References

Amra (2011) Amra, R. (2011). Suleimaniye Minarets on the Midrand: Turkey’s economic incipience in Africa. Perspectives on Emerging Powers in Africa, Issue 9, May. Retrieved from http://www.pambazuka.org/images/Emerging%20Powers%20newsletter%20May%202011/Issue%209%20May%202011.pdf. Accessed on July 2, 2011.

Berger (2007) Berger, B. (2007). China Outwits the EU. Asia Times Online, Dec 13, 2007. Retrieved from http://www.atimes.com/atimes/China/IL13Ad01.html. Accessed on July 6, 2011.

Berger & Wissenbach (2007) Berger, B. , & Wissenbach, U. (2007). EU-China-Africa trilateral development cooperation: Common challenges and new directions. Discussion Paper. Retrieved from http://www.die-gdi.de/CMS-Homepage/openwebcms3.nsf/(ynDK_contentByKey)/ADMR-7BRFHU/$FILE/BergerWissenbachEU-China-Africa.pdf. Accessed on July 6, 2011.

Bhattacharya & Michael (2008) Bhattacharya, A. K. , & Michael, D. C. (2008 March). How local companies keep multinationals at bay. HBR, 88.

Bodomo (2009) Bodomo, A. (2009). Africa-China relations: Symmetry, soft power, and South Africa. The China Review: An Interdisciplinary Journal on Greater China, 9(2), 169–178.

Bodomo (2010a) Bodomo, A. (2010a). Trilateral cooperation or bilateral collusion: Africa-China-US tripartite meetings. Pambazuka. 473. Retrieved from http://www.pambazuka.org/en/category/africa_china/62925. Accessed on June 1, 2010.

Bodomo (2010b) Bodomo, A. (2010b). The African trading community in Guangzhou: An emerging bridge for Africa-China relations. China Quarterly, 203, 693–707.

Bodomo (2011) Bodomo, A. (2011). La Globalizacion de las inversions en Africa. Los Libros de la Catarata. Madrid, 101 pages.

Bodomo (2013) Bodomo, A. (2013). African diaspora remittances are better than foreign aid funds: Diaspora-driven development in the 21st century. World Economics, 14(4), 21–28.

Bodomo (2015) Bodomo, A. (2015). African soft power in China. African East-Asian Affairs, 2, 76–97.

Bodomo (2016a) Bodomo, A. (2016a). Against the hypothesis of a China – EU collaboration on Africa. Medien und Zeit. University of Vienna. Retrieved from http://medienundzeit.at/adams-bodomo-against-the-hypothesis-of-a-china-eu-collaboration-in-africa/. Accessed on December 10, 2016.

Bodomo (2016b) Bodomo, A. (2016b). The Rise of Chinese Soft Power in Africa. China Policy Institute Blog, the University of Nottingham. Retrieved from http://blogs.nottingham.ac.uk/chinapolicyinstitute/2016/03/24/the-rising-of-chinese-soft-power-in-africa/. Accessed on March 27, 2016.

Bouët, Roy, & Mishra (2007) Bouët, A. , Roy, D. , & Mishra, S. (2007). Why is Africa marginalized in world trade? Telos. Retrieved from https://www.telos-eu.com/fr/why-is-africa-marginalized-in-world-trade.html. Accessed on September 14, 2017.

Broadman (2008) Broadman, H. (2008). China and India go into Africa: New deals in the developing world. Foreign Affairs, 87(2), 95–109.

Brown (2002) Brown, W. (2002). The European Union and Africa: The restructuring of North-South relations. New York, NY: I. B. Tauris.

Chand (2011) Chand, M. (2011). A two-way street: India brands its Africa diplomacy. Perspectives on Emerging Powers in Africa. Retrieved from http://www.pambazuka.org/images/Emerging%20Powers%20newsletter%20May%202011/Issue%209%20May%202011.pdf. Accessed on July 2, 2011.

Chase Dunn (1989) Chase Dunn, C. (1989). Global formation: Structures of the world economy. Cambridge, MA: Basil Blackwell.

Chin (2014) Chin, G. (2014). China’s challenge in Africa: Avoid blame of neo-colonialism. Yale Global Online. Retrieved from http://yaleglobal.yale.edu/content/china%E2%80%99s-challenge-africa-avoid-blame-neo-colonialism. Accessed on April 18, 2016.

Chomsky (1998) Chomsky, N. (1998). Free trade and free market: Pretense and practice. In F. Jameson & M. Niyoshi (Eds.), The cultures of globalization (pp. 356–370). London: Duke University Press.

Commission of the European Communities (2008) Commission of the European Communities . (2008). The EU, Africa and China: Towards trilateral dialogue and cooperation. Retrieved from http://ec.europa.eu/development/icenter/repository/COMM_PDF_COM_2008_0654_F_COMMUNICATION_en.pdf. Accessed on July 6, 2011.

