Index

Citation

Smyrnaios, N. (2018), "Index", Internet Oligopoly (Digital Activism and Society: Politics, Economy And Culture In Network Communication), Emerald Publishing Limited, Leeds, pp. 165-174. https://doi.org/10.1108/978-1-78769-197-120181009

Publisher

:

Emerald Publishing Limited

Copyright © Nikos Smyrnaios

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INDEX

Acxiom

, 122

Adobe

, 75, 122

AdSense

, 60, 125

Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA)

, 16

ARPANET

, 18–19

convergence of design and use

, 17–18

free circulation of information

, 19–20

progressive project

, 16–17

Advertising dominance of internet

, 107

collecting and using users’ data

, 119

Facebook advertising

, 126–129

Google advertising

, 123–126

personal data market

, 121–122

programmatic trading

, 122–123

tracking methods

, 119–121

critique of advertising

, 108

advertising heteronomy

, 112–113

audience as a product

, 111–112

critique of advertising discounted

, 114–115

mass culture and advertising

, 113–114

public policy, influence on

, 109

two-sided market

, 109–111

resisting and regulating online advertising

, 129

democratic regulation, impossibility of

, 131–133

market regulation

, 133–134

online advertising market, blind spots of

, 134–136

personal data

, 130

Advertising on internet

, 116–117

advertising 2.0

, 118–119

internet’s ‘original sin’

, 117–118

AdWords

, 124

Airbnb

, 60

Algorithmic brokerage systems

, 123

Algorithms

, 85, 88, 89, 122, 123

Alphabet (GOOG)

, 67

Amateur expertise

, 84

Amazon

, 7, 9, 66, 74, 90, 94, 146

Amazon Echo

, 93

Amazon Prime Music

, 100

American Research and Development Corporation (ARDC)

, 43

American Telephone and Telegraph (AT&T)

, 24

Anti-competitive practices

, 64, 71, 75

AOL

, 3, 40, 46, 49

Apple

, 2, 3, 7, 9, 28, 66, 71, 90, 146

Apple II

, 27

Apple Music

, 100

Apple Safari

, 93

ARPANET

, 16, 17, 18–19, 20, 23, 27, 40, 43

Arrow, Kenneth

, 108

Artificial intelligence (AI) technologies

, 73

Artistic critique

, 31, 45

Association of National Advertisers (ANA)

, 135

AudioContext fingerprinting

, 120

Audio–visual content

, 99

Bing

, 98

Bitcoin

, 19

BlueKai

, 121, 122

Bourdieu’s criticism of television

, 112

Brand, Stewart

, 27–29, 31

British Labour Party

, 25

British Telecom company

, 25

Bulletin boards

, 39

Bulletin Board Systems (BBS)

, 27, 28

Bush, George H. W.

, 38, 39

Californian Ideology

, 6

Canvas fingerprinting

, 120

Canvas-Font fingerprinting

, 120

Capitalism, technology to overcome critiques of

, 22–23

Cardon, Dominique

, 15

Castel San Giovanni hub

, 74

Chinese Foxconn

, 71

Chinese Qzone

, 98

Circular circulation of information

, 136

Clinton, Bill

, 37, 38

Cloud computing

, 93–94

Coca-Cola

, 31, 68, 127

The Coming of Post-Industrial Society: A Venture in Social Forecasting

, 20

Commodification of internet

, 15

Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA), legacy of

, 16

ARPANET

, 18–19

convergence of design and use

, 17–18

free circulation of information

, 19–20

progressive project

, 16–17

from counterculture to the commodification of cyberculture

, 26

Digerati, heralds of market

, 31–32

freelance knowledge workers, platform for

, 30–31

new audience for networked, personal computer

, 27–28

Whole Earth ‘Lectronic Link (WELL)

