Accessibility universals

, 256

Accuracy

, 69

Active management by exception

, 195–196

Active strategies

, 12

Adolescent driving

, 14

Adolescent sexual risk behaviors

, 119

Agents

, 7

Alcohol use

, 50

“All or nothing” phenomenon

, 298

Altruism

, 158

Anthropological approaches to culture

, 264

Anthropologists

, 193, 265

Anti-drink-driving advertising campaigns

, 279–282, 287

Anti-federalists

, 134

Anti-speeding advertising campaigns

, 283–288

“Apfel, Zitrone” intervention

, 59

Apprehension-based traffic law enforcement practices

, 125–126

Artifacts

, 32, 184

symbols

, 183

Association for Safe International Road Travel (ASIRT)

, 9

Assumptions

, 27, 77

Attitudes

, 27, 42–43, 72–73, 97–99

attitude-oriented indicators

, 118

and behavior relations

, 300

implicit and explicit attitudes

, 50

instrumental and emotional components of

, 50

Auditing

, 237

Australasian New Car Assessment Program (ANCAP)

, 233

Australian experience

, 276

changing communication landscape

, 288–291

drink driving and speeding

, 279–288

road safety advertising’s role from TSC perspective

, 276–278

Australian jurisdictions

, 280

Australian National Survey of Community Attitudes to Road Safety

, 284

Australian road safety campaigns

, 310

Australian Transport Council (ATC)

, 146, 275

Automotive technology organization

, 238–239, 242

Avant-garde medical text

, 10

Backward-looking responsibility

, 48

Band-Aid^® solutions

, 225

Basic Fatigue Management (BFM)

, 243

Beach Roads (advertisement)

, 285

Behavioral change techniques (BCTs)

, 51

Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS)

, 69

Behavioral/behavior(s)

, 27, 32, 44, 70, 71, 97, 192–193, 199

associations between PWM constructs

, 52–54

behavior-based interventions

, 225

beliefs

, 27, 45, 49, 73, 267–268, 304

change

, 49–50, 135–137, 225–226

civic virtue

, 158

costs

, 223

disentangling factors determining

, 49

factors derived from PWM

, 54

factors derived from TPB

, 50–52

hazards

, 130

health-related

, 46, 52

health-risk

, 46

informing interventions to change

, 85–87

level of internalized values

, 54–57

prevalence of

, 79–82

relationships between

, 82–84

self-monitoring

, 246

Beliefs

, 32

acceptance

, 28

behavioral

, 27, 45, 49, 73, 267–268, 304

control

, 27, 45, 49, 57, 76–77, 268–269, 304

effects

, 28

elicitation studies

, 304

evaluation

, 28

informing interventions to change

, 85–87

normative

, 45, 49, 75–76, 268, 304

origins

, 26–29

prevalence of

, 79–82

relationships between

, 82–84

religious

, 266–267

systems

, 25–26, 27

Belonging

, 291

“Best practice” approach

, 239

in workplace road safety

, 224

Billboards

, 288

Blood alcohol content (BAC)

, 279

Booze Bus (advertisement)

, 280

Borkenstein’s Grand Rapids study results

, 266

Bottom-up intervention

, 225

Brain Drain–Drinking Kills Driving Skills (advertisement)

, 279

“Brake fade”

, 234

Brasilia Declaration

, 253–254

“Buddy” training system

, 235

Bureaucratic cultures

, 155

Bush Telegraph

, 282

Business targets

, 239

Calculative safety culture

, 154

Calculative stage

, 154

Causal connection

, 118

Causation

, 48

Causes, Ecology and Prevention of Traffic Accidents, The (Roberts)

, 10

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)

, 4–5, 8

Centralization

, 182

Chain of Responsibility (CoR)

