Index
Collapse of the Global Order on Drugs: From UNGASS 2016 to Review 2019
ISBN: 978-1-78756-488-6, eISBN: 978-1-78756-487-9
Publication date: 15 October 2018
This content is currently only available as a PDF
Citation
(2018), "Index", Klein, A. and Stothard, B. (Ed.) Collapse of the Global Order on Drugs: From UNGASS 2016 to Review 2019, Emerald Publishing Limited, Leeds, pp. 293-304. https://doi.org/10.1108/978-1-78756-487-920181018
Publisher
:Emerald Publishing Limited
Copyright © 2018 Emerald Publishing Limited
INDEX
Accusatory bias
, 140–141
Action Plans
, 236, 272
Addicted life
, 14–15
Addiction Committee
, 180
Afyun
, 170
Ajam
, 180
Ajustes de cuenta
, 206
Al-Qaeda attack
, 182
Amnesty International
, 236
Amphetamine-type stimulants (ATS)
, 170–171, 173–175, 182–183
Amphetamines
, 105
Annual Report Questionnaire (ARQ)
, 66–69, 282
revision
, 72–74
AP
, 112, 119, 256
Arabian Peninsula
, 173
Armenian Drug Squad
, 14–15
ASEAN Ministerial Meeting on Drug Matters (AMMD)
, 152
ASEAN-ish Positions at UNGASS
, 2016, 154–157
Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)
, 152
consensus
, 161–162
human rights violations driving further divergences in
, 157–159
positions taken post-UNGASS
, 159–161
on road to UNGASS
, 2016, 153–154
Authoritarian control
, 2
Autocultivo bill
, 204n9, 205–206
Balloon effect
, 250, 254
Beckley Foundation Drug Policy Programme
, 236
Betäubungsmittelgesetzes (BtMG)
, 115n3
Beyond 2008 initiative
, 27
Blood-borne viruses
, 8–9
Bolivia
, 191
coca and forced eradication
, 193
‘Coca Sí, Cocaina No’
, 198–199
Cocaleros’ pressure for reform
, 197–198
Compañero Evo’s personal leadership
, 197
drug policy protagonism in
, 192–199
option
, 121
social control
, 193–195
taking on conventions
, 195–196
Boredom
, 172–173
Bottom-up reform
, 103, 112–117
BRICS
, 143–144
British Broadcasting Organisation (BBC)
, 173, 176, 199
Broader civil society mobilisation
, 24–26
Broader human rights violations
, 55–57
Broader implications for drug control regime and 2019
, 57–59
Brownfield Doctrine
, 258
Budgetary allocation
, 182
Building Excellent Schools Today program (BEST)
, 257
Bundesinstitut für Arzneimittel und Medizinprodukte (BfArM)
, (see Federal Institute for Medicine and Medicinal Products)
Bureaucracy
, 183
Cable News Network (CNN)
, 157n28, 173, 207
California, cannabis use in
, 256
Cannabidiol (CBD)
, 118
Cannabis
, 6–8, 102, 107, 144, 171, 239, 255
activism
, 203
bottom-up reform
, 112–117
counters
, 281
European Dimension
, 108–110
growing international disparity in cannabis control
, 110–112
in international drug control regime
, 112
laws
, 255
legal cannabis
, 281
legal regulation of supply
, 123–124
market
, 119–120
normalisation process
, 113
obligations of drug control conventions
, 122–123
option of procedures
, 121–122
options for reform
, 119
path to 2019
, 117–119
regime
, 120–121
shifting cannabis policy
, 278–279
soft defection and limits of latitude
, 104–108
UNGASS (2016)
, 102–104
‘Cannabis clubs’ model
, 221
Cannabis reform
implementation and effects of
, 200–201
mobilising for
, 204–206
unsatisfactory
, 279–282
Cannabis Social Clubs (CSCs)
, 113–114
Capital punishment
, 49–50, 57
Captagon
, 172–173
Catania Report (2004)
, 235
Cato
, 198
Chapare region
, 194
City-cantons
, 280n2
Civil society
, 22
participation
, 23
Civil society engagement
1998 UNGASS
