Subject Index

Citation

Shinar, D. (2017), "Subject Index", Traffic Safety and Human Behavior, Emerald Publishing Limited, Leeds, pp. 1235-1249. https://doi.org/10.1108/978-1-78635-221-720162028

Publisher

:

Emerald Publishing Limited

Copyright © 2017 Emerald Publishing Limited

---

INDEX

Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS)

, 420

ABS. See Anti-lock brake systems

ABW. See Advance Brake Warning

Acceptance

, 16, 430, 690

versus acceptability

, 1145

Accident

causes

, 13, 261, 269–275, 345–348, 414, 864, 875, 879, 931, 933–934, 1040, 1041–1042, 1044, 1045–1052, 1064

first

, 3–4, 145–146, 262, 264, 267

proneness

, 47, 481–482

See also Crash

Accidents

versus other causes of death

, 11, 13, 259, 337, 563, 573, 1049

rates

, 263, 335, 338, 462, 1024, 1132

and violations

, 47, 110, 123, 257, 261, 266, 268, 277, 278, 290, 313, 353, 362, 460, 466, 479, 487–488, 491, 500, 576, 697, 725, 823, 940, 954, 1061–1063, 1113, 1114

See also Crashes

Acuity

dynamic visual

, 148, 151–154, 349–350, 353

static visual

, 146, 148, 150, 151–153, 156, 158, 348–350, 677

Adaptive Cruise Control (ACC)

, 102, 244, 760, 1089, 1093, 1137, 1140

Advance brake warning (ABW)

, 55, 57, 59

Advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS)

, 226, 370–371, 1132

Age

, 215–216, 263, 345, 349, 351, 584–585, 818, 990–991

Age related

frailty

, 339

impairments

, 344–362

Aggression

, 462–465

and anger

, 482–487, 496

displaced

, 463, 501

feasibility of

, 496–501

and personality

, 482–487

Aggressive behavior(s)

, 258, 472, 474

Aggressive driving

, 393, 401, 459, 462

and aggression

, 463, 464, 482–483

aggressive disposition

, 495–496

catalysts for

, 472–477

and congestion

, 463, 473–474, 478

and culture

, 463, 497–501

and displaced aggression

, 501

and driving environment

, 493–495

and feasibility of aggression

, 496

and frustration

, 462–465

and honking

, 463, 465, 471–472, 474, 496

measures of

, 465–472, 576

and personality

, 479–493

and running red light

, 463, 465–466

and social maladjustment

, 460–462

Air bags

, 117, 515, 544–548, 1144

Alcohol

absorption and elimination

, 565–567

and cognitive functioning

, 567–571

and crashes

, 573–587

and drowsiness

, 568, 824, 825, 1073

and drunkenness

, 571–573

DUI

, 563–564

DWI countermeasures

, 587–623

effects on driving, and on subjective sensations

, 567–573

effects on driving skills

, 585–586

and fatigue

, 823–827

and Ignition Interlock

, 614–618

and server training

, 601–602

and social marketing

, 599

and vigilance

, 640–642

Alertness maintaining task (AMT)

, 804, 835–836

Alternating blinking light system (ABLS)

, 942, 959, 997

Amber light dilemma. See Yellow light dilemma

American Association for Retired Persons (AARP)

, 365, 375

American Association of State Highway Safety Traffic Officials (AASHTO)

, 219, 393–394

American Automobile Association (AAA)

, 215–216, 367–368

American Automobile Association Foundation for Traffic Safety (AAAF)

, 392

American Heritage Dictionary

, 1040

American Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE)

, 1131

American Medical Association (AMA)

, 360, 639

American National Standards Institute (ANSI)

, 234–235

American Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE)

, 768

Amphetamine

, 639, 651, 652, 654, 655, 684–685, 839

See also Stimulants

“Angel dust”. See Phencyclidine (PCP)

Anger

, 482–487

Anonymity

, 326, 350

Antidepressants

, 655

Antihistamine

, 640, 675–676, 680–681

See also Depressants

Anti-lock brake systems (ABS)

, 102, 116, 892, 912, 969, 1055, 1147, 1148

Attention

attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

, 462

controlled and automated processes in driving

, 198–201

divided

, 191–201

and information processing

, 191–194

information processing levels

, 191–194

selective

, 191–201

See also Distraction; Inattention

Automated enforcement

, 434–437, 1123–1124

Automated processes

, 101, 190, 198–201

automation

, 107

autonomous emergency braking

, 1141–1142

autonomous vehicle

, 32, 94, 329, 370, 1150–1156

BAC (blood alcohol concentration)

