
, 109–110
‘Over-urbanisation’
, 25–26
Pacific Agreement on Closer Economic Relations (PACER)
, 24–25
Pacific Island Countries Trade Agreement (PICTA)
, 24–25
Pacific Islands Forum Secretariat (PIFS)
, 19, 39
Pacific Leaders’ Gender Equality Declaration (PLGED)
, 39
Pacific Platform for Action (PPA)
, 39
Pacific rural agriculture and women
, 43
Papua New Guinea (PNG)
, 121, 135–136, 154
LNG Project
, 121–122
See also Liquid Natural Gas (LNG) project
Participatory action research
, 136–137
Parties to the Nauru Agreement (PNA)
, 22–23
Peer-to-peer learning process
, 140–144
educators as role models
, 143
to improved production
, 143
through social networks
, 142
Personal wealth
, 154–155
Physical and sexual violence
, 3–4, 37
Physical displacement
, 123
PLGED. See Pacific Leaders’ Gender Equality Declaration (PLGED)
PNG Rural Development Handbook
, 122
See also Community Livelihood Improvement Program (CLIP)
Political commitments
, 33
Political turbulence
, 18–19
Polygamy
, 154
Population and migration
, 25–27
‘Power within’ and ‘power to’ approach
, 82
Public discussions and civil protests
, 92
Public life and decision-making
, 3
Quasi-periodic climatic pattern
, 16
Recognised Seasonal Employer (RSE) program
, 26, 112
Regionalism
, 19
Resilience and vulnerability
, 114
Resilience mechanism
, 106–107
Resource-poor rural communities
, 20
Resources, empowerment process
, 42
Revised National Policy on Gender and Development 2014 −2018
, 95
Royal estates
, 46
RSE. See Recognised Seasonal Employer (RSE) program
Rural development
, 107, 108, 109–110, 115
Rural Fijian communities
, 63–65
See also Bula Coffee
Rural iTaukei communities
, 69
Samoa
aquaculture sector in
data collection process
, 77–78
gender conceptual framework
, 77
gender institutionalization
, 74–75
methods
, 78–80
front-line ambassadors
, 76
respondent sample size of gender and aquaculture study in
, 79
traditional and cultural context
, 77
women as feagaiga
, 76
Sand mining and housing
, 16–17
Savings
, 68
Sea level rise (SLR)
, 16–17
Seasonal Worker Programme (SWP)
, 26
Secretariat of the Pacific Community
, 19
Sector Plan Steering Committee
, 75
Semi-commercial farming
, 143
Semi-subsistence farmers
, 4
Semi-subsistence livelihoods
, 8
Sevusevu
, 63–64
Short-term labour migration
, 26
SIDS. See Small island developing states (SIDS)
Sigatoka Valley
, 22
Sizeable mineral resources
, 4
SLF. See Sustainable Livelihood Framework (SLF)
Smallholder farmer development
, 135–136
Small island developing states (SIDS)
, 15
Social attributes
, 154
Social constructivism
, 152
Social inequality
, 4, 151, 152–153, 160
Social positioning
, 154
Social Relations Approach
, 35
Social stability
, 75–76
Social stratification
, 92
Sorcery-related violence
, 3–4
South Pacific
agriculture
, 20–22
aid
, 27–28
climate change, spectre and reality of
, 28
countries
, 15
economic development
, 19–20
forests and fish
, 22–23
gender discourse and frameworks in
, 38–42
gender equity. See Gender equity
gender mainstreaming
, 42, 165–166
gender statistics in
, 3–4
intersectionality
, 151–152
mines
, 23
person’s social position
, 153
population and migration
, 25–27
resilience, innovation and future
, 28–29
rural development and subsistence agriculture in
, 4–5
tourism
, 23–24
trade
, 24–25
women roles in fisheries. See Aquaculture sector in Samoa
See also Intersectionality
Stability
, 18–19
Storms
, 16–17
Strength-based approaches
, 137
Subsistence farming
, 5
‘Sunday-to-Sunday’ loan group
, 143
Sustainable agricultural development
, 5–7, 163, 165
Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)
, 36
Sustainable Livelihood Framework (SLF)
, 95, 107–108
Sustainable livelihoods
, 5, 105
Sustainable rural development
, 93–94
Swiss Agency for Development and Co-operation
, 60
Talanoa
, 64, 65
‘Talaona groups’ in Fiji
, 110
Ten Seeds
, 136–137, 170
Tidal and wave action
, 16–17
Tilapia
, 74, 80, 84, 85
Time use surveys (TUS)
, 79
Tonga Food Road Map 2014 − 2064
, 91
Tonga, gendered institutions
, 100–101