, 24–26
beyond 2008 initiative
, 27
civil society engagement in Vienna
, 23–24
‘Dear Bobby’ letter and ever-increasing civil society engagement
, 26
on drug policy at UN leading up to UNGASS 2016
, 22
historic resistance to civil society engagement in drug policy
, 22
in West Africa
, 269
Civil Society Engagement in New York and Vienna
, 29–30
Civil society organisations (CSOs)
, 74–75, 89, 269
Civil Society Task Force (CSTF)
, 32, 42, 85
formation
, 32
work of CSTF
, 32–34
Civil tribunals
, 223
Civil War
, 173–175
Clinton Administration
, 253
Coca
and forced eradication
, 193
growers
, 194
leaf
, 193
‘Coca Sí, Cocaina No’
, 197–199
‘Coca yes, cocaine no’ policy
, 192, 194
Cocaine
, 105
trafficking
, 135n1
Cocaleros’ pressure for reform
, 197–198
Code of Administrative Offences
, 139
Coffee shops
, 105, 219
Cole Memo
, 254–255
Colorado
, 237
64th Amendment
, 255
Department of Revenue
, 257
Commissions for the Dissuasion of Drug Addiction (CDT)
, 223
Committee of the Regions (CoR)
, 117
Committee of Whole (COW)
, 23
Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS)
, 145
Compañero Evo’s personal leadership
, 197
Consensus and contradictions in ASEAN
, 153–154
ASEAN on road to UNGASS 2016
ASEAN positions taken post-UNGASS
, 159–162
ASEAN-esque and ASEAN-ish Positions at UNGASS (2016)
, 154–157
‘drug-free’ ASEAN
, 152
human rights violations driving further divergences in ASEAN
, 157–159
Conservativism
, 172
Continuity and Change
, 107
Cooperative control
, 194
Copenhagen City Council
, 221
Corporal punishment
, 58
Criminal Code
, 141
Criminal justice system
, 136
Critical reforms
, 259
Criticism
, 5
‘Cromnibus’ bill
, 255
Cultural and historical roots of epistemic /clinical abyss
, 90–93
Czech Republic
, 217–218
background
, 225–226
broader context
, 227–228
current policy
, 226–227
perception
, 225
Daily Star
, 179
DCHQ
, 172
De facto
legalisation
, 113
monopoly
, 91–92
Netherlands
, 104
De jure legal regulation
, 121
Dead weight of multilateral consensus
, 103, 121, 260
Death penalty
, 49
broader implications for drug control regime and 2019
, 57–59
for drugs in context of broader human rights violations
, 55–57
international drug control law on growth of death penalty
, 52–54
in international law
, 50–52
in Iran
, 175–178
in practice
, 54–55
Decree-law 183/2001
, 224
Decriminalisation
, 33, 161, 222
of cannabis possession
, 225
Portuguese model
, 115
Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)
, 118, 220, 257, 280–281
‘Demand reduction’ efforts
, 24–25
Deputy Secretary General (DSG)
, 29, 31–32
Dervish
, 172
Detoxification
, 183
Domestic criminal justice system
, 53
Double standards
, 180
Droleg
, 278
Dronabinol®
, 281n4
Drug
, (see also Cannabis; Opium)
abuse
, 69
in context of broader human rights violations
, 55–57
drug-related acquisitive crime
, 277
drug-related deaths
, 277
drug-related insecurity
, 206–207
drug-related offences
, 5, 54–55
drug-related socioeconomic issues
, 77
markets
, 2
as medicine or menace
, 6–8
offences
, 49–50, 53
offenders
, 53, 162
possession or use
, 269
producer
, 13
prohibition
, 168–170
propaganda
, 135
states in West Africa
, 268–269
testing laws
, 139
tourism
, 108
treatment system
, 137
Drug Abuse Information Network for Asia and Pacific (DAINAP)
, 68
Drug control
, (see also International drug control), 13, 22, 49–50