, 565–567

and effects on driving

, 567, 572

and impairment

, 571–573

laws

, 588–593

legal limit

, 577, 588, 590, 594

Backup camera

, 1142–1143

Barbiturates

, 639, 675–676

Bayes procedure

, 1122

Behavioral adaptation

, 115–117, 524, 1146

Behavioral research

confounding variables

, 43, 46–48

control variables

, 43, 44–45

dependent variables

, 43–44

independent variables

, 43–44

intervening variables

, 43, 45–46

key concepts in

, 43

moderating variables

, 43, 48

validity and reliability

, 48–52

variables of interest

, 43–48

Belt use laws

, 527

Ben Gurion University

, 63, 65

“Bennies”. See Amphetamine

Benzodiazepines

, 639, 643, 645–646, 648–657, 675–681

Beta waves

, 815

“Between subjects” design

, 53–54

Biasing factors in assessing older drivers’ crash involvement

, 339–344

Bicycle/bicycling

, 23, 275, 861–862, 984–986

accident rates

, 1024–1025

bicycle-based improvements

, 1022

crash countermeasures

, 1005–1023

and crashes

, 988–991, 1003–1005

helmets and equipment

, 1022–1023

lights

, 1013–1014

as part of multimodal travel pattern

, 986–988

and societal trend

, 984

trails/tracks and paths/lanes

, 1017–1018

Bicyclists

, 275, 983

cyclists-drivers interactions

, 999–1003

cyclists’ visibility

, 994–999

under-reporting of bicycle crashes

, 992–994

See also Motorcycles

Billboards

, 101–102, 175, 727–730

Bio-motion

, 902–903, 996, 997, 1023, 1028

Blink behavior

, 815–817

Blood Alcohol Concentration (BAC)

, 565–567, 580, 588–591, 593–595, 689, 881

Blumenthal’s model

, 114, 712, 801

Booster seats

, 536–539, 541–542, 1108

effectiveness

, 540–541, 543

Brake reaction time (BRT)

, 56, 202–222, 747

age and gender differences

, 215–216

in complex situations

, 216–219

and expectancy

, 212–215

and hazard perception

, 220–222

and relevance to safety

, 202–204

Braking

, 44, 55–59, 69–71, 87, 91, 97–98, 112, 147, 190, 202–206, 216–217, 222, 226, 404, 525, 606–607, 746, 753, 764, 892, 912, 943, 969, 971, 1061, 1148, 1158

Breath alcohol concentration (BrAC)

, 566, 567, 603

Breath testing

, 607–611

checkpoints

, 607

Caffeine

, 622–623, 839

Cameras

red light cameras

, 1094, 1123–1124

section cameras

, 437

speed cameras

, 400, 434–435, 437–438, 1124

Cannabinoids

, 639

compared to alcohol

, 639, 661

and crashes

, 660, 667, 668, 674, 682

and driving

, 659, 660–666, 668–669, 674

effects

, 660, 676

prevalence

, 642, 645–648, 659

Cannabis

, 651, 654, 655

Car following and headway

, 60, 222–223

CarFit

, 373–374

“Case control” design

, 54, 648

Cell phone(s)

, 733–768

conversations

, 404–405, 748

and mental load

, 747–748

relative to alcohol

, 763–765

relative to passengers

, 765–768

Center High Mounted Stop Lamp (CHMSL)

, 55, 56, 69, 73, 971, 1147–1148

Child protection

, 535, 542

Child restraints

, 535, 538, 539–543

Child safety seat

effectiveness

, 516–519

type of

, 536

use of

, 534, 535

Children safety

, 731–733

CHMSL. See Center High Mounted Stop Lamp

Circadian rhythm

, 810–812

Clearances judgment

, 222–231

“Click-it or Ticket” campaign

, 531

Climate as risk factor

, 991

Clinical approach

, 1041, 1042–1060, 1063

Clothing

, 889, 890, 894, 958, 995, 999, 1028

Cluster analysis

, 987

Cocaine

, 639, 643–646, 648, 651, 654–655, 684–685, 697

See also Stimulants

Cocktail party phenomenon

, 99–100

Coded symbols

, 232

Codeine. See Narcotic analgesics

Coefficient of friction

, 59–60, 119, 202

Cognitive

approaches to discourage DWI

, 593–602

conspicuity

, 941

dissonance

, 602–603

functioning, alcohol effects on

, 567–571

impairments

, 354–359

load

, 761–763, 833, 838

processes

, 332

Collision

, 7, 514

Commentary driving

, 311

Compulsory breath testing (CBT)