, 229, 230

for safety

, 239

Change Curve program

, 206–208

Change management

, 202

and changing culture

, 201–203

Changing communication landscape

, 288–291

Civic republicanism

, 134

Civic virtue behavior

, 158

Civil Rights Act

, 136

Classic epidemiological triad

, 6–7

Cognitive appraisal processes in persuasion

, 307–309

Cognitive component

, 118–119

Cognitive costs

, 223

Collaborative leadership

, 182

Commercial heavy vehicle fleets

, 229

Communication

, 43–44, 55

changing communication landscape

, 288–291

dimension

, 209

solid communication process

, 200

Communicator

, 44

Community

, 134–135, 202

behavior

, 174

community-based policy and program initiatives

, 131

community-nursing organization

, 242

transport organization

, 235

See also Consensus oriented community participation

Community culture

, 130

supporting change in space between

, 183–185

Community level

, 179

objectives

, 178

Community participation central role in Traffic Safety Culture (TSC)

created and consensus oriented community participation

, 137–141

current conditions and possibilities of participation

, 131–137

safety culture

, 130

Compliance

, 44–46

direct means of gaining

, 269

interventions at level of

, 58–59

Compliance and Enforcement legislation (C&E legislation)

, 230

Computerized in-vehicle early warning systems

, 14

Connectedness, sense of

, 291

Conscientiousness

, 158

Consensus oriented community participation

, 137

conditions

, 139–140

developing criteria

, 140

generate options

, 140

weigh options against criteria

, 141

Contemporary partisanship

, 135

Contingent reward

, 196

management

, 196

Control

over behavior

, 269

beliefs

, 27, 45, 49, 57, 76–77, 268–269, 304

control-averse culture

, 99

over outcomes

, 269

Coordination technique

, 177

Coping appraisal

, 308

Corporate social responsibilities

, 227, 240–241

strategies

, 240

Could peer-to-peer education

, 126

Courtesy

, 158

Crash

critical reason for

, 24

factors

, 24–25

road

, 222

traffic

, 23–24, 222

Critical beliefs analysis

, 304

Critical self-reflection

, 260

Cross-cultural scope

, 260

“Cultivate self-directed responsibility for safety”

, 161

Cultural/culture

, 32–33, 98, 119, 130, 183, 186, 192, 201, 224–225

attitudes

, 117

changes

, 201–202, 206, 225, 239

control-averse

, 99

cultural-based interventions

, 276

culture-based approach

, 34, 88, 276

factor

, 97

functions

, 31

implications

, 186–187

leadership and relationship to

, 192–194

management

, 238–240

and resistance to change

, 202–203

of safety

, 6–9, 11–13

symbolic behavior

, 136–137

Cynicism

, 131

Data collection

, 236, 237

Day-to-day basis

, 232

De facto role of government

, 269

Decade of Action for Road Safety

, 253

Decision-making

, 132–133, 140, 147, 240, 300

Democracy

, 134–135

Demographic variables

, 303

Department of Transportation (DOT)

, 138

Descriptive norms

, 45

Deterrence, perceptions of

, 279

Differential self-identification process

, 30

Digital technology interventions

, 59

Direct democracy

, 134

Direct means of gaining compliance

, 269

Disability-Adjusted Life Years (DALYs)

, 3

Disc brakes

, 234

Discouraging unsafe behavior

, 225

Distractions

, 14

“Division of labor”

, 448

Domains

, 175, 179

Drink driving

, 278–288

Drive after using cannabis (DUIC)

, 86

Drivers

, 120

behavior

, 15, 24–25

education

, 96

licensing

, 96

from organizations

, 225

Driving

, 223

drink

, 278–288

experience

, 51–52

force

, 153

primary task of

, 223

safety culture and safety climate in

, 149–152

Driving under the influence of cannabis (DUIC)

, 70, 82

Ecological models

, 300

Ecology-based model

, 35

Economic effect

, 119

Economic factor

, 133

Educative approaches

, 285

Efficiency

, 185, 225

Eight-stage change process (Kotter’s (1996) model)

, 204–206

Elaboration Likelihood Model (ELM)

, 301

Electronic Braking Systems (EBS)

, 231

Embeddedness

, 182

Emotion(al)

attitude

, 99

components of attitudes

, 50

emotion-based health advertising campaigns

, 305

of fear

, 310

in persuasion

, 305–306

responses

, 278

Empirical evidence

, 121–124

Employee retention

, 243

Employer–organization relationship

, 152

Enforcement of rules

, 96

Engagement

, 130–131

social

, 134–135

Enjoy the Ride campaign

, 287

Environment factors

, 7

Equipment standards

, 232–234

Ethnographic research

, 265

Ethnography, classical approach to

, 265

European Agency for Safety and Health at Work (ESAW)

