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Prelims

Sadia Samar Ali (King Abdulaziz University, Saudi Arabia) (New Delhi Institute of Management, India)
Rajbir Kaur (India)
Jose Antonio Marmolejo Saucedo (Panamerican University, Mexico)

Best Practices in Green Supply Chain Management

ISBN: 978-1-78756-216-5, eISBN: 978-1-78756-215-8

Publication date: 19 March 2019

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Citation

Ali, S.S., Kaur, R. and Marmolejo Saucedo, J.A. (2019), "Prelims", Best Practices in Green Supply Chain Management, Emerald Publishing Limited, Leeds, pp. i-xvii. https://doi.org/10.1108/978-1-78756-215-820191008

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Emerald Publishing Limited

Copyright © 2019 by Emerald Publishing Limited

Half Title Page

BEST PRACTICES IN GREEN SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT

Title Page

BEST PRACTICES IN GREEN SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT: A DEVELOPING COUNTRY PERSPECTIVE

BY

SADIA SAMAR ALI

King Abdulaziz University, Saudi Arabia

New Delhi Institute of Management, India

RAJBIR KAUR

India

JOSE ANTONIO MARMOLEJO SAUCEDO

Panamerican University, Mexico

United Kingdom – North America – Japan – India – Malaysia – China

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Emerald Publishing Limited

Howard House, Wagon Lane, Bingley BD16 1WA, UK

First edition 2019

Copyright © 2019 Emerald Publishing Limited

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British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

ISBN: 978-1-78756-216-5 (Print)

ISBN: 978-1-78756-215-8 (Online)

ISBN: 978-1-78756-217-2 (Epub)

List of Figures

Chapter 2
Figure 2.1 Flow Chart of Evolution of Supply Chain 25
Figure 2.2 Popular Practices of Green Supply Chain 26
Figure 2.3 Main Drivers of Green Supply Chain 27
Figure 2.4 Main Drivers of Sustainable Supply Chain 31
Figure 2.5 Sustainable Practices 32
Chapter 3
Figure 3.1 Comparison of Qualitative and Quantitative Research Approaches 45
Figure 3.2 Diagrammatic Representation of Methods of Multivariate Analysis 46
Figure 3.3 Diagrammatic Representation of Multivariate Analysis and Levels of Dependence 47
Figure 3.4 Major GSCM Drivers and Their Contributing Authors 49
Figure 3.5 Impact of GSCM Practices 50
Figure 3.6 Environment Friendly Green Approach 51
Figure 3.7 Factors of Green Procurement 52
Figure 3.8 Factors of Green Product and Process Design 53
Figure 3.9 Variables of Green Logistics 53
Figure 3.10 Variables of Regulatory Framework 54
Figure 3.11 Hypothesis Development Framework 55
Figure 3.12 Hypothesis Test Summary 60
Figure 3.13 Green Practices with Dimensions and Organization Performance 61
Figure 3.14 Diagrammatic Representation of Structured Approach to Multivariate Model Building 63
Figure 3.15 Business Performance – GSCM Model 64
Figure 3.16 Environmental Performance – GSCM Model 65
Figure 3.17 Diagrammatic Representation of Business Performance Equation 66
Figure 3.18 Diagrammatic Representation of Environmental Performance Equation 67
Figure A1 Arithmetic Mean 69
Figure A2 KMO Bartlett Test 69
Figure A3 Factor Analysis 70
Figure A4 ANOVA Analysis (Business Performance) 73
Figure A5 Model Selection and Validation 73
Figure A6 Regression Coefficient 73
Figure A7 ANOVA Analysis (Environmental Performance) 74
Figure A8 Model Selection and Validation 74
Figure A9 Regression Coefficient 74
Chapter 4
Figure 4.1 The Delphi Method 79
Figure 4.2 Fuel Consumption in Power Stations 79
Figure 4.3 Use of Delphi Method (in blue) Complemented with the Exploration of Futures Method (in red) 83
Chapter 5
Figure 5.1 A Diagrammatic Representation of Reverse Logistics 97
Figure 5.2 Proposed Model for Reverse Logistics 97
Figure 5.3 Diagrammatic Representation of an Organization's New Logistics Framework 99
Chapter 6
Figure 6.1 Three-Echelon Supply Chain 116
Figure 6.2 Mexican Supply Chain Before the Study 123
Figure 6.3 Environmental Cost Considering Uncertain Demand 125
Figure 6.4 Scenario 1 – Proportional Costs by Different Classes 126