, 607–611

Concurrent feedback

, 778–779

Confounding variables

, 46–48

Congestion

, 473–474, 478, 493

Conspicuity

bicycle

, 939–942

motorcycle rider

, 939–942, 944, 958–961, 971

object

, 197

pedestrian

, 885–887, 891, 907, 914

search

, 197–198

Contrast, and visibility

, 889

Contrast sensitivity

, 142–148, 156–159, 166–167, 176, 332, 351, 353, 356, 358–359, 374–375, 884

Controlled processes

, 101, 190, 198–201

Cost-benefits analyses

, 1096

Count-down signals (CDS)

, 907

Court monitoring

, 618–620

Crash causation

, 715–716, 1059–1060, 1077–1079

cycling and

, 1003–1005

statistical/epidemiological approach to

, 1063–1068

validity of police assessment

, 1060–1062

Crash causes

, 1003, 1043

from clinical studies

, 659–660, 1042–1045, 1056, 1063, 1070

environmental

, 933, 1046, 1050–1052

from epidemiological studies

, 680, 753–755, 763, 962, 1063–1065, 1065–1068, 1070

human

, 415, 934, 1046–1049, 1048–1049, 1050–1052, 1053–1056, 1070

NDS approach

, 1069, 1072–1077

U.S. 100-car study

, 1069–1072

vehicular

, 1046–1047, 1050–1052

Crash culpability

, 344

and cognitive impairments

, 354–359

and driving style

, 362

and medical conditions and diseases

, 359–362

and older drivers

, 345–348

and vision

, 348–354

Crash(es)

, 4, 6–7, 22–24, 161, 339, 401, 548–549, 988, 1041

accidents vs.

, 6–7

analysis

, 155–156, 159, 267, 414, 540, 657, 668–689, 681, 685–686, 715–716, 722–723, 752, 763, 905, 950, 957, 971, 1047, 1049, 1078, 1086, 1148

causal analyses of

, 416–417

causes

, 864–898, 875–878

countermeasures

, 32, 564, 898, 911, 1005–1023, 1085–1158

crash modification factors (CMFs)

, 1115–1116

and drugs

, 682–686

severity

, 420–424, 714

and speed

, 402–404, 408

statistics

, 992

testing

, 548–549

theoretical issues

, 404–408

worthiness

, 513–514, 548–551, 1157

See also Accidents

Cycling

, 988

age as risk factor

, 990–991

alcohol as risk factor

, 991

climate as risk factor

, 991

and crash causation

, 1003–1005

gender as risk factor

, 991

and multimodal travel pattern

, 986–988

“Cycling Barometer”

, 984–985, 988–989

Dark adaptation

, 149

“Dart-out” crash

, 874

Daylight running lights (DRL)

, 158, 958

Daylight saving time (DST)

, 886

Decision making

, 1132

hierarchical decision making

, 90–94

Demerit Point System (DPS)

, 1111

Depressant

compared to alcohol

, 658, 676, 679, 824

and crashes

, 650, 658, 680–681

and driving

, 479, 642, 645, 676

effects

, 568, 622, 641, 676–681

prevalence

, 576, 642–659, 944

See also Barbiturates; Benzodiazepine

Design speed

, 400–401

Designated driver program

, 599–601

Deterrence

, 603–621

Diazepam

, 652

Disability-adjusted life years (DALYs)

, 11

Dissociative anesthetics

, 681–683, 687

See also Ketamine; Phencyclidine (PCP)

Distracted driving

, 711

Distraction

, 711–779, 882–884

and accident cause

, 715, 1045–1050

from cell phone

, 733–768

from email

, 769

external

, 715, 718, 721, 736, 1047

and headway

, 746–747, 764, 767, 772

internal

, 715, 718, 1046, 1048, 1054

and lateral control

, 358, 747, 760, 768, 801, 833

from passengers

, 717, 721, 737, 765

prevalence in driving

, 642, 645

and reaction time

, 747

sources of

, 715–722, 780, 1076

and speed

, 723, 725, 745, 764, 773

from text messaging

, 768, 769–775

Drinking and driving

, 564, 576, 730–731

countermeasures

, 687

and court monitoring

, 618–620

and crash risks

, 576–583

deterrence of

, 603, 611, 1114

economic disincentives to drinking

, 611

frequency of

, 586–587

ignition interlock

, 614–618

license suspension

, 614, 616, 620, 1110–1112

minimum drinking age laws

, 591–592

psychological treatment

, 620–621

vehicle impoundment

, 614–618

victim impact panels

, 596, 613–614

and Zero Tolerance laws

, 590, 591, 687

See also Alcohol; Driving while intoxicated (DWI)