, 146

European car drivers

acceptance of safety technology and enforcement

, 99, 108

experienced and self-exerted behavioral control

, 107, 110

factor analysis

, 107

factor solutions and related total variance

, 106

factor structure

, 99

individual safety-relevant behavior

, 110

perceptions of road users safety performance

, 107–108

personal concern

, 108

principal component analysis

, 105

relationship between TSC and road safety outcomes

, 108–109, 113–114

risk attitudes

, 106–107, 109

SARTRE

, 4, 96–97

survey items to operational concept

, 98–105

See also Traffic safety culture (TSC)

European Commission’s recommendations

, 97

European culture

, 260–261

European Framework Program for Research and Technological Development

, 96

Exchange behavior

, 152

Exclusion criterion

, 123

Exercise of power in Europe

, 258–259

Existential universals

, 257

Expectations

, 45

Experienced behavioral control

, 107, 110

Explicit attitudes

, 50

Extended Parallel Process Model (EPPM)

, 301, 307–308

External policies

, 231

Fatality

, 146

Fatigue management

, 230, 235

Fear

, 306

appeals

, 278, 306

fear-based approaches

, 277

Fear, uncertainty, and doubt (FUD)

, 202

Federal Office of Road Safety (FORS)

, 282

Financial threat

, 278, 281

Five-star-rated vehicles

, 233

Fleet management

, 236

Flywheel effect

, 210–211

Folk theories

, 136

Formative evaluation

, 311

Formative interviews

, 76–77

Former appraisal

, 307

Forward-looking responsibility

, 48

Foucault’s approach

, 258, 259

Foundational approaches to change

, 203

eight-stage change process

, 204–206

phases of planned change

, 203–204

4WD operator

, 237

Framing hypothesis of theory

, 308

Freight operators

, 236

Freight routes

, 231

Freight services organization

, 242

Friends don’t let friends drink and drive campaign

, 282, 288

Full-range leadership model

, 194

transactional leadership

, 195–196

transformational leadership

, 196–198

Functional

dimensions

, 57–60

magnetic resonance imaging

, 202–203

markets

, 177

universals

, 256–257

G-force events

, 238

Gains

, 308

in road safety

, 225

Gamification

, 59

Generative safety culture

, 154

Geography

, 96

Global Plan for Decade of Action

, 254

Governmentality

, 258–261

Grades drivers

, 239

Gross Vehicle Mass (GVM)

, 231

Habits

, 57

formation

, 52

Habitualization

, 51–52

Haddon Matrix framework

, 8

Hazards

behavioral

, 130

domain systems

, 175

system

, 130

Health

behavior change

, 300

behaviors

, 49

health-related advertising messages

, 300

health-related behaviors

, 46, 52

health-risk behaviors

, 46

and safety

, 141

Healthy People, and Objectives for the Nation

, 7

Healthy People 2020

, 7–8

Heath & Heath (2010)

, 211

Heavy vehicle

fleets

, 229–231

operators

, 235–236

Heavy Vehicle National Law Act 2012 (HVNL)

, 229, 231

Helmets

, 97

High-income countries (HICs)

, 252, 261

transfer of HIC best practice in development agenda

, 253–254

High-risk driver behaviors

, 68

Highly risk-motivated group

, 303

HIV/AIDs risk behaviors

, 301

Host factors

, 7

Human behavior

, 25

Humanitarian crisis for low- and middle-income countries (LMICs)

, 253

Humor

, 308, 309

Humorous approaches

, 310

Idealized influence

, 197

Identification

, 44–45

interventions at level of

, 59

and PWM

, 46–47

Immigration

, 15

Immunization programs

, 4

Implicit association test (IAT)

, 50

Implicit attitudes

, 50

In-vehicle telematics systems

, 237

Individual(ism)

, 98–99, 120, 185

individual-level factors

, 223

individualized attention

, 198

individualized consideration

, 198

initiative

, 159

responses

, 311–312

safety-relevant behavior

, 110

Industrialization

, 134–135

Industry-wide safety programs

, 240

Infectious diseases

, 4

Inflexible deadlines for drivers

, 230

Informing interventions to change beliefs and behaviors

, 85–87

Injunctive norms

, 45–46

Injury

, 146

Injury Control Research Centers (ICRCs)

