AAF-SAP. See UNECA Alternative Framework to Structural Adjustment Programme for Socio-Economic Recovery and Transformation (AAF-SAP)

Abortion

, 119

Absolute poverty

, 165–166

Abuja Declaration (2001)

, 276–277

Accelerated Development in Sub-Saharan Africa: An Agenda for Action. See Berg Report Conundrum

Accountable public institutions

, 483

Accumulation

, 325

Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)

, 124, 262

“Active” industrial policies

, 439

Adaptation

, 94, 102–103, 105

Addis Ababa

, 416

Addis Ababa Action Agenda

, 378

Administrative factor

, 176

Adult literacy

, 288, 302–303

Advance market commitments

, 381–382

Advanced-level democracy

, 236–237

AELG. See African Energy Leaders Group (AELG)

AERC. See African Economic Research Consortium (AERC)

AfCFTA. See African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA)

AfDB. See African Development Bank (AfDB)

Africa

, 60

Africa-EU roadmap for 2014–2017

, 426

Africa–EU Energy Partnership

, 407

African Union

, 122

characteristics of African firms

, 446–448

corruption and participation in governance

, 339

corruption and participation of private sector

, 337–338

corruption and propensity to investment

, 338–339

debt-to-GDP ratio

, 14

economic development

, 112

economic performance

, 158–159

economies

, 159

effect

, 4, 16

efforts to reducing fertility levels in

, 123

fertility

, 117–118

governments

, 123

GPI in

, 158–161

greenhouse gas emissions

, 93–94

history

, 64–73

industry

, 427–428

innovative finance in

, 377–391

long rivers

, 61

and MDGs

, 510–511

population growth

, 115–117

population trends and human welfare

, 116–117

rising narrative

, 497–498, 502

and SDGs

, 511–512

state of

, 430–433

sustainable social enterprises

, 388

underdevelopment

, 17

Africa Adaptation Gap Report

, 100

Africa Clean Energy Corridor

, 409

Africa Industrialization Day

, 426

Africa Infrastructure Country Diagnostic study (AICD study)

, 395

Africa Progress Report (2015)

, 397

Africa Renewable Energy Initiative (AREI)

, 409

Africa’s Agenda 2063

, 93–94, 319, 377, 398, 426, 512

African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA)

, 426, 441, 512–513

African Development Bank (AfDB)

, 389, 395, 434, 463

African Economic Research Consortium (AERC)

, 232

African Energy Leaders Group (AELG)

, 409

African industrialization. See Industrialization in Africa

African Manufacturing

, 427–430

nature and features

, 433

African National Congress (ANC)

, 72

African population growth elements

, 115

African population trends and human welfare

, 116–117

African Renewable Energy Initiative

, 402

African Union Commission (AUC)

, 319, 417, 514

Agenda 2063 of African Union. See Africa’s Agenda 2063

Agenda for Sustainable Development (2030)

, 158

Agent risk in mobile money

, 383

Agglomeration effects

, 78–79

Aggregator credit

, 390

Agrarian society

, 116

Agri-food system

, 352n3, 353

transformation

, 357

Agricultural Survey (1996)

, 141

Agricultural transformation

, 349, 350, 352

Africa’s rapid population growth

, 354–356

agri-food system transformation, driven primarily by local investment

, 357

commercialized African investor farmers

, 359–360

framework for understanding transformation

, 352–354

greater participation and vibrancy in agricultural factor markets

, 365–366

increasing reliance on imported staple foods

, 369–370

increasing vulnerability to climate variability

, 368

indicators of agricultural growth and poverty reduction

, 351

positive rates of agricultural productivity growth and poverty reduction

, 357–359

rising proportion of rural people farming on degrading land

, 366–368

salient trends affecting trajectories of

, 354

shifts from labor force to nonfarm employment

, 360–365

SSA per capita GDP

, 349–350

urbanization and urban population growth

, 356–357

Agricultural/agriculture

, 352–353, 365

economy

, 140–142

external value chain finance

, 391

factor markets

, 365–366

financing arrangements

, 389

internal (within chain) value chain finance

, 390–391

occupations

, 308

policy reforms

, 358

productivity growth

, 352, 357–359

value chain

, 388–389

Agronomic field trials

, 82

AICD study. See Africa Infrastructure Country Diagnostic study (AICD study)

“Aid exit” strategy

, 487

AIDS. See Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)

“AIDS-orphans”

, 125

Alienation or exclusion theme

, 136

Altruism

, 454–455, 463–464, 466

ANC. See African National Congress (ANC)

Ancestral ethnic hatreds

, 186

Anglophone

, 34–35

Angola

, 35

kingdom

, 67

Animist

beliefs

, 216

practices

, 215–216

ANPA. See Association for Nigerian Physicians Abroad (ANPA)

APRM

, 510

AR5. See Fifth Assessment Report (AR5)

Arab slave trade

, 68–69

AREI. See Africa Renewable Energy Initiative (AREI)

Artificial intelligence

, 158

Asian Green Revolution

, 352

Asset finance

, 391

Assets Under Management (AUM)

, 386

Assimilation

, 70, 72

Association for Nigerian Physicians Abroad (ANPA)

, 471

Atomistic homogeneity

, 189

AUC. See African Union Commission (AUC)

“Augmented Washington Consensus”

, 231–232

AUM. See Assets Under Management (AUM)

Austrian government

, 210

Autocratic

disaster

, 163

regimes in Africa

, 482

Average manufacturing–agriculture labor productivity ratio

, 427

Balanced growth

, 15

Bambuti of Ituri forest

, 68

Bantu migration

, 66

“Basic capability failure”

, 135

Basic needs

, 42, 44, 50

Basketry

, 68

“Batesian” urban-biased framework

, 232

BBOXX

, 410

Behavior(al)

characteristics of leadership

, 318

leaders

, 326

Beneficiaries

, 136

Benefit-enhancing corruption

, 335

Benefit-reducing corruption

, 335

Benevolent dictatorship

, 198

Berg Report Conundrum

, 507

and SAP

, 507–508

Berlin Conference

, 70

Bharat Nirman Rural Infrastructure Programme (2005)

, 160, 175–176

Biafra movement

, 203

Bilateral donors

, 123

Bilharzia

, 261

Bilharziasis

, 261

Bill of Rights

, 342

Biodiversity loss

, 95, 96

Blended finance

, 385–386

to catalyzing investment

, 411–412

See also Digital finance

Bourgeois

, 220

Bouteflicka, Abdelaziz

, 509n4

Brain drain

, 127, 305, 334n7

Bribe

, 334, 336–337

BRICS

, 427

New Development Bank

, 414

British colonial administration

, 35

Brookings Institution

, 434

Buddhism

, 216

Buganda kingdom

, 67

Bunyoro kingdom

, 67

Bureaucracy

, 322–323

Bureaucratic corruption. See Petty corruption

Bureaucratic tradition

, 88

C10 (Committee of Ten Finance Ministers and Central Bank Governors)

, 511

CAADP. See Comprehensive Africa Agriculture Development Programme (CAADP)

CAP. See Common African Position (CAP)

Capabilities

, 135, 151–153

to function

, 137

Capacity deficits

, 412–413

Capital

expenditures

, 484

flight

, 334n6

flows

, 486

CAR. See Central African Republic (CAR)

Carbon

finance

, 384–385

fund operator

, 384

Carbon dioxide (CO₂)

, 43

Career choices across regions

, 310

Catholicism

, 221

CDB. See China Development Bank (CDB)

CDC. See Common-wealth Development Corporation (CDC)

CDM. See Clean Development Mechanism (CDM)

Central Africa

, 23

Central African Republic (CAR)

, 276

Central Bank

, 83

CER. See Certified emission reduction (CER)

Certified emission reduction (CER)

, 384

Ceteris paribus

, 276

Channel risk in mobile money

, 383

Charismatic churches

, 216

Child-headed households

, 125

Children

, 117

nutritional status of children living on commercial farms

, 145–146

China Aid

, 406–407

China Development Bank (CDB)

, 407

Chinese-led Africa Growing Together Fund (AGTF)

, 414

Cholera

, 278–279

Christianity

, 216, 223

Chronic diseases

, 259–260

Civil Law

, 83

Civil service institutions

, 43

Civil war

, 186, 202

financing of rebellion

, 202–204

policy implications

, 208–210

quantitative empirical evidence

, 204–208

Clan-based structure of societies

, 217

Clean Development Mechanism (CDM)