Deepak (2014) Deepak, B. R. (2014). China in Africa: A close friend or a neo colonialist? South Asia Analysis Group. Retrieved from http://www.southasiaanalysis.org/node/1516. Accessed on April 18, 2016.

Downs (2007a) Downs, E. S. (2007a). The fact and fiction of Sino-African energy relations. China Security, 3(3), 42–68.

Downs (2007b) Downs, E. S. (2007b). China’s quest for overseas oil. Far Eastern Economic Review, 170(7), 52–56.

Friedman (2005) Friedman, T. (2005). The world is flat: A brief history of the twenty-first century. New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux.

Friedman (2008) Friedman, T. (2008). Hot, flat, and crowded: Why we need a green revolution – And how it can renew America. New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux.

Friedman (2016) Friedman, T. (2016). Thank you for being late: An optimist’s guide to thriving in the age of accelerations. New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux.

Games (2005) Games, D. (2005). Chinese the new economic imperialists in Africa. Business Day, February 2005.

Graham & Spaulding (2011) Graham, J. , & Spaulding, B. (2011). Understanding foreign direct investment. Citibank International Business Portal. Retrieved from https://www.scribd.com/document/63012464/Understanding-Foreign-Direct-Investment. Accessed on July 8, 2017.

Guan (2007) Guan, C. (2007). The strategic partnership between China and Africa and that between China and EU: How do they co-exist? Mission of the People’s Republic of China to the European Union 中华人民共和囯駐歐盟使團. Retrieved from http://www.chinamission.be/chn/sgxx/t335118.htm. Accessed on July 8, 2017.

Hagen (2002) Hagen, R. J. (2002). Marginalisation in the context of globalisation: Why Is Africa so poor? Nordic Journal of Political Economy, 28, 147–179.

Hartig (2015) Hartig, F. (2015). Confucius Institutes in Africa – A new soft power instrument in the making? Paper read at the Afraso Conference on Africa – Asia Encounters, Cape Town, March 24–26.

Hilsum (2006) Hilsum, L. (2006). China’s offer to Africa: Pure capitalism. In J. Kampfner (Ed.), New Statesman (pp. 23–24). London: Spencer Neal.

James (2014) James, P. (2014). Faces of globalization and the borders of states: From asylum seekers to citizens. Citizenship Studies, 18(2), 208–223.

Kiggundu (2011) Kiggundu, M. (2011). China’s Economic Relations with Africa: Beyond Palaces and Petroleum. Paper presented at the Oxfam HKU Workshop on Africa – China Relations, May 2011.

Kiggundu & Ji (2008) Kiggundu, M. N. , & Ji, S. (2008). Global growth companies in emerging economies: New champions, new challenges. Journal of Business and Behavioural Sciences, 19(1), 70–90.

Kimani (2011) Kimani, M. (2011). The tiger and the dragon in a hot race to woo Africa. Retrieved http://allafrica.com/stories/201105300663.html. Accessed on July 3, 2011.

Lewis (2011) Lewis, D. (2011). ‘In Africa, can Brazil be anti-China?’ Reuters, February 23, 2011. Retrieved from http://uk.reuters.com/article/2011/02/23/us-brazil-africa-idUKTRE71M1I420110223. Accessed on July 3, 2011.

Luo (2006) Luo, J. (2006). How China develops her multilateral diplomacy towards Africa. Contemporary International Relations (pp. 24–29). Beijing: China Institutes of Contemporary International Relations.

Mahajan (2009) Mahajan, V. (2009). Africa rising: How 900 million African consumers offer more than you think. Wharton School Publishing.

Mathews (2011) Mathews, K. (2011). A new architecture for India – Africa cooperation: the second India – Africa Forum Summit. Perspectives on Emerging Powers in Africa. Retrieved from http://www.pambazuka.org/images/Emerging%20Powers%20newsletter%20May%202011/Issue%209%20May%202011.pdf. Accessed on July 2, 2011.

Mawdsley & McCann (2011) Mawdsley, E. , & McCann, G. (2011). India in Africa: Changing geographies of power. London, UK: Pambazuka Press.

Meidan (2006) Meidan, M. (2006). China’s Africa Policy Business Now, Politics later. Asian Perspective, 30(4), 69–93.

Meyer (1980) Meyer, J. (1980). The world polity and the authority of the nation-state. In A., Bergesen (Ed.), Studies of the modern world-system (pp. 109–137). New York, NY: Academic Press.

Meyer, Boli, Thomas, & Ramirez (1997) Meyer, J. , Boli, J. , Thomas, G. M. , & Ramirez, F. O. (1997). World society and the nation-state. American Journal of Sociology, 103(1), 144–181.