evaporation of moral authority
, 14–15
policies
, 67, 135–137
regime
, 57–59
system
, 14–15, 86
Drug dependence
, 136, 224
treatment
, 136
Drug Enforcement Agency (DEA)
, 255
Drug policy
, 102, 117, 218n1, 234–235
civil society engagement
, 22–27
CSTF
, 32–34
momentum for reform
, 34–36
protagonism in Bolivia
, 192–199
protagonism in Uruguay
, 199–207
Russian Drug Laws and enforcement as drivers of multiple epidemics
, 134–141
in Russian Federation
, 134–135
Russian position at international level
, 141–145
UNGASS (2016)
, 27–31, 36–41
way forward to 2019 and beyond
, 41–43
Drug Policy Alliance (DPA)
, 30, 250
Drug policy processes
, 160
Drug trafficking
, 108, 135, 268
UN System Task Force on Transnational Organised Crime and
, 29
‘Drug war’ in Bolivia
, 199
Drug-free
ASEAN
, 9, 152, 153
environment
, 10
world
, 4–5, 28
Dutch drug policy (2009)
, 220
Dutch law
, 218
Dutch system
, 221
Eastern Europe Group (EE)
, 142, 142n16
Eastern European and Central Asian countries (EECA)
, 143
Economic and Social Council of United Nations (ECOSOC)
, 22
Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS)
, 270
action plan on drug use in West Africa
, 271–272
Economic crimes
, 135
Economic multilateral forums, strategic use of
, 143–144
Eidgenössische Kommission fur Drogenfragen (EKDF)
, 278
El Guindy’s proposal
, 168
Enforcement-focussed approach
, 138
Epistemic /clinical abyss
, 90–93
Eradicate drugs
, 134
Eradication
, 196n3
Estrategia
, 204n9
EU Drug Strategy
, 218
European ‘common position’ on UNGASS 2016
, 234
European ‘soft defections’
, 238
European Cities on Drug Policy (ECDP)
, 117
European Coalition for Just and Effective Drug Policies (ENCOD)
, 25, 235
European collective subconscious
, 14
European Dimension
, 108–110
European Legal Database on Drugs (ELDD), xvi
European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA)
, 68, 115, 218, 227, 233
European Union (EU)
, 11–12, 142n16, 195, 231–232
European Union and Community of Latin American and Caribbean States (CELAC)
, 11n6
Ever-increasing civil society engagement
, 26
Evidence-based policy
, 6
Evidence-based process
, 87
Expert Committee on Drug Dependence (ECDD)
, 7, 87–89, 117–119
Extrajudicial violence
, 134
Fake Captagon pills
, 170n3
Federal Bureau of Narcotics (FBN)
, 250–251
Federal Drug Control Service (FDCS)
, 137
Federal drug policy
, 250
Federal Institute for Medicine and Medicinal Products
, 115
Federal Office of Public Health
, 280–281
Federal Tax Police
, 137
Fenetylline
, 173
Firm defence
, 141–142
Florida Amendment
, 2, 256
Framework Decisions
, 233
Frankfurt Resolution
, 117
Funding as soft power
, 144–145
G8
, 143–144
Gambia
, 268
Gender
, 76
Genealogical trait
, 168
General Assembly
, 142–143
General Policy of Islamic Republic
, 177
Geneva Convention
, 168
German drug law
, 115
Giant without compass
, 12–14
Global Civil Society Forum
, 27
Global Commission on Drug Policy (GCDP)
, 15–16, 34
Global drug policy debates, evaluation of EU contributions to
, 241–243
Global Drug Policy Observatory (GDPO)
, 117
Global financial crisis
, 145
Global order collapse
, 15–16
Global Player
, 141
Global seizures
, 182
Government of Ghana
, 271
Government Regulation
, 226
Great Terror (1936–1938)
, 135
Ground-breaking change
, 223
Guinea-Bissau
, 268
Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC)
, 144, 172, 185
Hard drugs