, 384

Clean energy

, 398

Climate

climate-related disasters in Africa

, 98

climate-sensitive vectors

, 95–96

finance

, 412

increasing vulnerability to climate variability

, 368

resilience

, 105–106

variability

, 93–94, 104, 107

vulnerability

, 104

Climate change

, 94–99

in Africa

, 99–105

capacity

, 101–103

climate vulnerability and readiness

, 101

costs

, 103–105

vulnerability, readiness, and human development in Africa

, 103

Climate smart agriculture (CSA)

, 368

Clothing

, 42

Clusters

, 435

Coal

, 399–400

COC. See Control of Corruption (COC)

Coexistence

, 215–216

Collective action

, 316

Collective remittances

, 457, 465–466, 470

Collective self-governance

, 510

Colonial

education neglect in colonial Africa

, 288–290

experience

, 32–35

legacy

, 16

policies

, 70

Colonialism

, 34, 71

Commercialized African investor farmers

changes in farm structure

, 361–362

rising of

, 359–360

Common African Position (CAP)

, 426, 511–512

Common Law

, 83

Common-wealth Development Corporation (CDC)

, 207

Community

level

, 121–122

participation

, 135, 176

Competitive fertility

, 117

Competitive tenders for grid-connected renewable energy

, 409

Complex non-monetary transfers

, 195

Comprehensive Africa Agriculture Development Programme (CAADP)

, 510

CAADP/Maputo Declaration principles

, 358

Congo kingdom

, 67

Congo/Zaire basin

, 61

Constitution

, 340

Consumption

, 452, 454, 456

consumption-smoothing effects of remittances

, 467

Contentious agricultural policy reforms

, 358

“Continent in Transition”

, 508

Contra-modernization

, 136

Contraception

, 119

effects

, 119

prevalence rates

, 123

Control of Corruption (COC)

, 233–234, 245, 340–342

Convention People’s Party (CPP)

, 71

Conventional Barro-Lee dataset

, 199

Conventional economic tools

, 320

Conventional wisdom

, 507

Convergence

, 411–412

Conversion

, 221

COP21. See Paris Climate Conference (COP21)

Copayments

, 381–382

Corruption

, 331, 333, 335–336

controlling

, 340–342

governing process

, 334–335

government impunity

, 331–332

impacts on African economies

, 337–339

pervasive in country

, 332–333

Corruption Perceptions Index (CPI)

, 332

Cost-benefit analysis

, 82, 294

Cost-enhancing corruption

, 335

Cost-reducing corruption

, 335

Counterintuitive relationship

, 116–117

CPI. See Corruption Perceptions Index (CPI)

CPP. See Convention People’s Party (CPP)

Credit constraints

, 437

Critical skills shortages

, 435–436

Criticism

, 135

Cross-country

regression analysis

, 49

research

, 479

Crude oil

, 399–400

CSA. See Climate smart agriculture (CSA)

Cuius regio eius religio principle

, 219

Cultural phenomenon

, 187–188

Culture

, 16, 83–86

Curbing illicit financial flows

, 380–381

Customer and compliance risk in mobile money

, 383

Dakar, call centers in

, 79

DALYs. See Disability-adjusted life years (DALYs)

Darfur

, 66

De facto land policies

, 360

De-risking investments in grid-connected energy

, 414

Debt

exit strategy

, 486–487

management

, 486–487

Decentralized associations

, 217

Democracies

, 16

differences in role of identity politics

, 194–196

ethnic diversity effect in

, 191

multi-issue politics

, 193–194

single-issue politics

, 191–192

Demographic and Health Survey (DHS)

, 360

Demographic/demography

, 479

age

, 143

bonus

, 122

dividend

, 122

features of South African farmworkers

, 142

gender

, 142

household size and structure

, 143–144

nationality

, 144

transition theory

, 118

window of opportunity

, 122

Development finance institutions (DFIs)

, 385

Development leadership

key issues in

, 319–321

lessons for

, 325–327

See also Leadership

Development policy and practice in Africa

, 505

AfCFTA

, 512–513

Africa and Sustainable Development Goals

, 511–512

African and Millennium Development Goals

, 510–511

Africans’ Response to Global Financial Crisis

, 511

Agenda 2063

, 512

Berg Report Conundrum and SAP

, 507–508

developmental state and economic transformation

, 513–515

initiatives of AUC and UNECA and PRSPs Conundrum

, 508

Lagos Plan of Action

, 506–507

NEPAD and APRM

, 509–510

Post-independence development strategies

, 505–506

Development in Africa

in Africa’s energy sector

, 407–412

alliance

, 323

basic indicators

, 24–26

blended finance

, 385–386

carbon finance and payments for ecosystem services

, 384–385

challenges facing impact investing in Africa

, 386–388

changes in illiteracy rates, life expectancy, birth rates, and infant mortality

, 28–29

classification based on colonial experience

, 32–35

classification of African countries

, 27–35

cross-classification based on income and region

, 33

curbing illicit financial flows

, 380–381

development-induced inequality

, 162–163

Diaspora bonds and sustainable investing

, 388

diversity and classification of African countries

, 21–22

diversity of Africa

, 22–27

experience of Africa

, 497–498

flows

, 406

governance

, 233, 238

impact investing

, 386

income-based classification

, 30–32

innovative options to

, 380

leaders

, 321

mobile/digital money

, 382–383

paradigm

, 134

policy choices

, 498

scatter plot of life expectancy, infant mortality, and income in Africa

, 27

state guarantees, advance market commitments, and co-payments

, 381–382

Developmental state

, 513–515

case of

, 321

development alliance

, 323

embedded autonomy

, 322–323

explicit development ideology

, 321–322

long-term policy consistency

, 324–325

policy coherence and coordination

, 323

DFID. See UK Department for International Development (DFID)

DFIs. See Development finance institutions (DFIs)

DHS. See Demographic and Health Survey (DHS)

Diarrhea

, 261

Diasporas

, 186

bonds

, 380, 388

Dictatorship

, 196–198

Digital finance

, 382, 411

adoption for energy

, 411

See also Blended finance

Disability-adjusted life years (DALYs)

, 272

Disease(s)

of affluence

, 272

and economic security

, 270–278

Disguised unemployment

, 128

Disruptive technology

, 158

Distribution

, 163

distribution-neutral growth

, 163

effect

, 165n11

Diversity of Africa

, 22, 22–27

Domestic “policy inadequacies and administrative constraints”

, 507

Domestic production growth

, 370

Dominance

, 23, 188

Dominant ethnic group

, 194

Drinking water

, 176

Droughts

, 402

Dynamic individuals

, 223, 226

Dysfunctional politics

, 191, 208

dictatorship

, 196–198

empirically testing hypotheses

, 199–202

effect of ethnic diversity in democracies

, 191–196

testable hypotheses

, 198–199

EAP. See East Asia and Pacific (EAP)

Earn money

, 382

East Africa

, 27, 30, 32, 35–36, 65

East Asia and Pacific (EAP)

, 498

average annual growth performance

, 499, 501–502

deindustrialization effects

, 501

sectoral composition

, 500, 502

East Asian economies

, 428, 435

East Asian Tigers

, 321, 440

East-central Africa

, 67

Ebola virus

, 280

ECI. See Economic complexity index (ECI)

Econometric models

, 16

Economic complexity index (ECI)

, 169n14

Economic development

, 40, 44, 96–98, 111–112, 124, 162, 232–233, 320

in Africa

, 3, 41

Africa’s development experience

, 4–13

basic indicators

, 9–11

equation

, 162–163

experience of Africa

, 498

fertility levels and

, 117–123

growth

, 41–42

happiness measures

, 52

health and

, 257–281

high growth era and commodity super cycle, (2011–2018)

, 503–504

human development as measure of economic development

, 45–48

immediate post-independence era (1960–1985)

, 499–500

improvement in quality of life

, 42–43

income inequality, growth, happiness, and poverty

, 53–54

income inequality measures

, 46–50

indicators of development in SSA and other regions

, 12

lingering neoliberal policy and commodity super cycle era (1996–2010)

, 502–503

measurement

, 44–52

migration and

, 126–128

need for

, 13–15

poverty measurement

, 50–51

principal messages

, 15–17

quality of life as measure of development

, 44–45

SAP Era (1986–1995)