, 8

Inspirational motivation

, 197, 201

Institutionalization culture

, 98

Institutionalized social order

, 106–107

Instrumental “best practice” programs

, 131

Instrumental attitude

, 99

Instrumental components of attitudes

, 50

Instrumentation strategy

, 123

Integrated media campaigns

, 299

Intellectual stimulation

, 198, 201

Intention

, 25–27, 71–72

Internal policies

, 232

culture management

, 238–240

equipment standards

, 232–234

hierarchy of road safety strategies

, 232

operations management

, 236–238

personnel behavior management

, 234–236

Internalization

, 44, 47–48

culture

, 98

interventions at level of

, 59–60

level of internalized values

, 54–57

Intervention

, 245

Interviewer-interviewee “transaction”

, 264

Investment oriented indicators

, 118

Join the Drive to Save Lives (JTD) campaign

, 289–290

Journey planning

, 236, 237

Karma

, 257, 268

Keep the Bromance Alive (advertisement)

, 288

Kelman’s experimental scheme

, 45

Laissez-faire leadership

, 194–195

Large-scale survey

, 96–97

Laser (advertisement)

, 285

Law enforcement

, 35, 68, 89, 125–126, 174, 259, 277

Leader

, 194, 198

Leadership

, 181–182

behaviors

, 193, 198

coaching

, 246

impact on organizational culture

, 194

impact on safety culture

, 194

management vs.

, 193

paradigm

, 196

and relationship to culture

, 192

skill

, 246

throughout organization

, 199–201

at top–full-range leadership model

, 194–198

Learning behavior

, 130

Legislated driver record-keeping requirements

, 230–231

Legitimacy

, 51, 132

Legitimize risky behavior

, 106–107

Level of compliance

, 261

Level of internalized values

, 54–55

mindfulness

, 56–57

safety ethos

, 55–56

Levels of attitudinal change

, 43

attitudes

, 44–45

compliance and TPB

, 45–46

degree of attitudinal change

, 43–44

identification and prototype willingness model

, 46–47

internalization, mindfulness, and ethos of safety

, 47–48

Levels of value integration

, 42–43

Levels of value internalization

, 43, 58

Leveraging behavior change

, 266

Light vehicle fleets

, 231–232

Linear regression models

, 84

Logbook or similar system

, 234

“Loss”

, 308

Low-and middle-income countries (LMICs)

, 252, 257

application of Traffic Safety Culture (TSC) to

, 258

broader context of traffic safety in

, 261–263

humanitarian crisis for

, 253

methodologies for characterizing and measuring TSC

, 263–266

specific considerations for TSC application to

, 266–269

variations among specific characteristics in

, 258–266

Low-level speeding

, 286

Mandatory driver induction training programs

, 235

Maritime survey and consultancy organization

, 243

Market theory

, 177

Mass limit violations

, 230

Mates Motel campaign

, 282

Meaning search process

, 28

“Mental scaffolding”

, 25

Message

mediums

, 289

message (content)-related characteristics

, 305–310

outcomes

, 312–313

self-efficacy

, 308

“Message acceptance”

, 307, 308

“Message rejection”

, 307, 308

Meta-analysis

, 299

Metallurgical coal miner and exporter organization

, 241

Mindfulness

, 47–48, 56–57

Mobile radar (advertisement)

, 285

Mobility

, 96–97

Moral action

, 201

Mothers Against Drunk Driving (MADD)

, 10

Motor Accident Commission (South Australia)

, 288

Motor vehicle

injuries

, 5–9

travel

, 5, 13

“Motorization” of America

, 5

Multi-sector coordination

, 11

Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire instrument (MLQ instrument)

, 197

Multiple message mediums

, 289

Muscle cars

, 120

National Center for Injury Prevention and Control (NCIPC)

, 8

National contextual factors

, 96

National Driver Work Diary System

, 230–231

National Heavy Vehicle Regulator (NHVR)

, 230–231

National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA)

, 8–9

National Highway Transportation Administration

, 173–174

National meteorological authority

, 233, 235, 237, 239

National Motor Vehicle Crash Causation Survey (NMVCCS)

, 24

National Road Safety Partnership Program (NRSPP)

, 226

Negative approaches in road safety

, 309–310

Negative images

, 54

Network Administrative Organization (NAO)

, 178–181

Network leadership

, 181–182

Network response

change in space between organizational and community cultures

, 183–185

complex environment of traffic safety

, 174–177

implications of networks and culture for change and development

, 186–187

network coordination structure

, 177–181

operational features

, 181–182

Neutralization techniques

, 106–107, 110

No accident/the wife (advertisement)