, 218
Harm reduction
, 3–4, 33, 175–178, 224, 276–277
issue of
, 270
principle of
, 235
services
, 134
Harm Reduction Coalition
, 31
Harmonisation
, 16, 108–109
Harper’s Magazine
, 251
Harrison Act (1914)
, 90
Harrison Narcotics Act
, 250
Hashish
, 105–106, 111, 168, 172–175
Hashishism
, 168
Heads of National Law Enforcement Agencies (HONLEA)
, 68
Health-based approach
, 33
Health-centred approach
, 227
Heretics
, 14
Heroin
, (see also Cannabis), 8, 105, 137n5, 151–152, 171
High Level Ministerial Meeting (2019)
, 96–98
High Level Ministerial Segment (HLMS)
, 102, 272–273
High-CBD cannabis oil
, 257
High-Level Ministerial Segment
, 260
HIV/AIDS
, 24, 26, 31, 92, 138, 142, 145, 172, 177, 182, 222, 277, 283
Hollow Slogan
, 152
Horizontal Drugs Group (HDG)
, 233
Human rights
, 4–5, 33, 50, 75–76, 155
violations driving further divergences in ASEAN
, 157–159
Human Rights Council (HRC)
, 94
Illegal psychoactive substances
, 250
Illicit drugs
, 176
Iran’s umbrella agency for
, 178
‘Immaculate conception’ of cannabis
, 106
Impact Analysis Project of New Drugs Legislation (PAD)
, 225
Imprisonment epidemic
, 140–141
Independent Expert Review Group (IERG), xviii
Informal Interactive Stakeholder Consultation (IISC)
, 33–34
Innovative harm-reduction measures
, 117
Instituto de Regulación y Control del Cannabis (IRCCA)
, 200
Inter se modification
, 122–124, 253
Inter-American Drug Abuse Control Commission (CICAD)
, 68
Internal Security Forces (ISF)
, 180
International anti-substitution therapy
, 144
International Association for Hospice and Palliative Care
, 88–89
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (1966)
, 51
International Criminal Police Organisation
, 22
International drug control
, (see also Drug control)
conventions
, 134, 142
law on growth of death penalty
, 52–54
order
, 6
policies
, 142
regime
, 57–58
International drug policy
, (see also Drug policy), 2, 102
International Drug Policy Consortium (IDPC)
, 23, 31
International Federation of Women Lawyers
, 22
International law
, 102, 109, 119, 121
death penalty for drug offences in
, 50–52
International Narcotics Control Board (INCB)
, 2, 23, 50, 77, 110, 123n9, 137, 137n6, 195
Annual Report
, 202, 276
International Organisation of Good Templars (IOGT)
, 10
International Society for the Study of Drug Policy (ISSDP), xvii
Internationally controlled essential medicines in post-UNGASS
legal and institutional framework governing access to
, 87–90
narrative and political framework
, 90–96
UNGASS 2016, SDGs, WHO 13th programme of work
, 96–98
Intersectoral multidimensional strategies
, 73
Iran
, (see Islamic Republic of Iran)
Iranian Parliament
, 177
Islamic bloc deconstruction
, 167
drug prohibition
, 168–170
Lebanon
, 173–175
from opium to meth
, 171–172
policy and policy developments vis à vis drugs
, 175–183
prevalence and trends in drugs in modern MENA
, 170–175
Islamic Republic of Iran
, 170, 172, 175–178
drugs policy
, 177
harm reduction plan
, 176
umbrella agency for illicit drugs
, 178
Judicial practice
, 226
Junta Nacional de Drogas (JND)
, 204
Kerak
, 172
Ketamine
, 89
Khat
, 171n4
Latin America as radical reformers
, 10–11
Law 1008 (1988)
, 193
Law 30/2000
, 222
Lebanon
, 170
Hashish, ATS and Civil War
, 173–175
Syrian conflict, dysfunctional state and decriminalisation of drug use
, 178–181
Legalisation of drugs in Iran