, 500–502

structural transformation

, 43–44

See also Sustainable development in Africa

Economic freedom (EF)

, 234–236

Economic growth

, 44, 112, 123–126, 161, 166–167, 259

intensity of temperature impact on

, 97

Economic performance

, 112–113, 196

of Africa

, 77

human capital and biased technological change

, 79–80

infrastructure investment and agglomeration effects

, 78–79

institutions and culture

, 83–86

organizations and management practices

, 81–82

Economic Planning Board (EPB)

, 323

Economic Planning Unit (EPU)

, 324n7

Economic Report on Africa (ERA)

, 514–515

Economic theory

, 191

of education and growth

, 294–297

Economic(s)

analysis

, 157

approach to religion

, 216

crisis

, 128, 272

decisions

, 216

and development outcomes

, 234

disease and economic security

, 270–278

diversity in Africa

, 22–27

economic/development outcomes

, 232

economic freedom (EF)

, 235–236

factor

, 176

group-level conversions

, 217–220

individual-level conversions

, 220–227

inequality

, 158

institutional quality measures

, 239–249

institutions

, 234

liberalization

, 482

management

, 186

policy coherence

, 238

political instability (PI)

, 238–239

political institutions

, 236–238

of religious conversion in Sub-Saharan Africa

, 215

retrogression

, 478

sophistication-induced growth-inequality nexus

, 169–170

transactions

, 226, 349

transformation

, 513–515

underdevelopment

, 111–112

welfare

, 233

Economists

, 215–216

Economy

, 162

economy-wide structural adjustment

, 358

innovative finance benefits to

, 380

Educational/education

, 123, 128, 148–149, 258, 287

attainment

, 308

career choices across regions

, 310

crisis in Africa

, 301

deepening

, 298

and development in Africa

, 293–294

economic theory of education and growth

, 294–297

educational crisis in Africa

, 301–303

educational policy in Africa

, 303–307

enrolment and literacy

, 301–303

evolution and transformation

, 288

and future economic growth in Africa

, 299–301

improvements

, 303

levels

, 89, 142

macroeconomic impact of

, 297–299

neglect in colonial Africa

, 288–290

net enrolment rate

, 292–293

policy implications

, 308–309

policy in Africa

, 303–307

post-independence period

, 290–293

role in economic growth and development

, 297

services

, 42

widening

, 298

Educators

, 288, 308

Effective contract enforcement mechanisms

, 217–218, 221

Effective corruption-control program

, 340

Efficiency

costs of redistributive pressures

, 225–227

of financial flows

, 379

of resource use

, 489–490

Egyptian civilization

, 65

EIEC. See Executive electoral competitiveness (EIEC)

El Niño phenomenon

, 95

Elasticity

frameworks

, 168

growth elasticity of poverty

, 167

income elasticity of poverty

, 172

inequality

, 174

Electors

, 191–192

Electricity

, 147, 396

Electrification

, 176

on household

, 398

rate

, 396

Elephantiasis

, 262

ELF. See Ethno-linguistic fractionalization (ELF)

Emancipation from customary norms perceived as oppressive

, 221–222

Embedded autonomy

, 322–323

Empirically testing hypotheses

, 199–202

Employment

, 41

generation

, 122

opportunities

, 291

Ending aid dependency

, 491

Energy

efficiency

, 398

infrastructure

, 397

Energy conundrum

, 395

coordination of regional activities

, 417

and development

, 397–398

flexible renewable energy technologies

, 415–416

green energy infrastructure

, 416–417

increasing pipeline of investible projects

, 416

recommendations

, 413–417

satisfactory regulatory frameworks

, 415

universal energy access through innovative financing

, 414

See also Financing energy development

Energy resources in Africa

, 398

electricity consumption

, 401

electricity production

, 401

primary energy

, 399–400

production and consumption trends

, 398–399

renewable energy capacity

, 401–403

secondary energy

, 400–401

share of renewables in electricity production

, 402

Energy sector

, 398

adoption of digital financing for energy

, 411

in Africa

, 407

blended finance to catalyzing investment

, 411–412

challenges in

, 412–413

competitive tenders for grid-connected renewable energy

, 409

developments and innovations in

, 407–412

inadequacy of national energy policies, plans, laws, and regulatory mechanisms

, 413

inadequate soft and hardcore capacities

, 412–413

new actors

, 407–409

poor governance in energy sector

, 413

private sector energy deals in Africa

, 408

ring-fenced financing for rural electrification

, 409–410

scarcity of funds for investments in energy development

, 412

unprecedented growth in renewable energy generation

, 410–411

Enhanced productivity

, 487–488

increasing supply of productive resources

, 488

raising efficiency of resource use

, 489–490

Enrolment

, 301–303

Enterprise Unit survey

, 433

Entitlements

, 138

Entrepreneurship (E)

, 81, 298

development

, 163

revolution

, 78

Environment(al)

, 94–96, 136

degradation

, 95, 98–99

governance

, 106

situation in Africa

, 99–105

sustainability

, 99–101, 104–106

unsustainable use of environmental resources

, 103–105

EPB. See Economic Planning Board (EPB)

EPI. See Expanded Campaign on Immunization (EPI)

EPU. See Economic Planning Unit (EPU)

Equalization

, 162

Equatorial Guinea

, 8

Equilibrium population trap, low-level

, 114

Equity

, 325–326

ERA. See Economic Report on Africa (ERA)

Eritrean Liberation Front

, 203–204

ESTA. See Extension of Security of Tenure Act (ESTA)

Ethnic

, 185–186

differentiation

, 186, 188, 198

dominance

, 188

fractionalization

, 205–206

group

, 186

hatreds

, 208

self-determination

, 186–187

Ethnic diversity

, 16, 187

Civil war

, 202–208

dysfunctional politics

, 191–202

gaps

, 187–191

Ethnicity

, 198

Ethno-linguistic fractionalization (ELF)

, 188

index

, 188

European

colonization

, 219

electors

, 194

powers

, 70

European Community

, 127

Ex ante climate risk management

, 368

Ex post coping strategies

, 368

Exchange

markets

, 483

rates

, 483–484

Exclusion

, 98–99

Executive branch of government (XCONST)

, 237–238

Executive electoral competitiveness (EIEC)

, 236–237

Expanded Campaign on Immunization (EPI)

, 270

Expenditures

, 179

Explicit development ideology

, 321–322

Exploitation

, 157

Export

controls

, 489

export-import bank of China

, 407

processing zones

, 435

promotion

, 15

Extension of Security of Tenure Act (ESTA)

, 152–153

External value chain finance

, 391

Externalities

, 15, 79, 198

Extra-legal income

, 333–334, 336

Family Planning 2020 (FP2020)

, 123

Family remittances

, 462–463

Farm production growth

, 370

Farming

, 65

Farmworkers in South Africa

, 139

data sources

, 139

demographic features of South African farmworkers

, 142–144

farmworker wage and income levels

, 149–151

human capabilities of South African farmworkers

, 144–149

locating farmworkers within South African labor market

, 140–142

Farmworkers within South African labor market

, 140–142

Feed-in tariffs (FiTs)

, 409

Female enrolment rate

, 288

Female-headed households

, 125

Feminization

, 279

Fertility

, 115

efforts to reduce fertility levels in Africa

, 122–123

fertility affect African economic development

, 119–122

levels and economic development

, 117

median age at marriage and proportion marrying

, 120

PRB

, 118

proportion of currently married women age

, 121

‘Fetish’ power

, 219

Fifth Assessment Report (AR5)

, 94

Financial institutions

, 389

Financial stability

, 486

Financial system

, 485–486

Financing

, 377

of rebellion

, 202–204

Financing agriculture in Africa

, 388

agricultural value chain

, 388–389

agricultural value chain financing arrangements

, 389–391

Financing energy development

, 403

China Aid

, 406–407

investment in electricity projects

, 404

overseas development finance

, 405–406

total external financing for Africa’s energy projects

, 403

First Ten-Year Implementation Plan (2014–2023)

, 426

First-order equilibrium condition

, 225–226

Fiscal policies

, 177, 484

FiTs. See Feed-in tariffs (FiTs)

FNL. See Front National de Liberation (FNL)

Followership

, 318

Food

, 42, 44

production

, 115

security

, 95

Formal institutions

, 83

Formal unemployment

, 140

Formidable barrier

, 438

Fourth Industrial Revolution (4IR)