gender equality
, 92–93
gender-sensitive stakeholder analysis
, 93–94, 96, 98
organisations and local empowerment
, 100–101
phase 1: community development and project initiation
, 94–97
phase 2: intensive horticulture − orchard maintenance
, 97–100
Tonga Strategic Development Framework (TSDF) Strategies
, 91
Trade
, 24–25
Traditional economy
, 106–107, 110–112, 117–118
Traditional gardening systems and NTFPs
, 114
Traditional knowledge systems and biodiversity
, 107
Turaga-ni-koro’s
, 63–64
‘Unbalanced’ and ‘balanced’ family pie chart
, 140
Under- and over-nutrition
, 1
UNDP Development Report (2018)
, 127
UNDP Gender Inequality Index
, 127
United Nations Development Programme’s composite
, 3
Universalised gender and empowerment initiatives
, 41
Unpaid work
, 36–37
Urbanisation
, 1, 29
Vanuatu
context-specific gender relations in
, 106
cultural protocols
, 115–116
gender differences in
, 107
land area
, 108–109
land tenure reform in
, 106
populations
, 109
rural women in
, 105
society in
, 106
See also Agroecology and Sustainable Rural Livelihoods Framework (ASRLF)
Vanuatu Women Development Scheme (VANWODS)
, 112
Village community educators (VCEs)
, 139, 140–141, 169–170
Village Council
, 80, 82
Village Fisheries Management Advisory committee (VFMAC)
, 80
Violence
, 6–7, 37, 123, 131
emotional
, 4
gender-based
, 3–4, 123
sorcery-related
, 3–4
Voice for Change
, 141
Volcanic activity
, 16
Voter reluctance
, 92
‘Wayward’ modern women
, 155
WEE. See Women’s economic empowerment (WEE)
Western-imposed human rights discourse
, 49
Westminster democratic model
, 18–19
WID. See Women in development (WID)
Wife order, polygamous marriages
, 154
Women
access
to income
, 43–45
to land
, 45–49
in aquaculture
, 87
as carers
, 80–81
contributions in fisheries
, 73–74
customary chiefs or nobles
, 155
decision-making ability and leadership
, 93
empowerment
, 3, 38, 165–166
agency and resources in agricultural livelihoods
, 42–49
and gender equality
, 33–36
as farmers
, 84
in farming work
, 83
grassroots support
, 39–40
leadership
, 92, 93, 100
marginalisation
, 83
as producers
, 81–84
as religious subjects
, 160
as sisters
, 86–87
tenure security for
, 106
as weavers
, 84–85
Women-focused development projects
, 6
Women in development (WID)
, 34
Women’s economic empowerment (WEE)
, 38, 60
Women smallholder farmers
, 135–136
agricultural and gender challenges
, 136
empowerment approach to learning
, 137–138
empowerment approach to research
, 136–137
Women’s Markets for Change project
, 44–45
Women’s voice
, 70
World Cafe
, 136–137, 170
World Development Report 2012: Gender Equality and Development
, 6
- Prelims
- Chapter 1 Integrating Gender in Agricultural Development Initiatives across the South Pacific: Customs, Values and Intersections
- Part I
- Chapter 2 Facing the Future: Backgrounds to Agricultural Change in the South Pacific
- Chapter 3 The International ‘Gender Agenda’ in the Context of the South Pacific and Agricultural Livelihoods
- Part II
- Chapter 4 Bula Coffee: Women’s Access to Economic Opportunities, the Effects on Women’s Agency and Their Influence on Social Norms in Rural Fijian Communities
- Chapter 5 An Exploratory Approach to Understanding Women’s Contributions to the Aquaculture Sector in Samoa: The Influence of Traditional Systems and Cultural Norms
- Chapter 6 Upward Reflections of Top-down Gendered Institutions – A Community Development Case Study from Tonga
- Chapter 7 Agroecology and Sustainable Livelihoods as a Framework to Empower Rural Ni Vanuatu Women
- Chapter 8 Community Livelihood Improvement in the Papua New Guinea LNG Project
- Chapter 9 Research and Learning from the ‘Inside Out’: Processes, Practices and Pedagogy of a Women’s Agricultural Economic Empowerment Project in Papua New Guinea
- Part III
- Chapter 10 Reflections from the South Pacific – Navigating Intersectionality and Customary Contexts to Progress Gender Equality and Gender Equity
- Chapter 11 South Pacific Contexts for Gender Equity Scholarship and Practice
- Index