, 175–178
Legitimate CSO advocacy
, 96
Low-threshold harm reduction interventions
, 277
Maine, cannabis use legalisation in
, 256
Marijuana Policy Project (MPP)
, 257
Marijuana Tax Cash Fund
, 257
Media work and communications
, 36
‘Medical’ cannabis schemes
, 113
Medication
, 281
Member states on key issues
, 38–40
Methadone
, 144
Methamphetamines
, 172, 177
Middle East and North Africa (MENA)
, 168
analysing drugs policy in
, 169
prevalence and trends in drugs
, 170–175
Middle East and North African Harm Reduction Association (MENAHRA)
, 182
Ministry of Home Affairs
, 139
Mobilising for cannabis reform
, 204–206
‘Modalities’ resolution
, 260
Moderate reformers
, 11–12
Mohammad bin Salman (MbS)
, 182
Mohammd bin Nayef (MbN)
, 181
Momentum for reform
, 34–36
Montana, marijuana legalisation in
, 257
Morales administration
, 198–199
‘Morales’ government
, 193
Movimiento al Socialismo (MAS)
, 198
Mujica administration
, 206
Multi-lateral advocacy bridging epistemic abyss
, 93–96
‘Multi-level governance’ model
, 116
Multi-national narcotics control policy
, 91
Naloxone
, 137
Naltrexone
, 138
Narcology
, 136
Narcotic Addict Rehabilitation Act (1966)
, 251
Narcotics
, 135n1, 170
addiction
, 251
use
, 173
Narcotics Control Act (1956)
, 250–251
National Drug Strategy
, 277
National HIV/AIDS strategy
, 138
National legislation on illicit drugs
, 182
Needle and syringe programmes
, 76
Needle exchange programme (NEP)
, 172
Netherlands
, 217–218
background
, 218–219
broader context
, 221–222
current policy
, 219–221
perception
, 218
separation of markets policy
, 239
Networking
, 25
Nevada, marijuana legalisation in
, 256
New 2009 constitution
, 194
New National Drug Policy
, 277–278
New Psychoactive Substances (NPS)
, 233
New York NGO Committee (NYNGOC)
, 23, 30
Nixon campaign
, 251
Non-compliance
, 119, 121–123, 139, 194
Non-governmental organisations (NGOs)
, 22, 78, 137, 177
Non-traditional drug policy indicators
, 70–71
North Dakota measure
, 256
‘North-South’ cooperation
, 3
Obama administration
, 240
Observatoire Français des Drogues et des Toxicomanies (OFDT), xix
Office of Drug Administration
, 255
Office of High Commissioner on Human Rights (OHCHR)
, 35, 39, 75–76
Office of National Drug Control Policy (ONDCP)
, 259
Opiate substitution therapy (OST)
, 8, 76, 137, 172
Opioid substitution therapy
, (see Opiate substitution therapy (OST))
Opium
, (see also Cannabis), 112, 171
tincture
, 177
trafficking
, 135n1
Opium Act (1976)
, 109, 142, 218–219
Opium Act Directive
, 221
Organisation of American States (OAS)
, 29
Outcome Document
, 3
additional UNGASS-related data collection
, 76–77
gender
, 76
human rights
, 75–76
scope new thematic areas
, 77
synergies with
, 74
Pahlavi monarchy
, 171
Palliative care
, 97
and cannabis
, 6–8
providers
, 95
Panglossian stagnation, EU in
champions of change
, 234–237
defenders of status quo
, 237–241
driving to ‘speaking with one voice’
, 232–234
evaluation of EU contributions to global drug policy debates
, 241–243
Parliamentary initiative
, 280n3
Pasta base de cocaina (PBC)
, 206
People living with HIV (PLHIV)
, 182
People who inject drugs (PWID)
, 138
People who use drugs (PWUD), xiv, xv, xviii, xxii
, 12, 15, 25, 32–33, 37, 56, 71, 134, 136–137, 139, 141, 146, 152, 155–156, 158, 160–161, 251, 254, 260–261, 269, 270, 272, 276, 284, 288
Philippines Daily Inquirer