, 286

Nonsupportive culture

, 152

Nontraditional stakeholders

, 33

Normative beliefs

, 45, 49, 75–76, 268, 304

Normative elements

, 50–51

Normative rationale

, 133–135

Nowhere to hide campaign

, 280

Occupational driving

, 223

On-board telematics

, 237

One-way broadcasting approaches

, 288

Online campaigns

, 288–291

Online communication

, 288

Only a little bit over campaign

, 280

Open-ended continuous process

, 206

Operating costs

, 241–243

Operations management

, 236–238

Optimism bias

, 51

Organization culture

, 130, 183–185

Organization(al)

assumes responsibility

, 199–200

challenges

, 200

change in space between community cultures and

, 183–185

change programs

, 206

citizenship behavior

, 153

compliance

, 159

culture

, 202

design and development

, 208–209

flywheel effect

, 210–211

leadership

, 155, 194, 199

leading change at level

, 208–209

loyalty

, 159

mastering change curve

, 206–208

moral action

, 201

participates in transformation

, 200–201

recent thoughts on change models in

, 209

safety participation

, 153–155

safety research

, 150

scenario thinking

, 211–213

serves

, 200

transformation

, 201, 210

Organizational citizenship behavior (OCB)

, 155

dimensions of safety citizenship behavior

, 158–160

research on safety citizenship behavior

, 156–158

safety citizenship behaviors, safety culture and safety climate

, 160–162

Outcome evaluation

, 312

Overconfidence

, 51

Paper system

, 147

Parallel Response Model (PRM)

, 307

Participation

, 131, 137–138

barriers to social and behavioral change

, 135–137

normative rationale

, 133–135

practical rationale

, 132–133

traffic safety as politics

, 131

Partisanship

, 135–136

Partnerships

, 174

Passive management by exception

, 195–196

Passive strategies

, 12

Past behavior role

, 51–52

Path analysis

, 56

Pathological safety culture

, 154

Perceived behavioral control

, 27, 76

Perceived norm

, 27

Perceived susceptibility

, 307, 311

Perception

perceptions of deterrence

, 279

risk

, 96–97

of road users safety performance

, 107–108

of seriousness of behavior

, 302

workers’ perceptions of role-behavior expectancies

, 225

Performance-Based Standards scheme (PBS scheme)

, 231

Personal acceptance of norms

, 51

Personal concern

, 108, 112

Personal susceptibility

, 307–308

Personnel behavior management

, 234–236

Persuasion

cognitive appraisal processes in

, 307–309

role of threats and emotion in

, 305–306

Physical environment

, 30, 130

Physical threat

, 281

of car crashes

, 278

physical-threat-based advertisements

, 285

Plan of Action

, 253

Planned change phases

, 203–204

Planning

, 237

Police Car (advertisement)

, 280

Political/politics

culture

, 134

effect

, 119

factor

, 133

political/organizational desirability

, 264

traffic safety as

, 131

Population-level road safety approaches

, 223

Portfolio approach

, 118

Positive approaches

, 309–310

Positive emotions

, 309

Positive images

, 54

Positive safety culture

, 239

Post-analysis of safety data

, 237–238

Practical rationale

, 132–133

Practitioners

implications for

, 125–126, 164

recommendations for

, 213–214

Pragmatic driving

, 261

Pragmatic trip scheduling

, 236

Pre-existing individual characteristics

, 302–304

Precursor event

, 26, 28

Prediction

, 32

Prevention strategies

, 223

Principal component analysis

, 105

Proactive safety

behaviors

, 161–162

culture

, 154

Proactive strategies

, 148, 162

Process evaluation

, 312

Profitability

, 225

Prospect Theory

, 308

Protection Motivation Theory (PMT)

, 307

Prototype willingness model (PWM)

, 46–47

associations between PWM constructs

, 52–54

factors derived from

, 54

Prototypical/prototypes

, 57

favorability

, 47

image

, 27, 73–75, 268

similarity

, 47

Psychological/psychology

models of decision making

, 46

qualitative research in

, 265

symbolic behavior

, 136–137

theories

, 42–43, 45

Psychosocial approaches

, 254–258

Public goods

, 177

Public health

, 4, 6–7

building culture of safety

, 11–13

Center for Disease Control (CDC)