Mhandara (2013) Mhandara, L. (2013). Debating China’s new role in Africa’s political economy. African East-Asian Affairs , 2, June, 79–101.

Mohan & Lampert (2012) Mohan, G. , & Lampert, B. (2012). Negotiating China: Reinserting African agency into China–Africa relations. African Affairs, 112(446), 92–110.

Monson (2009) Monson, J. (2009). Africa’s freedom railway: How a Chinese development project changed lives and livelihoods in Tanzania. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.

Moran, Graham, & Blomström (2005) Moran, T. , Graham, E. M. , & Blomström, M. (Eds.). 2005). Does foreign direct investment promote development? Washington, DC: Institute for International Economics; Center for Global Development.

Moyo (2009) Moyo, D. (2009). Dead aid: Why aid is not working and how there is another way for Africa. New York, NY: Farrar, Straus and Giroux.

Moyo (2010) Moyo, D. (2010). How the west was lost: Fifty years of economic folly – And the stark choices that lie ahead. New York, NY: Farrar, Straus and Giroux.

OECD (1996) OECD (1996). Benchmark definition of foreign direct investment (3rd ed.). Paris, France: OECD publishing.

Okolo & Akwu (2016) Okolo, A. L. , & Akwu, J. O. (2016). China’s foreign direct investment in Africa’s land: Hallmarks of neo-colonialism or South–South cooperation? African Review, 8(1), 44–59.

Page (2014) Page, J. (2014). China to contribute $40 billion to Silk Road Fund. Wall Street Journal, (8 November 2014 edition).

Rich & Recker (2013) Rich, T. S. , & Recker, S. (2013). Understanding Sino-African relations: Neocolonialism or a new era? Journal of International and Area Studies, 20(1), 61–76.

Robertson (1992) Robertson, R. (1992 Globalization: Social theory and global culture. London: Sage.

Rodney (1972) Rodney, W. (1972). How Europe underdeveloped Africa. London: Bogle L’Ouverture Publications.

Steger (2009) Steger, M. (2009). Globalization: A very short introduction. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Stephen Smith (2010) Stephen Smith (2010). How France Maintains Its Grip on Africa, BBC Focus on Africa Magazine. Retrieved from http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/8639874.stm. Accessed on June 23, 2011.

Taylor (2006) Taylor, I. (2006). China’s oil diplomacy in Africa. International Affairs, 82(5), 937–959.

UNCTAD (2007) UNCTAD . (2007). Asian foreign direct investment in Africa: Towards a new era of cooperation among developing countries. UNCTAD Current Studies on FDI and Development No. 3. Retrieved from http://www.unctad.org/Templates/Webflyer.asp?intItemID=1397&docID=8120. Accessed on July 2, 2011.

UNCTAD (2015) UNCTAD . (2015). World Investment Report 2015: Reforming International Investment Governance. United Nations Publication. Retrieved from http://unctad.org/en/PublicationsLibrary/wir2015_en.pdf. Accessed on March 27, 2016.

UNTAD (2010) UNTAD (2010). World Investment Report 2010: Investing in a low-carbon economy. Retrieved from http://unctad.org/en/Docs/wir2010_en.pdf. Accessed on September 14, 2017.

UNTAD (2017) UNTAD (2017). World Investment Report 2017: Investment and the digital economy. Retrieved from http://unctad.org/en/PublicationsLibrary/wir2017_en.pdf. Accessed on September 14, 2017.

UK Government National Statisticas (2005) UK Government National Statisticas (2005). Retrieved from http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20160108094104/http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/ppi2/producer-price-index/july-2011/ppi-statistical-bulletin--2005-100--sic07-.html. Accessed on September 14, 2017.

Van Staden (2015) Van Staden, C. (2015). Hostile imaginaries: Internet activism, the poaching controversy and Chinese soft power in Africa. Paper read at the Afraso Conference on Africa-Asia Encounters, Cape Town, March 24–26, 2015.

Vicky (2011) Vicky, A. (2011). Turkey moves into Africa. Le Monde Diplomatique. Retrieved from http://mondediplo.com/2011/05/08turkey. Accessed on July 4, 2011.

Wassermann (2015) Wassermann, H. (2015). China-Africa media contestations and collaborations. Paper read at the Afraso Conference on Africa-Asia Encounters, Cape Town, March 24–26, 2015.

Wellerstein (1998) Wellerstein (1998). Utopistics: Or, historical choices of the twenty-first century. New York, NY: The New Press.

Wissenbach (2008) Wissenbach, U. (2008). The Renaissance or the end of geopolitics? Towards trilateral cooperation in Africa. International Review (pp. 111–123). Shanghai: Institute of International Studies 上海国际问题研究所.

Wissenbach (2009) Wissenbach, U. (2009). The EU’s response to China’s Africa safari: Can triangulation match needs? In R. Narula (Ed.), European Journal of Development Research, 24(1).