, 426

retooling for

, 441

FP2020. See Family Planning 2020 (FP2020)

Fractionalization

, 207

Fragmentation

, 188, 190–191

Fragmented societies

, 199

Francophone

, 34–35

Free-market policies

, 238

French colony

, 71–72

Front National de Liberation (FNL)

, 72

Frontloading

, 380

Fundamental rights

, 342–343

G8 Summit

, 382

GDP. See Gross domestic product (GDP)

Gender

, 142

inequality

, 433

Gender gap

, 8

Geo-economy

, 60–64

Geography

, 16

GHG emissions. See Greenhouse gas emissions (GHG emissions)

Ghibili

, 63

Gigawatts (GW)

, 409

Gini coefficient. See Gini index

Gini index

, 46, 49–50

Glassmaking

, 68

Global Adaptation Index

, 101–102

Global Coalition for Africa

, 490

Global economic management

, 158

Global financial crisis, Africans’ response to

, 511

Global integration

, 165

Global life expectancy

, 296

Global multidimensional poverty index

, 102

Global value chains (GVCs)

, 427, 429

Globalization

, 158, 165

responses to

, 491

GNI. See Gross national income (GNI)

GNP. See Gross national product (GNP)

Golden years of industrialization

, 321

Goods and services

, 134

GOVEF. See Government effectiveness (GOVEF)

Governance

, 82

corruption and participation in

, 339

indicators

, 234

institutions

, 43

Governing process

, 331, 334, 340–341

Government

bureaucracies

, 78

impunity

, 331–332

as saver

, 490–491

Government effectiveness (GOVEF)

, 233–234, 245

GPI. See Growth-poverty-inequality (GPI)

Grand corruption

, 336

Great Escarpment

, 64

Great Man” (Carlyle)

, 316

Green energy infrastructure

, 416–417

Green Revolution” technologies

, 353

Greenfield projects

, 405

Greenhouse gas emissions (GHG emissions)

, 398

See also Climate change

Greenhouse gases

, 93–95

Greening industry

, 441

Grid connection

, 396

Grid-connected renewable energy, competitive tenders for

, 409

Gross domestic product (GDP)

, 4, 22, 39, 41, 96, 134, 140, 157, 276, 353, 395

MVA in

, 431, 433

sectoral composition

, 500

Gross national income (GNI)

, 22, 112–113

Gross national product (GNP)

, 4, 41, 138, 276, 300

Group-level conversions

, 216–220

Growth

, 41–42, 157, 167

differentials

, 480

effect

, 165n11

elasticity of poverty

, 165–166

growth-enhancing “advanced-level” democracy

, 236–237

growth-induced poverty reduction

, 170–171

growth-oriented policy

, 129

and pro-poor growth phenomenon

, 158

project

, 232

rates

, 4–8

Growth and development

, 477–478

background

, 478–479

contributions to growth differentials

, 480

enhanced productivity

, 487–490

framework for restarting growth

, 490–491

macroeconomic management

, 483–487

politics and institutions

, 479–483

Growth-poverty-inequality (GPI)

, 157, 165–166

in Africa

, 158–161

debacle

, 175–176

evidence from triangular nexus

, 168–174

gap

, 178–179

mutually reinforcing relationship

, 174–179

stylized facts emerging from debates on nexus

, 161–167

synergy

, 174–175

Growth-promoting policies

, 174

Guinea worm disease

, 273

GVCs. See Global value chains (GVCs)

GW. See Gigawatts (GW)

Happiness measures

, 52

Hawala-based transfers. See Informal bank transfers

HCD. See Human capital development (HCD)

HCI. See Human Capital Index (HCI)

HD. See Human development (HD)

HDI. See Human development index (HDI)

Health

, 40, 42, 44–46, 51, 258–259

adequate financing for

, 270

assessment

, 263–270

and education

, 163

expenditure

, 265–266

indicators

, 263

investment

, 259

Health and economic development

disease and economic security

, 270–278

ecology and epidemiological factor

, 259–263

environmental disease factor

, 257–258

health assessment

, 263–270

human capital

, 258–259

obscure success and lingering problems

, 278–281

Healthcare

in Africa

, 267

services

, 128

system

, 258

Hidden unemployment

, 128

High growth era and commodity super cycle, end of (2011–2018)

, 503–504

High income

, 31–33

High-level Work Programme on Climate Change in Africa

, 106

Higher population density

, 114–115

Highly indebted poor countries (HIPC)

, 486, 508

Hinduism

, 216

Hispanophone

, 34–35

HIV. See Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)

HIV/AIDS

, 258, 260–262, 273–275, 281

Hometown affiliation

, 461

Hometown associations (HTAs)

, 457, 459

Homo erectus

, 65

Homo habilis

, 65

Homo sapiens

, 65

Hoover index

, 50

Household size and structure

, 143–144

Housing

, 42, 176

and household services

, 142, 146–148

investments

, 463–465

HPI. See Human Poverty Index (HPI)

HTAs. See Hometown associations (HTAs)

Human capabilities of South African farmworkers

, 144

access to housing and household services

, 146–148

education and literacy rates

, 148–149

nutritional status of children living on commercial farms

, 145–146

Human capital

, 79–80, 122–123, 258, 295–297

resource

, 126

Human capital development (HCD)

, 123, 125, 295

requires special attention in Africa

, 296–297

Human Capital Index (HCI)

, 295

Human development (HD)

, 94–96, 136, 164, 233

assessment

, 144–145

as measure of economic development

, 45–48

measuring poverty

, 138–139

social exclusion theory

, 136–138

Human development index (HDI)

, 45–46, 138, 233, 295

Human Development Indicators

, 44

Human Development Report

, 44–45

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)

, 124, 262

Human population movement

, 126

Human poverty

, 50

Human Poverty Index (HPI)

, 50

Human welfare

, 42, 116–117

Hypothetical social planning optimum

, 196

Ibo of Nigeria

, 68

Iconoclastic movement

, 222

ICP. See International Conversion Program (ICP)

ICTs. See Information and communications technologies (ICTs)

Identity politics

, 194–196, 339

IEC. See Index of electoral competitiveness (IEC)

IFIs

, 507–508

Illicit financial flows

, 380

curbing

, 380–381

Illiteracy rates

, 288

IMF. See International Monetary Fund (IMF)

Immediate post-independence era (1960–1985)

, 499–500

Immigration service

, 83

Impact investing

, 380, 386

challenges facing impact investing in Africa

, 386–388

Import substitution (IS)

, 15, 434

Import Substitution Industrialization (ISI)

, 499

implementation

, 499n2

Imported staple foods, increasing reliance on

, 369–370

Incentive system

, 340

Inclusive growth calls

, 174–175

Inclusive process

, 174

Income

, 135, 151–153, 172, 300–301

data

, 133

elasticity of poverty

, 172

equality

, 300

income-based classification of African Countries

, 30–32

inequality

, 46–50, 161, 169

levels

, 149–151

poverty

, 50

poverty line

, 50–51

supplements

, 151

Independent power producers (IPPs)

, 400, 402–403

Index of electoral competitiveness (IEC)

, 236

Indicators

of development in SSA and other regions

, 12

of growth

, 4

Indirect rule

, 35, 70

Indirect value chain finance. See External value chain finance

Individual-level conversion

, 121–122, 216, 220

efficiency costs of redistributive pressures

, 225–227

emancipation from customary norms perceived as oppressive

, 221–222

religious conversion as way to opt out of traditional society

, 223–225

Industrial

parks

, 435

policy

, 438–439

revolution

, 395

transformation

, 428

Industrialization in Africa

, 162, 415, 425–426

case for

, 427–429

challenges confronting

, 433–438

recommendations

, 438–442

state of Africa’s industry

, 430–433

Inequality

, 98–99, 158, 161–162, 233

elasticities

, 165–166, 172

Infant mortality rates

, 263

Infectious diseases

, 270

Infectious respiratory ailments (IRAs)

, 261

Informal bank transfers

, 460, 460n9

Informal institutions

, 83, 233

Informal sector

, 78

Information and communications technologies (ICTs)

, 309

Information law, access to

, 332

Infrastructure

, 160, 395

Infrastructure investment

, 78–79

Initial Public Offering

, 388

Initiatives of AUC and UNECA and PRSPs Conundrum

, 508

Innovations in Africa’s energy sector

, 407–412

Innovative finance

, 379, 397

benefits to economy

, 380

broad categories of

, 379–380

financing agriculture in Africa

, 388–391

innovative options to finance Africa’s development

, 380–388

ODA

, 377–378

tax collection

, 378–379

Inorganic fertilizer

, 368

Input supplier credit

, 390

Inspirational motivation

, 318

Institutional quality (IQ)