, 8

defining traffic safety as problem

, 5

efforts in US

, 7

future challenges and opportunities

, 13

grassroots and global health contributions to traffic safety

, 9–10

Healthy People 2020

, 7–8

public health and highway safety collaboration

, 10–11

special populations

, 14–15

State Health Departments

, 9

technologies

, 14

trade-offs between safety and mobility

, 13–14

vision for traffic safety culture

, 6

Public organizations

, 180

Public policy maker

, 118

Quantification approach

, 56

Quantitative approach

, 56

Quarry supplier organization

, 241

Queensland Department of Transport and Main Roads

, 280, 282, 287, 289–290

Queensland Police Service

, 283

Queenslanders

, 290

Radio

, 288

advertising

, 289

Random breath testing (RBT)

, 279

Reactive safety culture

, 154

Reasoned path

, 46

Reciprocal Safety Culture Model

, 162

Reciprocal supervisor–employee relationship

, 153

Reconstruction campaign

, 286

Refreezing phase

, 204

Regression models

, 84–85

Regulatory control

, 231

Reinforcing approach

, 277, 279, 299

Reliability

, 69

Religious beliefs

, 266–267

Remuneration

, 239

Representativeness

, 69

Reputation

, 243–244

Resistance

, 207

to change

, 202–203

Response efficacy

, 285, 300, 305, 308, 311

Responsibility assumption

, 199–200

Restraint systems

, 97

Rider and elephant model

, 211

Risk

attitudes

, 106–107, 109

behavior

, 24–25, 60

driving

, 303

management

, 147–149

perceptions

, 96–97

Road crashes

, 222

Road fatalities and injuries

, 252

Road infrastructure development

, 254

Road safety

, 253

advertising’s role from TSC perspective

, 276–278

agencies

, 289

space for drunk driving in Ghana

, 264

space for helmet wearing in Vietnam

, 263

training

, 235

World Health Organization’s (WHO) Global Status Report

, 222

See also Workplace road safety

Road safety advertising campaigns

, 288, 297–298

design

, 299–310

evaluation

, 310–313

stated objectives

, 298

See also Workplace road safety

Road safety outcomes

, 108–109

results of regression analysis

, 114

standardized factor scores

, 113

Road Safety Space Model (RSSM)

, 261–263, 269

Road Traffic Act (2012)

, 229–230

Road Traffic Regulations (2014)

, 229–230

Road trauma

, 146, 222

Road users safety performance, perceptions of

, 107–108, 110

Roads and Transport Authority (RTA)

, 279

Robust

“knowledge bank” of tools and resources

, 226

maintenance

, 234

positive correlation

, 125

Role-behavior expectancies, workers’ perceptions of

, 225

Rough road surfaces

, 238

Safe behavior

, 269

Safe conduct

, 47

Safe system

approach

, 223–224, 226

thinking

, 224

Safeguarding compliance

, 59

Safer road(s)

and roadsides

, 224

users

, 224

Safer speeds

, 224, 287

Safer vehicles

, 224

Safety

, 43, 225

auditing

, 236

civic virtue

, 160

climate

, 160–162

compliance behaviors

, 161–162

ethos

, 47–48, 55–57

legislation

, 155

participation

, 151

policy and practice

, 225

programs

, 184

safety-check policy

, 234

safety-related risk management

, 156

technology and enforcement acceptance

, 99, 108

values

, 223

Safety citizenship behavior

, 146

complementary paradigm to safety culture

, 163

implications for practitioners

, 164

model

, 162

organizational citizenship behavior and

, 155–162

risk management

, 147–149

Social Exchange Theory

, 152–153

theory and practical application

, 152

Safety culture

, 130, 160–162, 225–226

behavior

, 146–147

dependent stage of

, 154

independent stage of

, 154

interdependent stage of

, 154

leadership’s impact

, 194

and level of organizational safety participation

, 153–155

and safety climate in driving safety

, 149–152

Safety Culture Maturity Model

, 153–155, 164

Save LIVES Road Safety Technical Package

, 254

Scenario thinking

, 211–213

Scientific disciplines

, 6

Seatbelts

, 302–303

See the Light campaign

, 280

Self-development

, 159

Self-enforcement

, 260

Self-exerted behavioral control

, 107, 110

Self-identity

, 29–31

Self-report survey

, 304

Self-reported behavior

, 66–67, 96

Senior management support

, 239

Shared belief system

, 32

Short Schwartz Value Survey (SSVS)