List of Tables

Chapter 2
Table 2.1 Chronological Summation of Research Done in Supply Chain Management 17
Chapter 3
Table 3.1 Quantitative and Qualitative Research Studies in Supply Chain Management 39
Table 3.2 Presence of Manufacturing Giants in Pune–Nashik–Mumbai Region 58
Table A1 (A) Rotated Component Matrix. (B) Parsimonious Orthogonal Factors 71
Table A2 Parsimonious Factors of Performance Variable 72
Table A3 Highly Correlated Dependent Variable 72
Chapter 4
Table 4.1 Total Amount of Stock Investment That Is Fixed, Without Considering Losses 80
Table 4.2 Profile of the Experts Chosen and Those Who Did Not Participate (in red) 84
Table 4.3 Phases and Objectives of the Delphi Method and Exploration of Futures for the Elaboration of the Strategy 84
Table 4.4 Results of Equal Ranges (or Leagues) for Each Expert 86
Table 4.5 Evaluation that the Experts Gave to Each Answer in the First Round 87
Table 4.6 Evaluation that the Experts Gave to Each Answer in the Second Round 88
Chapter 6
Table 6.1 Complexity of the Mathematical Model 124
Table 6.2 Average of Economic Cost and CO2 Obtained in All Scenarios After 25 Simulations 124
Table 6.3 Total Economic Cost with Scenario Demand No. 1. 125
Table 6.4 Total Economic Cost with Scenario Demand No. 2. 125

List of Abbreviations

AHP Analytical Hierarchy Process
ANOVA Analysis of Variance
ANP Analytical Network Process
BD Benders Decomposition
BSP Benders Subproblem
CAGR Compound Annual Growth Rate
CB-SEM Covariance-Based Structural Equation Modelling
CC Collection Centers
CDC Central Distribution Centers
CENACE National Center for Energy Control
CER Certified Emission Reduction
CFA Confirmative Factor Analysis
CFE Federal Electricity Commission
CO2 Carbon Dioxide
DEMATEL Decision-Making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory
DS Disposal Site
EEP External Energy Producers
EMS Environmental Management System
EPC Electric Power Supply Chains
FAHP Fuzzy Analytical Hierarchy Process
FDI Foreign Direct Investment
GHG Greenhouse Gas
GL Green Logistics
GP Green Procurement
GSCM Green Supply Chain Management
GTMA Graph Theoretic and Matrix Approach
ISM Interpretive Structural Modelling
JIT Just in Time
LB Lower Bound
LED Light Emitting Diode
LP Linear Programming
MIP Mixed-Integer Programming
MP Master Problem
MSME Micro, Small, Medium Enterprises
NCR National Capital Region
NGO Nongovernment Organization
NOIDA New Okhla Industrial Development Area
PLS-SEM Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling
RC Recycling Center
RDC Regional Distribution Centers
RL Reverse Logistics
RMP Remanufacturing Plant
RPC Reprocessing Center
SAP-LAP Situation Actor Process–Learning Action Performance
SCM Supply Chain Management
SCND Supply Chain Network Design
SD Sustainable Development
SDG Sustainable Development Goal
SEN National Electricity System
SSCM Sustainable Supply Chain Management
TBL Triple Bottom Line
TCIL Tire Corporation of India Limited
UB Upper Bound
UNDESA United Nations Decade of Education for Sustainable Development
UNDP United Nations Development Program
UNEP United Nations Environment Program
UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization
UNGC United Nations Global Compact
UNHABITAT United Nations Human Settlement Program
WCED World Commission on Environment and Development