, 28–30

deregulation of telecom and neoliberal turn

, 23

deregulation as remedy for recession

, 25

European dogma

, 25–26

pioneers

, 24

information society and post-industrial economy

, 20

convergence of neoliberalism and technological determinism

, 21–22

technology to overcome critiques of capitalism

, 22–23

Commodore PET

, 27

Communication and networking services

, 97–98

CompuServe

, 39, 40

Computers and consumer electronics

, 91–93

Conseil supérieur de l’audiovisuel

, 109

Consumer electronics

, 48, 91

Content dissemination

, 83

Content moderators, subcontracting

, 72–73

‘Convergence’ strategy

, 50

Cook, Tim

, 65

Cooperative component

, 88

Coopetitive goods and services

, 88

Counterforce

, 2, 3, 6

Criteo

, 122

CrowdSource

, 73

Cultural idealism

, 8

Data centres

, 91, 93, 94, 96

Datalogix

, 121, 122

Decentralized Web Summit

, 146, 147

Deliveroo

, 60

Dell

, 75, 91

Demand management

, 112

Demand-side platforms (DSPs)

, 122

Democratic regulation, impossibility of

, 131–133

The Dialectic of Enlightenment

, 113

Digerati, heralds of market

, 31–32

Digital goods, non-rivalry of

, 56–57

Digital information economy

, 9, 55

Digital political economy, necessary critique of

, 6–10

Digital technologies

, 5, 31, 56, 59, 61

Digitisation

, 56, 58

Dropbox

, 3

Duval, Julien

, 112

eBay

, 41, 75, 122

Economic neoliberalism

, 15, 22, 145

Electronic messaging

, 39

Emergence of internet oligopoly

, 55

exploiting labour

, 71

flexibility, precariousness and wage-fixing

, 73–75

subcontracting content moderators

, 72–73

financialisation and deregulation

, 63

exceptional financial power

, 65

regulators avoid challenging oligopoly

, 63–65

globalised companies and strategies

, 67

avoiding taxes

, 69–71

matrix management

, 68–69

Internet’s effect on information economy

, 55

distribution advantages

, 58

non-rivalry of digital goods

, 56–57

positive externalities of internet

, 59

reducing transaction costs

, 59–61

winner-take-all economics

, 61–63

Epsilon

, 121

European Commission

, 26, 63, 64, 70, 109, 132

European Union (EU)

, 25, 71, 131, 132

Evercookie

, 119, 120

Facebook

, 1, 2, 7, 9, 66, 89–90, 98, 108, 118, 126–129, 146

Facebook ID

, 129

Facebook Moves

, 92

Facebook News Feed

, 89

Fan Pages

, 127–128

Federal Communication Commission (FCC)

, 63

FidoNet

, 27, 40

‘Financial bubble’ phenomena

, 49

Financialisation and deregulation

, 50, 63

exceptional financial power

, 65

regulators avoid challenging oligopoly

, 63–65

Fitzpatrick-Martin, Iris

, 86

Firefox

, 59

Flexibility, precariousness and wage-fixing

, 73–75

Flickr

, 118

Foxconn

, 61

Free and unfettered competition

, 5

Free digital labour

, 30

Freelance knowledge workers, platform for

, 30–31

French Data Protection Agency (CNIL)