, 77–78

Situational control

, 51

Situational factors

, 51

Skepticism

, 134

“Slow down and enjoy ride” message of advertisement

, 287

Slow down stupid campaign

, 287

Slow down/don’t rush/allow time to drive slowly message of advertisement

, 287

Slow-mo campaign

, 286

Small marine survey and consultancy organization

, 235

Smoking

, 12

Snow-depth-catalyzed variation

, 123

Snow-depth-instrumented analysis

, 124

Social

and behavior change

, 291

body

, 29

change

, 135–137

cohesion

, 118

context

, 30–31

control

, 99

desirability

, 264

ecology

, 34–36

engagement

, 134–135

environment

, 30–32, 130

factor

, 97, 133

identity

, 29–30

images

, 54

media campaigns

, 288–291

nature

, 46

pain

, 29

phenomenon

, 120

psychological theories of persuasion

, 300

reaction path

, 46

stratification

, 262

symbolic behavior

, 136–137

system

, 98

theory

, 48

threat

, 278, 281

“Social and cultural” factors

, 262

Social Attitudes to Road Traffic Risk in Europe (SARTRE)

, 96–97

SARTRE 4 project

, 96

Social capital

, 118

actually improving traffic safety

, 121–124

affect traffic safety

, 119–121

effects

, 118

existing options and new approaches

, 125–126

trust

, 119

Social Exchange Theory

, 152–153, 163–164

Socialization

, 28–29, 98

Socio-demographic background factors

, 303–304

Socio-psychological constructs

, 98

Sociocultural factors

, 175

Solid communication process

, 200

Speed Cameras (advertisement)

, 285

Speed enforcement

, 284

Speed tolerances in Australia

, 283

Speeding

, 223, 230, 278–288, 302

Speeding: No one thinks big of you (advertisement)

, 286–287

Sportsmanship

, 158

Stakeholders

, 35, 179

State health departments

, 9

State-of-play with campaign evaluation

, 310–311

Statistical methods

, 304

Steel manufacturing organization

, 239–240

Step approach to Message Design and Testing (SatMDT)

, 297, 301

message (content)-related characteristics

, 305–310

pre-existing individual characteristics

, 302–304

Stereotype threat

, 304

Stewardship

, 160

Structural component

, 118–119

Structured participatory processes

, 132

Sudden braking

, 238

Superstitions

, 266–267

Supportive culture

, 152

Surveys

, 68

grouped items to themes and type

, 100–105

items to operational concept

, 98–99

Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

, 253

road safety targets

, 253–254

Sustained behavior

, 130

System hazard

, 130

Targets for road safety

, 253

“Technologies of domination”. See “Technologies of power”

“Technologies of power”

, 259

“Technologies of self”

, 259–260

Telematics

, 236, 238

Television

, 288

Text-messaging

, 56

Thematic analysis

, 227

Theories of persuasion and behavior change

, 300–301

Theorists’ Workshop model

, 301

Theory of action

, 42

Theory of planned behavior (TPB)

, 45–46, 57, 301

behavioral change interventions and

, 49–50

factors derived from

, 50

implicit and explicit attitudes

, 50

instrumental and emotional components of attitudes

, 50

normative elements

, 50–51

past behavior role

, 51–52

role of sanctions

, 51

situational factors and situational control

, 51

Third-party regulation

, 227

heavy vehicle fleets

, 229–231

light vehicle fleets

, 231–232

strategies

, 230, 234

Threats

, 278

appeal

, 306

appraisal

, 307

of diseases

, 4

in persuasion

, 305–306

threat-based messages, role of

, 306–307

“3 E’s” in road safety

, 377

360 degree feedback

, 246

Tollway operator

, 241

Top-down intervention

, 225

Toward Zero Deaths (TZD) National Strategy

, 6

Towards Zero campaign

, 290

Tracy (advertisement)

, 285

Trade-offs between safety and mobility

, 13–14

Traditional traffic safety approaches

, 224

Traffic

crashes

, 23–24, 222

fatalities

, 121

injuries

, 4–5

law enforcement operations

, 125–126

participants’ attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors

, 96–97

rules

, 96

Traffic safety

, 5, 23–24

complex environment

, 174–177

components

, 24

concerns

, 176

grassroots and global health contributions to

, 9–10

in LMICs

, 261–263

as politics

, 131

Traffic safety culture (TSC)