, 236
Plan of Action (2009)
, 254
Polarisation
, 260
Police statistical cards
, 140n13
Policy and policy developments vis à vis drugs
, 175
Islamic Republic of Iran
, 175–178
Lebanon
, 178–181
Saudi Arabia
, 181–183
Policy reforms
, 10
Political framework, narrative and
, 90
cultural and historical roots of epistemic/clinical abyss
, 90–93
multi-lateral advocacy bridging epistemic abyss
, 93–96
Political tensions
, 161–162
Portugal
, 217–218
background
, 222
broader context
, 224–225
drugs policy
, 222–224
legislation
, 224
perception
, 222
Possession of drug for personal use
, 226
Post-United Nations General Assembly Special Session
, 133–134
Pre-UNGASS preparatory process
, 142
Preparatory Board of UNGASS
, 258
President of General Assembly (PGA)
, 33
Principle of subsidiarity
, 233
Prison census
, 140n13
Pro-drug lobby
, 24
Proderechos
, 205
Psychoactive elements
, 173
Psychoactive substances
, 8
Psychotropic substances
, 252
Public health epidemic
, 137–139
Public opinion surveys in Netherlands
, 238–239
Public Prosecutor
, 220
‘Pusher Street’ in Christiania, Copenhagen
, 221
Qat
, (see Khat)
‘Quasi judicial’
, 123
Quibbling over indicators
, 5–6
Radical reformers
, 10–11
‘Radicalism’ in Portugal
, 224
Re-criminalisation of drug possession
, 225
Reform
community
, 28
messages impact in debate
, 38–40
momentum for
, 34–36
policies in United States
, 254–258
reform-minded CSOs
, 31
Reform-orientated civil society
, 38–40
organisations
, 41–42
Regional reponses
, 271–272
Regulación Responsable
, 205
‘Resocialization’ of people
, 139
RusAID
, 144–145
Russian diplomacy
, 134
Russian Drug Laws and enforcement
, 134
emergence of current drug control policies
, 135–137
imprisonment epidemic
, 140–141
injecting drug
, 134–135
public health epidemic
, 137–139
Russian Federation
, 138
drug policy in
, 134–135
firm defence
, 141–142
funding as soft power
, 144–145
Russian position at international level
, 141
strategic use of economic multilateral forums
, 143–144
UN Member State
, 142–143
Sativex®
, 281n4
Saudi Arabia
, 170
Captagon and Boredom in
, 172–173
Crown Prince
, 181–182
princes, foreign workers and status quo
, 181–183
Saudi domestic legislation
, 182
Saudi harm reduction policy
, 182
Scheduling
, 117
decisions
, 118–119
Schengen Agreement (1985)
, 108
Schengen Convention (1990)
, 108
School drug testing
, 139n8
Screening policy
, 182
‘Securitization’ of drug policy
, 135
Self-regulatory non-profit CSC model
, 114
‘Serious crimes’
, 135
Sexual violence
, 134
Sexually-transmitted infections (STIs)
, 145
Shi’ite Resistance Movement Hezbollah
, 180
Shielding cannabis reforms from international criticism
, 201–203
Skoun
, 180
Social control
, 193–195
Social justice
, 257, 261
Social norms
, 173
Social pressure system
, 139
Social rehabilitation
, 139
Socialist Party (PS)
, 114
Soft defection and limits of latitude
, 104–108
Soft drugs
, 218
Soins Infirmiers et Developpement Communautaire (SIDC)
, 174, 180
Soviet Russian Criminal Codes
, 135
Spanish model
, 114
‘Spill-over’
, 14
Spring (2013), early UNGASS preparations in
, 28
Civil Society Engagement in New York and Vienna
, 29–30
early roadblocks, challenges and successes
, 30–31
UN mission and agency engagement at New York headquarters
, 29
UN System Task Force on Transnational Organised Crime and Drug Trafficking
, 29
Stakeholder