, 132

French Minitel

, 39

French Socialist Party

, 25–26

GAFAM

, 4, 67, 74

Galbraith, Kenneth

, 114

General platformisation process

, 86

The General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) (EU) 2016/679

, 132

Gensollen, Michel

, 56

Global Business Network

, 31

Globalised companies and strategies

, 67

matrix management

, 68–69

taxes, avoiding

, 69–71

Gmail

, 58, 125, 126

Google

, 2, 3, 7, 9, 66, 89–90, 98, 107, 118, 146

Google advertising

, 123–126

Google Analytics

, 125

Google Home

, 93

Google Trends

, 125

Goto.com

, 124

Gross, Bill

, 124

Habermas, Jürgen

, 113

Help Center and forum

, 125

Hi-media

, 123

HoloLens

, 92

Horizontal concentration of internet

, 96

access to information and online content

, 98–99

communication and networking services

, 97–98

paid downloads and streaming

, 99–100

HTML5

, 119, 120

Huawei

, 91

IBM

, 18, 39, 75, 122

Infectious Media

, 123

Infomediary

, 87

Infomediation

, 10, 83, 84

Google and Facebook

, 89–90

information brokerage and coopetition

, 87–89

Information Age

, 26

Informational liberalism

, 19

Information brokerage

, 87

Information economy, internet’s effect on

, 55

digital goods, non-rivalry of

, 56–57

distribution advantages

, 58

positive externalities of internet

, 59

transaction costs, reducing

, 59–61

winner-take-all economics

, 61–63

Information highways leading to internet privatisation

, 37

closed networks, limits of

, 39–40

from Keynesian stimulus to deregulation

, 38

NSFNet

, 40–41

Information revolution

, 21, 22, 25

Information Rules (Carl Shapiro and Hal Varian)

, 47

Information society

, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 86

Information society and post-industrial economy

, 20

convergence of neoliberalism and technological determinism

, 21–22

technology to overcome critiques of capitalism

, 22–23

Information Superhighways project

, 39

Initial Public Offering (IPO)

, 44, 46, 65

Instant Messenger

, 129

Intellectual monopoly capitalism

, 4

Interactive Advertising Bureau

, 135

Interactive television

, 39

Intergalactic Computer Network

, 16

Internet.org

, 96

Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)

, 17

Internet Explorer

, 93

Interpersonal communication

, 27, 28, 56, 83

‘Irrational exuberance’ of new economy and convergence

, 46

from convergence to concentration

, 48–49

failed mergers with big impact

, 49–50

‘new economy’, emergence of

, 47–48

JavaScript protocol

, 120

Kaldor, Nicholas

, 108

Keynesian project

, 38

Korean Samsung

, 71

Kozmo.com

, 44

Labour, exploiting

, 71

content moderators, subcontracting

, 72–73

flexibility, precariousness and wage-fixing

, 73–75

Lenovo

, 91

LG

, 91

LinkedIn

, 29, 98

Local Shared Objects

, 119, 120

Loop Transportation

, 74

MagicLeap

, 92

Marcuse, Herbert

, 114

Market liberalisation

, 63

Mass culture, radical criticism of

, 114

Mass culture and advertising

, 113–114

Mass personalisation

, 87

Matrix management

, 68–69

McChesney, Robert

, 41

Media Lab

, 31, 117

Mercury Communications

, 25

Microsoft

, 3, 7, 9, 66, 90, 94, 122, 146

Microsoft Azure

, 94

Microsoft Network (MSN)

, 40

Microsoft Health Vault

, 92

Minitel

, 23, 24

Mountain View company

, 67

MSN Messenger

, 97

MVNO (mobile virtual network operator) licence

, 95

NASDAQ index

, 46

Negroponte, Nicholas

, 31, 48

Neo-classical economics

, 21

Neoliberal economic policy

, 24, 38–39

Neoliberal hegemony

, 23, 84, 115

Neoliberalism

, 5, 9, 26, 30, 131, 148

Netscape

, 19

Network economy

, 47

Networked computing

, 9, 15, 19, 37, 145, 147

Networks

, 4, 94–96

New Cross Pacific (NCP)