, 32–33, 42, 65, 96, 117–118, 202, 252, 262, 276, 299

analyzing

, 78

belief origins

, 26–29

belief systems

, 25–26, 27

crash factors

, 24–25

disentangling factors determining behavior

, 49–57

humanitarian crisis for LMICs

, 253

implications for practitioners

, 57, 269–270

implications for researchers

, 269–270

informing interventions to change beliefs and behaviors

, 85–88

interventions at level of compliance

, 58–59

interventions at level of identification

, 59

interventions at level of internalization

, 59–60

Kelman’s conceptual scheme

, 42–43

key components of combined model representing TSC

, 66

levels of attitudinal change

, 43–48

measuring

, 66

model predicting willingness and intention

, 255

potential methods

, 68–70

prevalence of beliefs and behaviors

, 79–82

principles

, 22–23

proposed model predicting willingness and intention

, 67

psychosocial approaches

, 254–258

question design

, 70–78

question development process

, 78

relationships between beliefs and behaviors

, 82–84

relative frequencies of beliefs about crash risk

, 71

social ecology

, 34–36

social environment

, 30–31

social identity

, 29–30

specific considerations for application of TSC to LMICs

, 266–269

systematic list of factors

, 57–58

theorizing

, 98

traffic safety

, 23–24

Traffic Safety Culture (TSC)-based program of strategies

, 87–89

transfer of HIC best practice in development agenda

, 253–254

variations among specific characteristics in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) context

, 258–266

vision for

, 6

Traffic-related behaviors

, 50

Transactional leadership

, 195–196

Transformation, participates in

, 200–201

Transformational leadership

, 196

behaviors

, 196

idealized influence

, 197

individualized consideration

, 198

inspirational motivation

, 197

intellectual stimulation

, 198

Transformative approach

, 286

Transforming

, 277, 285

approaches

, 281–282, 299

transforming-type approaches

, 279

Transition to governmentality

, 260

Translation

, 265

Transport(ation)

, 130

agency

, 138

carrier organization

, 242

and logistic organization

, 238

Transport Accident Commission (TAC)

, 280

Stop anti-drink driving advertisement of 2000

, 282

Transport services

company

, 235

organization

, 239

Trust

, 119, 122

Unfreezing stage

, 203–204

United Nations (UN) Decade of Action for Road Safety plan

, 253–254

United State (US), public health efforts in

, 7–9

Unlawful conduct

, 230

Urban fatal traffic incidents

, 124

Urbanization

, 134–135

Utility vehicle hire fleet

, 237

Validity

, 69

Values

, 27, 77–78, 267

Vehicle miles travel (VMT)

, 4

Vehicle simulation system

, 235

Vehicle tracking

, 236

VicRoads

, 281

Vision Zero

, 6, 55, 290

policy

, 48

Voice

, 160

Wear-out effects

, 289

Weick’s concept of heedfulness

, 48

Weigh options against criteria

, 141

Western, Educated, Industrialized, Rich, and Democratic societies (WEIRD societies)

, 257

Western approach to religion

, 267

Western Australian “Chain of Responsibility” (CoR)

, 229–230

What’s your Plan B? campaign

, 282

Whistleblowing behaviors

, 160

Wicked problems

, 174–177, 181

Willingness

, 25–27, 53–54, 57, 71

Winners and Losers (advertisement)

, 281

Wipe off 5 campaign

, 286

Work-related drivers, risk factors for

, 223

Work-related road

deaths

, 222

safety

, 147

Workers’ perceptions of role-behavior expectancies

, 225

Workplace culture

, 238

Workplace Health and Safety regulations (WHS regulations)

, 227

Workplace road safety

benefits of road safety policies

, 241–244

case study focus distribution

, 228–229

enforcement

, 235

limitations

, 246–247

method

, 226–227

practical implications

, 245–247

prevention strategies

, 223–224

results

, 227–241

strategy hierarchy

, 230

See also Road safety advertising campaigns

World Health Organization (WHO)

, 5, 23, 146, 253, 302

Written account

, 265

Zero Deaths Highway Safety Strategy

, 174

“Zero tolerance” enforcement policy

, 125–126