, 232, 239–249

Institutional/institutions

, 43, 83–86, 479

deepening

, 491

and economic development

, 231–233

and implications for economic and development outcomes

, 234–249

politics and

, 479–483

reform

, 487

Intellectual stimulation

, 318

Inter-tropical converging zone (ITCZ)

, 61

Intergenerational wealth flows

, 117

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)

, 94, 368

Internal (within chain) value chain finance

, 389

Internal African economic activity

, 69

Internal migration

, 126–127

International Conversion Program (ICP)

, 42n7

International Energy Agency

, 414

International Finance Corporation

, 385

International migration

, 127

International Monetary Fund (IMF)

, 122, 279, 478, 500

International policy coordination

, 210

International remittances to Sub-Saharan Africa

, 451

Internet of things

, 426

Interpersonal variability argument

, 135

Intertemporal disparities

, 234

Intra-African imports and exports

, 429n1

Intra-African trade

, 429, 441

Intra-household inequality

, 163

Investment

blended finance to catalyzing

, 411–412

corruption and propensity to

, 338–339

in health

, 259

in infrastructure

, 439

investible projects, increasing pipeline of

, 416

in skills and science and technology

, 439–440

“Investment climate” reform

, 434

Investors

, 379

IPCC. See Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)

IPPs. See Independent power producers (IPPs)

IQ. See Institutional quality (IQ)

IRAs. See Infectious respiratory ailments (IRAs)

Iron smelting, art of

, 66

Irrigation

, 176

IS. See Import substitution (IS)

ISI. See Import Substitution Industrialization (ISI)

Islam

, 216, 221, 223, 309

Istanbul Programme of Action

, 377

Italophone

, 35

ITCZ. See Inter-tropical converging zone (ITCZ)

Japan’s Ministry of International Trade and Industry (MITI)

, 321

Judiciary

, 341

institutions

, 43

Kalahari deserts

, 63

Katanga movement

, 203

KCA. See Kikuyu Central Association (KCA)

Kenya African Union (KAU)

, 71

Kenyan entrepreneurs

, 227

Key Indicators of Labor Market (KILM)

, 295

Keynesian frameworks

, 157

Khamigin

, 63

Kikuyu Central Association (KCA)

, 71

Kikuyu Independent Schools Association (KISA)

, 71

KILM. See Key Indicators of Labor Market (KILM)

Kin group

, 185–186

KISA. See Kikuyu Independent Schools Association (KISA)

Knowledge

, 50, 289

Kordofan

, 66

Kuznets curve

, 161–162

Kuznets hypothesis

, 161

Kuznets theory

, 168

Kuznets’s hypothesis

, 161–162, 169

L2C. See Learning to Compete (L2C)

Labor

, 298

labor-intensive CSA practices

, 368

labor-intensive sectors, growth in

, 87

labor-intensive systems

, 129

reference groups

, 142

underutilization

, 128

Labor absorption rate (LAR)

, 140

Labor force

, 128–129

man-hours worked concept

, 294

to nonfarm employment

, 360–365

LAC. See Latin America and Caribbean (LAC)

Lagos Plan of Action (LPA)

, 478, 506–507

Land degradation

, 99

Land management strategy

, 368

LAR. See Labor absorption rate (LAR)

Latin America and Caribbean (LAC)

, 498

average annual growth performance

, 499, 501–502

deindustrialization effects

, 501

sectoral composition

, 500, 502

LCOE. See Levelized cost of electricity (LCOE)

Lead firm financing

, 390

Leadership

, 308, 315–317, 321

behaviors

, 318

case of developmental state

, 321–325

factors in effective

, 316–319

key issues in development

, 319–321

lessons for development leadership in Africa

, 325–327

management vs. leadership

, 317

Learning to Compete (L2C)

, 434

“Learning-by-doing”

, 489–490

Legislative electoral competitiveness (LIEC)

, 236–237

Legislators

, 195

Leprosy

, 262

Levelized cost of electricity (LCOE)

, 410

LIEC. See Legislative electoral competitiveness (LIEC)

Life expectancy at birth

, 263–265

Lighting Global

, 411

Lignite

, 399–400

Lindert-Williamson approaches

, 169–170

Lineage-based societies

, 221–222

Lines of credit

, 391

Lingering neoliberal policy and commodity super cycle era (1996–2010)

, 498–499, 502–503

Literacy

, 301–303

rates

, 148–149, 300

Livelihoods

, 138

Local loyalties

, 185–186

Longevity

, 50

Lorenz curve

, 49

Low-income

, 23

Lower per capita income

, 115

LPA. See Lagos Plan of Action (LPA)

Lunda Empire

, 67

Lusophone

, 34–35

Lymphatic filariasis

, 262

M-KOPA

, 411

M-Shwari

, 382n9

Macroeconomic impact of education

, 297–299

Macroeconomic management

, 483

capital flows

, 486

debt management

, 486–487

exchange rates

, 483–484

financial system

, 485–486

fiscal policy

, 484

monetary policy

, 484–485

Macroeconomic reforms

, 469

Malabo Declaration

, 371

Malaria

, 260, 270, 274

Malaria Control Strategy

, 270

Male enrolment rate

, 288, 302

Malnutrition

, 267

Malthusian perspective

, 114–115

Malthusian population trap

, 114

Management

, 316

leadership vs.

, 317

managerial talent

, 322

practices

, 81–82

Manufacturing value added per capita (MVA per capita)

, 427, 430

percentage share

, 430–431

for Sub-Saharan African Countries

, 431–432

Marabouts renounced political

, 218–219

Marginalization

, 157

Market

economies

, 188

incentives

, 386

liberalization policies

, 357

Marketing company credit

, 390

Masquerades

, 222

Mass conversions

, 219, 220

Maternal

and child health

, 122

deaths

, 265

mortality

, 265, 274

Mbeki, Thabo

, 509n4

MCH. See Mother and child health (MCH)

MDBs. See Multilateral development banks (MDBs)

MDGs. See Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)

Measles

, 260–261, 270

Mechanization

, 365, 370

Mediterranean climate zone

, 63

Medium-scale farms

, 359–360

MENA. See Middle East and North Africa (MENA)

Merdeka Aceh movement

, 203–204

Meritocracy

, 323

Mezzanine debt

, 385

MFIs. See Microfinance institutions (MFIs)

Microfinance institutions (MFIs)

, 469

Microgrids

, 410

Middle East and North Africa (MENA)

, 259, 498

average annual growth performance

, 499, 501–502

Middle income

, 31–33

Migrants

and housing investments

, 463–465

transfers

, 456

transfers to families and origin savings

, 452–453

Migration and economic development

, 126–128, 66, 115, 466–468

Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)

, 287, 378n3, 467, 510–511

Million tons of oil equivalent (Mtoe)

, 398–399

Mineral resources

, 62

Mini-grids solar systems

, 398

Minimum wage

, 150

Minimum winning coalitions

, 195

Ministry of Finance and Economic Planning

, 508

Mirroring patterns from rural-urban migration

, 455

MITI. See Japan’s Ministry of International Trade and Industry (MITI)

Mitigation

, 94, 105, 107

Mobile Network Organizations

, 382

Mobile/digital money

, 382–383

Modern education

, 288

Monetary policy

, 484–485

Money

, 380

Money transfer organizations (MTOs)

, 458–459, 469

Monotheist church

, 216

Monotheistic religion

, 216

Mortality

, 115

and economic growth

, 123–126

Mother and child health (MCH)

, 268

Mozambique

, 35

MPI. See Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI)

MSMEs

, 433

Mtoe. See Million tons of oil equivalent (Mtoe)

MTOs. See Money transfer organizations (MTOs)

Multi-issue

democracy

, 198

politics

, 193–194

Multidimensional poverty

, 102, 104

Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI)

, 51

Multi-ethnic societies

, 187

Multilateral development banks (MDBs)

, 404

Muslim

, 216–217

merchant communities

, 218–219

Sufi orders

, 217–218

Mutually reinforcing relationship

, 174–179

MVA per capita. See Manufacturing value added per capita (MVA per capita)