, 22n1
StatComm
, 73, 75–77
State Department officials
, 253
State lawmakers
, 257
Status quo
defenders of
, 237–241
illicit drug usage of
, 181–183
prohibition
, 182
Strategy for Coca and Opium Poppy Elimination (SCOPE)
, 25–26, 253
Supervised drug consumption rooms
, 277–278
Support Don’t Punish campaign
, 269
Supreme Court judgements
, 221
Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)
, 2, 71, 96–98, 282
Swiss narcotics law
, 276, 279
Switzerland’s drug policy
, 276
brief history
, 276–277
New National Drug Policy
, 277–278
shifting cannabis policy
, 278–279
UNODC
, 282–283
unsatisfactory cannabis reform
, 279–282
Syringe-exchange programmes
, 277–278
Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)
, 118, 220, 257, 280–281
Tramadol
, 7, 89, 137–138
Transnational civil society organisations
, 86
Transnational Institute (TNI)
, 25, 253
Transnational Radical Party (TRP)
, 25
Treasury Department
, 250
Trump administration
, 255
Tuberculosis
, 8, 138
Turkish counterpart
, 168
UN Commission on Narcotic Drugs (CND)
, 2, 22, 66, 88, 102, 118, 142–143, 153, 154n15, 168, 231, 258
UN Convention against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances (1988)
, 106–107
UN Convention on Psychotropic Substances (1971)
, 136, 142, 252
UN Conventions
, 11
against Transnational Organised Crime
, 119
UN General Assembly (UNGA)
, 102
UN Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC)
, 67–68
UN Secretary General
, 121
UN Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs (1961)
, 91, 103, 105, 110, 136, 137n6, 142, 152, 196, 251
UN System Task Force on Transnational Organised Crime and Drug Trafficking
, 29
UN-CND Ministerial Segment (2019)
, 160
UNAIDS
, 3, 29, 35, 78
UNGASS (1998)
, (see UN decade against drug abuse)
UNGASS-related data collection
, 76–77
United Nations (UN)
, 66, 191, 250
decade against drug abuse
, 24–26, 254
Drug Control Conventions
, 117, 238
drug control system
, 109
General Assembly
, 253
High Level Ministerial meeting
, 242
HLMS
, 117
Member State
, 142–143
mission and agency engagement at New York headquarters
, 29
multi-lateral agencies
, 92
UN 1961 Convention
, 105, 108, 110, 113, 120n6, 123n9, 252
UN 1971 Convention
, 117–118, 123n9, 252
UN Convention on Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances (1988)
, 142, 252–253
United Nations Drug Conventions
, 218
United Nations Commission on Narcotic Drugs (CND)
, 88
United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)
, 29, 35, 195
United Nations Drug Control Program
, 253
United Nations General Assembly Special Session (UNGASS)
, 2, 66, 72–74, 93–96, 102–104, 151–152, 168, 231, 253, 269, 287
national and regional dialogues leading to
, 269–271
United Nations General Assembly Special Session 2016 (UNGASS 2016)
, 22–27, 36, 50, 96–98, 120n6, 153–154, 258–260
ASEAN Positions at
, 154–157
gains and lessons learned
, 40–41
highlights and challenges
, 36–37
Outcome Document
, 74, 241, 282
preparations for
, 27–30
impact of reform messages in debate
, 38–40
United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR)
, 3
United Nations Human Rights Committee
, 51, 56
United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC)
, 2, 12, 17, 23, 26, 50, 68, 87, 102, 111, 250, 268, 270, 282–283, 289
United States
, 12–14, 195
ideological expansion
, 251
United States Drug Policy