Preface

Developing countries are looking for alternate paths to sustainability as the problems faced by them are region, social, and culture specific. They look forward to relevant and affordable ideas emerging from developed nations for inspiration and other developing nations who are facing similar challenges on economic, social, and climatic fronts. They are contriving methods and ways to compensate growth with economic utilization of resources, implementation of energy-efficient technologies for progressive reduction of carbon intensities for sustainable development. But a bigger question worth asking is: is this development sustainable in a real sense? It is an accepted fact that the paradigm of sustainable development is primarily focused on environmental and economic development, and the agenda of social development needs to be reconsidered. The dilemma faced by a majority of nations is profit versus conservation, and since it is a debatable issue, we have examined some antecedents of the concepts of sustainable development and narrowed down key points from the debate which are worth pondering over for their validity, suitability, and accountability toward the issues and challenges of sustainability. The sustainable development definition given by the Brundtland Report and its related controversies and shortcomings and further additions to the concepts are also discussed for comprehension and interest of our readers. The areas left uncovered in the initial definition of sustainable development – place and people – have provided us the motivation for directing our effort toward human issues in sustainable development with a focus on place aspect developing countries. The role played by the United Nations, the programs initiated by them, and the work done by various academicians, societies, and global or international bodies have been highlighted for understanding the complexities and challenges related to sustainability. The exponential growth and evolution of a supply chain is described by uncovering multiple theories and reviews proposed by academicians and global researchers. The book also covers the issues associated with green supply chains and sustainable supply chains by first outlining their fundamental differences and then discussing their contribution toward the agendas of sustainable development, with comprehensive details about the practices, pressures, and major drivers. The major drivers of green chains are internal, external, and regulatory, and the main drivers of sustainable supply chains are similar to green chains with the inclusion of social drivers. The popular practices for greening the supply chain and for sustainable supply chains are also discussed in detail. The book proceeds with a holistic and inclusive discussion on the methods of measurement of sustainability: quantitative mode as an objective measurement relying on statistical, mathematical, or numerical analysis or primary data collected through a medium of polls, surveys, questionnaires, etc.; qualitative mode that is subjective in nature and focuses on images, transcripts, and words. Comprehensive discussions and research work done in multivariate analysis and its relevance to the context of supply chain, identifying its related problems and offering solutions for emission reduction adds to the richness of the book. Using statistical methods researchers have attempted to quantify the relationship among variables of supply chains to predict the likely outcomes in the form of a comprehensive research study based on combined qualitative and quantitative assessment of green supply chain practices adopted by the Indian manufacturing sector. The study applies the regression techniques to help in calculation of coefficient for each independent variable of the supply chain to estimate the effect of each predictor on independent variables. Regression further provides insights to the researchers by calculating statistical significance and quantifying relationships between predictors and outcomes, which helps them in making practical and viable decisions concerning supply chain efficiencies. The book provides insights into the complex problem and sustainable approaches of electricity generation in developing nations like Mexico for practitioners and business managers. Outlining a connection between inventory levels of fuels in thermal plants and their transport medium, a study is presented using Delphi techniques for charting policies for carbon reduction. For keeping the interest of readers alive we took the liberty of including interesting case studies from Indian organizations, covering varied fields of sustainable HRM practices, reverse logistics, and emission control measures from the tire industry. Among the existing theories and concepts the one which excites us is the application of Optimization and Operations Research for designing and controlling complex systems, solving hard problems of efficiently allocating scarce resources using incomplete information, and developing sustainable strategies to master situations of conflict and co-operation in a scientific manner. The final chapter covers Mixed Integer Linear Programming and Mobile6 software methodology and Benders Decomposition to counter the demand uncertainty in the supply chain in the Mexican context.

Relevance of the Study

The study of Environmental Management and Sustainability has experienced a gradient shift from a niche area to mainstream way of thinking and education. It has evolved from philanthropic discourses on Save Earth or Save the Planet to a broader discipline providing insights into the aspects of environment studies, social sciences, business and technology to a wider range of participants including students, economists, environmentalists, world leaders, and the community at large. Since the modern world is struggling with issues of environmental sustainability, “sustainability” education concentrates on core skills and capabilities which are suitable for handling environmental complexities through innovation in technology and science, social and political norms. Sustainability has its roots in politics, economics, philosophy, social sciences, but it also covers a broader theoretical spectrum of civic engineering and technology, so its education and applications are pertinent to many fields like civic planning, environmental consultancy, agriculture, corporate strategies, health care, and many more related fields. The book covers the sustainability and sustainable development concepts from multiple viewpoints and offers comprehensive qualitative and quantitative research focuses which can offer insights to a variety of readers, including students, academicians, supply chain managers, social groups, and researchers. Rising cost of manufacturing, shrinking resources of manufacturing bases, coupled with the problem of shortened life cycle has pressurized supply chains to find alternate routes, and green supply chains have started to play their part well. The book is also a good read from a green supply managerial perspective since elaborate discussion about the practices and drivers of green supply chains have been covered.

Acknowledgments

To all the individuals who have inspired, motivated, and encouraged us to overcome our fears and stay open for continuous learning, we thank you for publication of our work Best Practices in Green Supply Chain Management: A Developing Country Perspective. This journey took us through long hours of hard work and moments of anxiety and frustrations; we thank the Almighty for taking us through this difficult journey. We feel indebted to our families for supporting and sparing us for the time we stayed away from them in the fulfillment of our purpose. We also extend thanks to our friends, colleagues, and student community for helping us push our limits to outperform our previous efforts. Last but not least, our heartiest gratitude goes to Mr Kirat Goyal, CEO, Gazelle Infotech, for lending us his expertise in technical advisor capacity to provide clarity on topics related to supply chain complexities.

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