Mwenemutapa empires

, 67

Mycobacterium leprae

, 262

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

, 261

Namib deserts

, 63

NANC. See Nyasaland African National Congress (NANC)

“Nation building”

, 187–188

National Council for Nigeria and the Cameroons (NCNC)

, 71

National Department of Agriculture (NDA)

, 141

National Energy Plans (NEPs)

, 402

National Food Consumption Survey (NFCS)

, 145

National Food Consumption Survey (1999)

, 139

National Rural Employment Guarantee Programme (NREGP)

, 175n16

National self-governing units

, 141–142

Nationalism

, 186–187

Nationality

, 144

Nationally determined contributions

, 108

Natural gas

, 399–400

NCNC. See National Council for Nigeria and the Cameroons (NCNC)

NDA. See National Department of Agriculture (NDA)

NDP. See Net domestic product (NDP)

Neo-Malthusian formulation

, 114

Neo-Malthusian perspective

, 114–115

Neo-Marxist paradigm

, 15

Neoclassical development

approach

, 136

economics

, 137

paradigm

, 134

Neoclassical frameworks

, 157

Neoclassical tradition

, 15

Neolithic South Sudan

, 64, 73

NEPAD. See New Partnership for Africa’s Development (NEPAD)

NEPAD Planning and Coordinating Agency (NPCA)

, 509n5

Nepotism

, 324

NEPs. See National Energy Plans (NEPs)

Net domestic product (NDP)

, 41n5

Net national product (NNP)

, 41n5

Net Primary Productivity (NPP)

, 366n6

New institutional economics (NIE)

, 231–232

New Partnership for Africa’s Development (NEPAD)

, 378n3, 417, 509–510

New Planning and Coordination Agency (NPCA)

, 417

Newly industrializing economies (NIEs)

, 164

Nexus, stylized facts emerging from debates on

, 161–167

NFCS. See National Food Consumption Survey (NFCS)

NGO. See Nongovernmental organization (NGO)

NIDO. See Nigerians in Diaspora Organization (NIDO)

NIE. See New institutional economics (NIE)

NIEs. See Newly industrializing economies (NIEs)

Nigeria

, 452

Nigerian government

, 470–471

Nigerian policymakers

, 471

Nigerian Diaspora in development

, 469–471

Nigerian National Volunteer Service (NNVS)

, 470

Nigerians in Diaspora Organization (NIDO)

, 471

Nitrogen

, 366

NNP. See Net national product (NNP)

NNVS. See Nigerian National Volunteer Service (NNVS)

Non-migrant wealth variable

, 463n11

“Non-nitrogen” constraints

, 366

Non-traditional approaches

, 379

Non-urban

areas

, 143

inhabitant

, 146

workers

, 151

Nonfarm employment, labor force to

, 360–365

Nongovernmental organization (NGO)

, 122–123, 204

Nonmarket effects

, 297

North Atlantic slave trade

, 68

Novel revenue streams

, 379

NPCA. See NEPAD Planning and Coordinating Agency (NPCA); New Planning and Coordination Agency (NPCA)

NPP. See Net Primary Productivity (NPP)

NREGP. See National Rural Employment Guarantee Programme (NREGP)

Nutritional indicators

, 350

Nutritional status

, 139, 142

of children living on commercial farms

, 145–146

Nyasaland African National Congress (NANC)

, 71

OAU. See Organization of African Unity (OAU)

Obasanjo, Olusegun

, 509n4

Obligatory levies

, 379

ODA. See Official development assistance (ODA)

ODAs. See Overseas development assistance (ODAs)

OECD. See Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD)

OECD-FAO. See Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development-Food and Agriculture Organization of United Nations (OECD-FAO)

Off-grid solar systems

, 398

Office National de l’Electricite´ (ONE)

, 410

Official development assistance (ODA)

, 22, 377–378, 381

“On-farm” workers

, 139

Onchocerciasis

, 262

ONE. See Office National de l’Electricite´ (ONE)

OOFs. See Other official flows (OOFs)

OPHI. See Oxford Poverty and Human Development Initiative (OPHI)

Opportunism

, 332, 340

Opulence

, 135

as well-being approach

, 135

Oral rehydration therapy (ORT)

, 261

Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development-Food and Agriculture Organization of United Nations (OECD-FAO)

, 369

Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD)

, 45n9, 332n4, 463

Organization of African Unity (OAU)

, 303, 478, 506

Organizational transformation, leadership role in

, 318

Organizations

, 81–82

ORT. See Oral rehydration therapy (ORT)

Orthodox development paradigm

, 134, 138

“Orthodox” approach

, 478

Orthodoxy

, 15, 208, 498, 505, 508–509, 516

Other official flows (OOFs)

, 405–406

Ottoman rule

, 216–217

Over-ambitious development programs

, 483

Overseas development assistance (ODAs)

, 405–406

Overseas development finance

, 405–406

“Oxbridge”

, 305

Oxford Poverty and Human Development Initiative (OPHI)

, 51

‘Pagan’ power

, 219

Palma ratio

, 50

Pan-seasonal pricing

, 489

Pan-territorial pricing

, 489

Panel Study of Income Dynamics of American Families (PSID)

, 460n8

Paris Agreement’s goal of limiting global warming

, 398

Paris Climate Conference (COP21)

, 416, 441–442

“Passive” industrial policies

, 439

Pay-As-You Go model (PAYG model)

, 411

PAYG model. See Pay-As-You Go model (PAYG model)

Payments for ecosystem services

, 384–385

Pentecostal churches

, 216

Pentecostalism

, 225

People’s cultures

, 136

Per capita income

, 8

Performance of public duty

, 335

PERG. See Programme d’Electrification Rurale Global (PERG)

Personal emancipation

, 216

Pestilence

, 114

Petty corruption

, 336

Pharmaceuticals

, 281

Philosophy

, 215–216

Photovoltaic appliances (PV appliances)

, 410

Physical capital

, 80

Physical infrastructure financing

, 378

Physical Quality of Life Index (PQLI)

, 45, 138

PI. See Political instability (PI)

Pico solar PV systems

, 410

PIDA. See Program for Infrastructure Development in Africa (PIDA)

Plateau

, 60, 64

Poleward sides of Africa

, 62

Policy

coherence and coordination

, 323

implications

, 208–210, 308–309

orchestration

, 323

reversals

, 478

variables

, 479

Policymakers

, 467

Polio

, 270

Poliomyelitis

, 261–262

POLISARIO. See Popular Front for the Liberation of Saguia el-Hamra and Rio de Oro (POLISARIO)

Political

alliance

, 323

diversity

, 21–22

governance

, 233

institutions

, 236–238, 479–483

opportunism

, 335, 340

phenomenon

, 187–188

process

, 198

stability

, 233

violence

, 190–191

Political instability (PI)

, 16, 234–235, 238–239, 279

Politico-economic framework

, 232

Poor infrastructure

, 435

Poor policy choices

, 434

Popular Front for the Liberation of Saguia el-Hamra and Rio de Oro (POLISARIO)

, 72

Population

census

, 139

density-induced urbanization

, 115

elements of African population growth

, 115–117

empirical correlations

, 112–113

fertility levels and economic development

, 117–123

growth

, 78, 112, 128–129

migration and economic development

, 126–128

mortality and economic growth

, 123–126

policies

, 123

population growth, labor force, and unemployment

, 128–129

below poverty line

, 42

theoretical factors

, 113–115

Population Committee of US National Research Council

, 124

Population Reference Bureau (PRB)

, 116, 119

“Pork barrel” politics

, 195

“Positive checks”

, 114

Post-2015 Development Agenda

, 426

Post-millennium development goal

, 263–270

Post-independence period in Africa

, 290–293

Postpartum amenorrhea

, 119

Pottery

, 68

Poverty

, 42, 98–99, 111–112, 138–139, 161, 162, 172, 466–468

early debate

, 134–135

farmworkers in South Africa

, 139–151

human development

, 136–139

income and capabilities

, 151–153

levels

, 138

measurement

, 50–51, 134

poverty-growth-inequality triangle

, 166

reduction

, 163, 350–351, 357–359, 371

Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers (PRSPs)

, 508

Power outage

, 396

PPP. See Purchasing power parity (PPP)

PPPs. See Public–private partnerships (PPPs)

PQLI. See Physical Quality of Life Index (PQLI)

PRB. See Population Reference Bureau (PRB)