, 95

New economy

, 37

emergence of

, 47–48

New spirit of capitalism

, 30

Non-excludable goods

, 110

Non-rival goods

, 56, 110, 112

NSFNet

, 40–41

Oligopoly actors

, 8, 65, 70, 71, 90, 100

Online advertising market, blind spots of

, 134–136

Online content, access to information and

, 98–99

Online display advertising

, 118

Online social network

, 29

Open Text Index

, 116, 124

Operating systems

, 91, 93, 96

Oracle Software

, 121

‘Original Sin’, of internet

, 117–118

Paid downloads and streaming

, 99–100

Palo Alto

, 42

Peer-level social networking

, 84

Personal data market

, 121–122

Pets.com

, 44

Platformisation

, 84, 85, 86

dual logic of platformisation

, 84

Platform studies

, 84, 85

Platform Theory

, 86

Political economy

, 7, 49, 84, 112

Political issue, internet as

, 3–6

Popular creativity

, 84

Populist ethos

, 84

Positive externalities of internet

, 59

Post-industrial society

, 21, 86

Private networks

, 40

Privatisation of internet

, 37–50

information highways leading to

, 37

from Keynesian stimulus to deregulation

, 38

limits of closed networks

, 39–40

NSFNet

, 40–41

internet start-up culture meets venture capital

, 41

birth of Silicon Valley

, 42–43

experiments in deregulated labour

, 45–46

financing innovative companies

, 43

from advising to speculating

, 44–45

‘irrational exuberance’ of new economy and convergence

, 46

failed mergers with big impact

, 49–50

from convergence to concentration

, 48–49

‘new economy’, emergence of

, 47–48

Privileged pricing strategy

, 57

Prodigy

, 29, 39, 40

The Production and Distribution of Knowledge in the United States

, 20

Programmatic trading

, 122–123, 135

Progressive and egalitarian arrangement

, 84

Project Fi

, 95

Public property

, 18

Respawning

, 120

Revolutionise capitalism

, 45

Robinson, Joan

, 108

Robust online commentary

, 84

Ross, Andrew

, 45

Samsung

, 91, 92

Second World War

, 18, 42, 84

Sell-side platforms (SSPs)

, 122

Silicon Valley

, 65

birth of

, 42–43

Sine qua non

, 94, 126

Skype

, 95, 97

Small Business Investment Act

, 43, 44

Smart devices

, 130

Smythe, Dallas

, 111

Snapchat

, 98, 99

Snowden, Edward

, 3, 131

Social media platforms

, 84

Socio-technical mechanisms

, 83

Solow, Robert

, 21

Sony

, 91, 92

Sprint

, 95

Stanford Research Park

, 42

Start-up culture

, 37, 41–42, 43, 45, 145

State hackers

, 5

Stigler, George

, 108

Strategies, of oligopoly

, 83

horizontal concentration of internet

, 96

access to information and online content

, 98–99

communication and networking services

, 97–98

paid downloads and streaming

, 99–100

infomediation

, 84

Google and Facebook

, 89–90

information brokerage and coopetition

, 87–89

vertical integration of oligopoly

, 90

cloud computing

, 93–94

computers and consumer electronics

, 91–93

networks

, 94–96

operating systems

, 93

Surveillance Capitalism

, 123

Taxes, avoiding

, 69–71

Techno-liberal model

, 48

Technological determinism

, 9, 15, 21–22, 26, 145

Technological revolution

, 21, 25

Telecom and neoliberal turn, deregulation of

, 23

deregulation as remedy for recession

, 25

European dogma

, 25–26

pioneers

, 24

Telecommunications networks

, 91, 96

Télématique (videotex)

, 23

Télétel project

, 23

Terman, Fred

, 42

Thatcher, Margaret

, 24, 25

The Third Wave (Alvin Toffler)

, 22

Timesharing

, 16

Time-Warner

, 49

T-Mobile network

, 95

Total communication capability

, 49

Tracking methods

, 119–121

Transaction costs, reducing

, 59–61

Turner, Fred

, 26

Twitter

, 29, 98, 99, 122

Uber

, 60, 75

Uberisation

, 31

Usenet

, 27, 40, 116

User-generated content (UGC)

, 84

Valaskakis, Kimon

, 86–87

Vertical integration

, 50, 90, 96

Vertical integration of oligopoly

, 90

cloud computing

, 93–94

computers and consumer electronics

, 91–93

networks

, 94–96

operating systems

, 93

Virtual community

, 29

Walled garden

, 39, 40

Web 2.0

, 4, 118

WebRTC

, 120

WeChat

, 98

WhatsApp

, 62, 97

Whole Earth ‘Lectronic Link (WELL)

, 28–30

Wi-Fi

, 95

Wikipedia

, 59, 118

Winner-take-all economics

, 61–62

World Wide Web

, 17

Xbox Live

, 95

Xerox Palo Alto Research Center

, 28

Yahoo!

, 3, 41, 46, 98, 122, 124

YouTube

, 8, 72, 98, 126

Zuckerberg, Mark

, 1, 74

Zuckerman, Ethan

, 117