, 105, 249
historical overview
, 250–254
ignoring reality in 2019
, 260–261
reform policies in
, 254–258
and UNGASS 2016
, 258–260
Universal Declaration on Human Rights
, 238
Uruguay
drug policy protagonism in
, 199–207
drug-related insecurity
, 206–207
implementation and effects of cannabis reform
, 200–201
legally regulating cannabis from seed to smoke
, 200
mobilising for cannabis reform
, 204–206
Pepe Mujica’s personal leadership
, 203–204
rectification
, 122
shielding cannabis reforms from international criticism
, 201–203
Uruguayan Cannabis activism
, 205
Uruguayan system
, 239
US banking regulations
, 201
Vienna
civil society engagement in
, 23–24
monopoly
, 42
Vienna consensus
, (see Dead weight of multilateral consensus)
Vienna Convention on Law of Treaties
, 252–253
Vienna Institutions
, 23
Vienna NGO Committee on Drugs (VNGOC)
, 23
Voluntary drug treatment
, 139
War on drugs
, 7, 10, 12, 14, 36, 40, 43, 53, 56, 251
Washington
, 237
Washington 502 Initiative
, 255
West Africa
, 14
civil society engagement in
, 269
Common Position
, 270
drug states in
, 268–269
high level ministerial segment (2019)
, 272–273
national and regional dialogues leading to UNGASS (2016)
, 269–271
regional responses
, 271–272
UNGASS position
, 269–271
West Africa Civil Society Institute (WACSI)
, 270
West Africa Commission on Drugs (WACD)
, 268
West Africa Drug Policy Network (WADPN)
, 269–270
West African Epidemiology Network on Drug Use (WENDU)
, 272
“Where Things Stood” (2012–2013)
, 27–28
WHO Statistical Information System (WHOSIS)
, 78n5
WikiLeaks cables
, 173
World Customs Organization (WCO)
, 95
World Drug Problem
, 2, 5, 66, 86
ARQ
, 66–69
indicators and outcome document
, 69–71
metrics since UNGASS
, 72–74
synergies with Outcome Document
, 74–77
World Drug Report (2006)
, 69–70, 111, 173
World Health Assembly (WHA)
, 142–143
World Health Organisation (WHO)
, 12, 17, 35, 86–87, 117, 289
13th programme of work
, 96–98
‘Youth Without Drugs’
, 278
Zero-tolerance approach
, 153, 249
Zero-tolerance principle
, 162
Zipp-Aids project
, 277
Zurich
drugs in
, 277
youth centre
, 276
- Prelims
- Introduction
- Chapter 1 The 2016 UNGASS on Drugs: A Catalyst for the Drug Policy Reform Movement
- Chapter 2 The Death Penalty for Drug Offences: Pulling Back the Curtain to Expose a Flawed Regime
- Chapter 3 Measuring the ‘World Drug Problem’: 2019 and Beyond
- Chapter 4 Improving Access to Internationally Controlled Essential Medicines in the Post-UNGASS, Agenda 2030 Framework
- Chapter 5 The Elephant in the Room: Cannabis in the International Drug Control Regime
- Chapter 6 Drug Policy in the Russian Federation: Do Control Policies Produce More Harm Than Drugs?
- Chapter 7 Consensus and Contradictions in ASEAN: An Analysis of Southeast Asia At and After UNGASS 2016
- Chapter 8 Deconstructing the Islamic Bloc: The Middle East and North Africa and Pluralistic Drugs Policy
- Chapter 9 Breaking Ranks: Pioneering Drug Policy Protagonism in Uruguay and Bolivia
- Chapter 10 The Netherlands, Portugal and the Czech Republic: Political Perceptions and Legal Realities
- Chapter 11 The European Union in Panglossian Stagnation
- Chapter 12 United States Drug Policy: Flexible Prohibition and Regulation
- Chapter 13 West Africa
- Chapter 14 Switzerland: Moving Towards Public Health and Harm Reduction
- Chapter 15 Epilogue
- Index