Pre-millennium development goal

, 263–270

Predatory dictatorship

, 198

Premature deindustrialization in Africa

, 434

“Preventive” checks

, 114

Price controls

, 489

Primary commodities

, 159

exports

, 205

Primary energy

, 399–400

Primary health care approach

, 269, 280

Primary school enrolment

, 8

rates

, 288

Primary sector-driven economies

, 169–170

Principal messages

, 15–17

Private citizens

, 335–336

Private consumption expenditures

, 133

Private equity investors

, 388

Private sector

corruption and participation of

, 337–338

sustainable development of

, 440–441

weaknesses

, 437–438

Privatization

, 281

Pro-poor growth

, 158, 164

Process-driven constitution making

, 340

Procrastica

, 299

Product risk in mobile money

, 383

Production function

, 201, 298

Production possibilities

, 299

curve

, 298

Productivity of R&D

, 88

Program for Infrastructure Development in Africa (PIDA)

, 416, 510

Programme d’Electrification Rurale Global (PERG)

, 410

Progressive taxation

, 177

PRSPs. See Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers (PRSPs)

Prudent macroeconomic management

, 487

PSID. See Panel Study of Income Dynamics of American Families (PSID)

Public health

, 270

Public sector

, 200

restraint

, 490

Public-sector budgets

, 397

Public-service effectiveness, and limited corruption

, 238

Public–private partnerships (PPPs)

, 176, 380, 412, 414

Purchasing power parity (PPP)

, 23, 31, 42

PV appliances. See Photovoltaic appliances (PV appliances)

QLFS. See Quarterly Labour Force Survey (QLFS)

Quality of life

improvement in

, 42–43

as measure of development

, 44–45

Quantitative empirical evidence

, 204–208

Quarterly Labour Force Survey (QLFS)

, 139, 141

Quid-pro-quo arrangement

, 454

R&D. See Research and development (R&D)

Rainfall deficits

, 402

Rainforest crops

, 62

Randomized controlled trials (RCT)

, 82

Rapid population growth in Africa

, 354–356

Rassemblement Democratique Africain (RDA)

, 71

RCT. See Randomized controlled trials (RCT)

RDA. See Rassemblement Democratique Africain (RDA)

“Reactionary bourgeoisie”

, 268

Real per capita GNP

, 41–42

Realistica

, 299

Reciprocal control mechanisms

, 439

RECs. See Regional economic communities (RECs)

Redistribution

, 162

Redistributive pressures, efficiency costs of

, 225–227

Reform movement

, 501

Regional activities, coordination of

, 417

Regional classification of African countries

, 27, 30

Regional economic communities (RECs)

, 441

Regional Energy Initiatives in Africa

, 420–423

Regional integration within Africa

, 441

Regulatory, supervision, and enforcement risk in mobile money

, 383

Regulatory quality”

, 235

REIPPP. See Renewable Energy Independent Power Producer Procurement Program (REIPPP)

Relative poverty

, 151, 158

Religion

, 215–216

Religious conversion as way to opt out of traditional society

, 223–225

Religious fractionalization (RF)

, 206

Religious group

, 186

Remittances in Nigeria

, 451–452, 466–468

collective

, 457, 465–466

empirical studies on the economic linkages

, 454

enabling environment to engage Nigerian Diaspora

, 469–471

and financial development

, 457

HTAs

, 457–458

insights from survey research

, 458–466

from international migration

, 461

mirroring patterns from rural-urban migration

, 455

policy debate on the role of government transfer payments

, 454–455

recipients in SSA

, 453

recipients in West Africa

, 454

reducing barriers and costs associated with

, 468–469

remittances-to-GDP ratio

, 456

theoretical models

, 452, 454

transfers

, 456

Remittances-to-GDP ratio

, 456

Renewable energy

, 398

capacity

, 401–403

unprecedented growth in generation

, 410–411

Renewable Energy Independent Power Producer Procurement Program (REIPPP)

, 405, 409

Requests for proposals (RfPs)

, 409

Research and development (R&D)

, 80, 381

productivity of

, 88

Response gaps

, 101–103

Retooling for 4IR

, 441

Revisionists

, 111–112

“Revolutionary” propositions

, 205

RF. See Religious fractionalization (RF)

RfPs. See Requests for proposals (RfPs)

Rigged exchange rates

, 489

Ring-fenced financing for rural electrification

, 409–410

Risk underwriting

, 385

River blindness. See Onchocerciasis

Roads

, 176

RT. See Rural transformation (RT)

RULA. See Rule of Law (RULA)

Rule of Law (RULA)

, 233–234, 245, 332n2

“Rules of game”

, 232–233

Rural

areas

, 136

population

, 66

ring-fenced financing for rural electrification

, 409–410

rising proportion of rural people farming

, 366–368

rural–urban migration

, 126, 129, 454–455

telephony

, 176

Rural transformation (RT)

, 353n4

SADR. See Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (SADR)

Sahara Desert

, 63, 288

Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (SADR)

, 72

SAP. See Structural adjustment program (SAP)

Sara of Chad

, 68

Savanna

, 62

Savings

, 452

Scarcity of funds for investments in energy development

, 412

Schistosomiasis

, 261

Scholars

, 111–112

School-leavers

, 306–307

Science, Technology and Innovation (STI)

, 436, 439

Scientific deficit

, 435–436

Scottish National Party

, 203

Sculpture

, 68

SDG. See Sustainable Development Goals (SDG)

SDGs. See Strategic development goals (SDGs)

SE4All initiative. See Sustainable Energy for All initiative (SE4All initiative)

Sea-level rise

, 100

Seasonal migration

, 126

“Second-generation” reforms

, 231–232

Secondary energy

, 400–401

Secondary school enrolment

, 288

SEFA. See Sustainable Energy Fund for Africa (SEFA)

Self-determination

, 71

Self-enrichment

, 223

Self-government principle

, 71

Self-regulating mechanism

, 114

Self-reliance

, 306, 309

Self-serving dictatorships

, 196–197

Servility

, 68

Servitude

, 68

Settler colonies

, 70

SHS. See Solar Home Systems (SHS)

SIC. See Standard Industrial Classification (SIC)

Simple mathematical model

, 297–298

Single-issue democracy

, 198

Single-issue politics

, 191–192

Sirocco

, 63

Sixth Tokyo International Conference on African Development (TICADVI)

, 426

Skill-biased technological change

, 79–80

Sleeping sickness. See Trypanosomiasis

Small and medium enterprises (SMEs)

, 357, 437

SNA. See System of National Accounts (SNA)

Social

benefits

, 288

exclusion theory

, 136–138

factor

, 176

fractionalization

, 206

norms

, 221–222

order and hierarchy

, 217

protection

, 177

sciences

, 215–216

services

, 128

volatility

, 325

Social remittances. See Collective remittances

Society

, 197

Sociocultural diversity

, 21–22

Socioeconomic development

, 124

Socioeconomic transformation

, 320

Sociology

, 215–216

SOEs. See State-owned enterprises (SOEs)

Soil fertility

, 366

Sokoto Empire

, 67

Solar Home Systems (SHS)

, 409–410

SolarNow

, 410

Sophisticated economies

, 169–170

South Africa

data sources

, 139

demographic features of South African farmworkers

, 142–144

farmworkers in

, 139

farmworker wage and income levels

, 149–151

human capabilities of South African farmworkers

, 144–149

locating farmworkers within South African labor market

, 140–142

National Development Plan Vision 2030

, 106

South African

pension system

, 88

political dispensation

, 149

politics

, 192

wine-grape farmers

, 149

South-West African People’s Organization (SWAPO)

, 72

Southern Africa

, 33

economic conditions in

, 306

Spectrum

, 112–113

Spend money

, 382

SPLM. See Sudan People’s Liberation Movement (SPLM)

SSA. See Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA)

Standard Industrial Classification (SIC)

, 139

Standard investment models

, 464

Standard of living

, 50

State guarantees

, 380–382

State-led economic development strategies

, 425

State-owned enterprises (SOEs)

, 480

State–business relations

, 438

Stateless societies

, 66, 68

Statistical techniques

, 133

STI. See Science, Technology and Innovation (STI)

STISA-2024. See 10-year Science, Technology, and Innovation Strategy for Africa (STISA-2024)

Store money

, 382

Strategic development goals (SDGs)

, 377

Structural adjustment program (SAP)

, 279, 425–426, 498, 500–502

Berg Report Conundrum and

, 507–508

deindustrialization effects

, 501

Structural change. See Structural transformation

Structural transformation

, 43–44, 354

Stuff

, 135

Stylized facts emerging from debates on nexus

, 161–167

Sub-fecundity

, 117

Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA)

, 8, 30, 33, 118, 215–216, 276, 290–291, 349, 397

electrification rate in

, 396

indicators of development in

, 12

poor infrastructure

, 435

region

, 258

salient trends affecting trajectories of agricultural transformation

, 354–370

sectoral composition

, 500, 502

self-government principle in

, 71

Substantial effect

, 192

Sudan People’s Liberation Movement (SPLM)

, 73

Sufficiency

, 342

Supply of productive resources

, 488

“Supply-leading” financial initiatives

, 486

Survey research, insights from

, 458

lessons from UK–Nigeria Remittance Corridor

, 458–459

lessons from US–Nigeria Migration Survey

, 459–462

Sustainable development

, 174

in Africa

, 105

climate resilience, environmental sustainability, and development

, 105–106

priority actions

, 106–107

of private sector

, 440–441

Sustainable Development Goals (SDG)

, 51, 158, 160, 163–164, 371, 397, 512–513

Sustainable Energy for All initiative (SE4All initiative)

, 407, 409

Sustainable Energy Fund for Africa (SEFA)

, 409

Sustainable investing

, 388

Sustainable social enterprises

, 388

Swahili coastal towns

, 67

SWAPO. See South-West African People’s Organization (SWAPO)

“Swindlers”

, 223–224

System and delivery risk in mobile money

, 383

System of National Accounts (SNA)

, 39

Tanganyika

, 72

Tax(es)

, 179

collection

, 378–379

policy

, 484

TB. See Tuberculosis (TB)

Technical assistance

, 385

Technical education

, 308

Technological innovation

, 469

Technology (T)

, 298

TEF. See Tony Elumelu Foundation (TEF)

TEF Entrepreneurship Programme

, 440

Telephone connectivity

, 176

10-year Science, Technology, and Innovation Strategy for Africa (STISA-2024)

, 436

Terawatt hour (TWh)

, 400

Term loan

, 391

Tertiary education enrolment

, 288

Testable hypotheses

, 198–199

TFP. See Total factor productivity (TFP)

TFR. See Total fertility rate (TFR)

Theory of human capital

, 294

Third International Conference on Financing for Development

, 416

TI. See Transparency International (TI)

TICADVI. See Sixth Tokyo International Conference on African Development (TICADVI)

Tigrini ethno-linguistic group

, 203–204

Tony Elumelu Foundation (TEF)

, 440

Topography

, 61

Total factor productivity (TFP)

, 237

Total fertility rate (TFR)

, 118

Trades and crafts

, 308

Traditional society, religious conversion as way to opt out of

, 223–225

Trait theory of leadership

, 316

Trans-Atlantic slave trade

, 116

Trans-Saharan trade system

, 66

Transactional leadership

, 318

Transfer money

, 382

Transformational leadership

, 318

Transition economies

, 169–170

Transitional population growth

, 116n1

“Transitional” growth

, 118

Transparency International (TI)

, 332

Treasury

, 83

Triangle trade

, 68

Triangular nexus, evidence from

, 168–174

Trypanosomiasis

, 262, 273

Tuberculosis (TB)

, 261, 273–274

TWh. See Terawatt hour (TWh)

2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development

, 93–94, 441–442

Typhoid

, 278

UBA. See United Bank for Africa (UBA)

UHC. See Universal Health Coverage (UHC)

UIS. See UNESCO Institute for Statistics (UIS)

UK Department for International Development (DFID)

, 468

UK–Nigeria Remittance Corridor

, 458–459

UN Development Programme (UNDP)

, 51, 269

UN General Assembly

, 426

UN Programme of Action for Africa Economic Recovery and Development (UN-PAAERD)

, 508

UN-PAAERD. See UN Programme of Action for Africa Economic Recovery and Development (UN-PAAERD)

UN-REDD. See United Nations Collaborative Program on Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation in Developing Countries (UN-REDD)

UNAIDS. See United Nations Joint Program on AIDS (UNAIDS)

UNDP. See UN Development Programme (UNDP); United Nations Development Program (UNDP)

UNDP-UN Environment-Poverty Initiative

, 104

UNDP’s flagship Human Development Report (2010)

, 51

UNECA. See United Nations Economic Commission for Africa (UNECA)

UNECA Alternative Framework to Structural Adjustment Programme for Socio-Economic Recovery and Transformation (AAF-SAP)

, 508

Unemployed counterparts

, 146

Unemployment

, 128–129

UNESCO

, 290–291, 309, 436

UNESCO Institute for Statistics (UIS)

, 291

Unfolding economic transformations

, 365

UNFPA. See United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA)

Unhealthy business environment

, 436–437

UNIDO. See United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO)

UNITAID

, 384

United Bank for Africa (UBA)

, 470

United Nations Collaborative Program on Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation in Developing Countries (UN-REDD)

, 385

United Nations Conference on Trade and Development

, 127

United Nations Development Program (UNDP)

, 44–45, 135, 138, 164, 481

United Nations Economic Commission for Africa (UNECA)

, 478, 506, 512

United Nations Economic Commission for Africa

, 126

United Nations Environment Programme

, 402

United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO)

, 430

United Nations Joint Program on AIDS (UNAIDS)

, 124

United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA)

, 123

United Nations-driven Sustainable Development Goals

, 377

Universal access

, 397, 407, 414

Universal energy access through innovative financing

, 414

Universal Health Coverage (UHC)

, 270

Universal primary education

, 305

UNU-WIDER project

, 434

Urban

areas

, 143

industrialization

, 162

inhabitant

, 146

population growth

, 356–357

Urban-based demand for food

, 357

workers

, 151

Urbanites

, 66

Urbanization

, 115, 126–127, 300, 349, 354, 356–357

in Africa

, 78

“Urbanization without industrialization” scenario

, 365

US Agency for International Development (USAID)

, 123

US National Research Council

, 124

USAID. See US Agency for International Development (USAID)

US–Nigeria Migration Survey

, 452, 459–462, 464–465

Value Added Tax (VAT)

, 410

Value chain finance

, 388–391

Value-added production

, 159

VAT. See Value Added Tax (VAT)

Vegetation

, 62–63

Venal societies

, 336

Vibrancy in agricultural factor markets

, 365–366

Victimization of minorities

, 190

Village development

, 465n15

Violent civil conflict

, 186

Viral diseases

, 262

Vision 2030 (Kenya)

, 106

VOA. See Voice and Accountability (VOA)

Voice and Accountability (VOA)

, 233–234, 245

Voluntary solidarity

, 380

Vulnerability

, 101–103

Vulnerable groups

, 152

Wade, Abdoulaye

, 509n4

Wages

, 151

farmworker

, 149–151

wage-induced technology

, 162

Wahhabism

, 220

War effort

, 71

Warehouse receipts financing

, 390–391

Washington Consensus

, 231–232, 501, 507

weaknesses of

, 513–514

Water power resources of Africa

, 61

Water-borne diseases

, 95–96

WDI. See World Development Indicators (WDI)

West Africa

, 32–33, 36

West Africa Long Term Perspective Study

, 463

Western Cape extended beyond Grade

, 7, 149

Western-introduced education

, 288

WHO. See World Health Organization (WHO)

Women

in Bangladesh

, 84

beneficiaries of development

, 136

in economy

, 152

education

, 123, 301

empower

, 83

enrolment in STEM major

, 85

experience

, 267

intra-household inequality and

, 162

in labor force

, 300

with low levels of education

, 119

as marginalized people

, 175

in national parliaments

, 511

vulnerable group

, 152

in Zulu economic livelihood

, 68

World Bank

, 44, 395, 433

World Bank African Pulse

, 14

World Data Lab

, 51

World Development Indicators (WDI)

, 44, 168, 171

World Development Report

, 44

World Happiness Report

, 52

World Health Organization (WHO)

, 261, 276, 281, 397

World Poverty Clock

, 51

XCONST. See Executive branch of government (XCONST)

Yellow fever

, 62, 261

Zero-order correlation coefficients

, 245

Zimbabwe African National Union (ZANU)

, 71

Zimbabwe African People’s Union (ZAPU)

, 71

Zimbabwe empires

, 67

Zulu Kingdom

, 67–68