Driver Behavior Questionnaire (DBQ)

, 123, 467, 469, 477, 486, 497, 938

Driver education

, 275, 367–369

and crash involvement

, 278, 293

and driver training

, 276–282, 305–314

and hazard perception

, 281, 307–312, 955–957

Driver Education Evaluation Program (DEEP)

, 47, 277

Driver information processing. See Information processing

Driver licensing

, 151, 275, 278, 282, 593, 952, 1051

Driver training

, 87, 97, 266, 276–282, 305–314, 313, 430, 490, 780, 1054

Driving

Anger Questionnaire (DAP)

, 484

Experience

, 45, 65, 143, 160, 199, 225–226, 229, 234, 263, 265, 267, 272, 283, 311, 365, 587, 773, 947, 1047, 1064

simulator

, 49, 60–68, 64, 172, 191, 204–212, 367, 445, 587, 662, 744, 746, 750, 759, 809, 813, 833

skill

, 91, 585–586

style

, 362

Driving under influence (DUI)

, 563–564

Driving under the influence of drugs (DUID)

, 640, 641, 642, 642–643, 645, 687–688, 696

Driving Under the Influence of Drugs, Alcohol and Medicine (DRUID)

, 581, 643, 653

education and public information campaigns

, 697–698

enforcement of DUID

, 696

legislation dealing with

, 687–688

See also Drugs and driving

Driving while intoxicated (DWI)

, 489, 563–564, 642–643

cognitive and motivational approaches to discourage DWI

, 593–602

counteracting effects of alcohol with caffeine

, 622–623

countermeasures

, 587

cues

, 604–607

enforcement

, 602–603

general deterrence and perceived risk of arrest

, 603–611

legislation

, 588–593

prevention of recidivism and treatment

, 611–621

repeat offenders

, 575, 587, 611–621, 619, 642

See also Drinking and driving

Drowsiness. See Fatigue

Drug(s)

addiction, treatment for

, 697

categories

, 638–640, 659, 690, 694

combining alcohol with

, 587

definition

, 638–640

Drug Evaluation and Classification Program (DECP)

, 688–696

Drug Recognition Experts (DREs)

, 688, 689

effects

, 52, 369, 622, 638, 658, 677, 698

prevalence

, 335

and PTW crashes

, 944–945

relative to alcohol effects

, 330

See also under specific drugs and drug categories

Drugs and driving

, 638–642

behaviors and crashes

, 659–687

countermeasures

, 687–698

and crash risk

, 642, 683, 684

methodological concerns

, 657–659

NIDA

, 637

prevalence

, 642–659

relative to alcohol

, 567, 640–642, 642

treatment

, 697

Dynamic visual acuity

, 151–154, 349–350

Eating

, 730–731

Education

, 430–431

campaigns

, 697–698

and training

, 1107–1109

Electric bikes (e-bikes)

, 1023–1027

Electroencephalogram (EEG)

, 805, 815, 832, 840

Electronic stability control (ESC)

, 87, 102, 370, 892, 912, 1134–1135, 1138, 1140, 1147, 1149–1150

Enforcement

, 529–530, 602–603, 903, 1112–1115

automated

, 434–437, 1123–1124

and DWI

, 489, 594, 598, 603

moving versus stationary

, 433–434

as part of environmental traffic control

, 1123–1124

speed

, 431–433, 438

Environment(al)

, 1050–1052

approaches

, 439–440

causes

, 1050–1052

countermeasures

, 846–847

design

, 903–911

driving environment

, 493–495

modifications

, 1115–1132

and personality

, 495–496

treatments

, 374–376

Epidemiological approach

, 962, 1041–1042, 1063–1068

Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS)

, 807

Ergonomic principles

, 239–240

e-Safety

, 1132, 1137, 1138

acceptance of and adaptation

, 1145–1150

autonomous emergency braking

, 1141–1142

eCall (ECA)

, 1138, 1140

ISA

, 1143–1144

political will, and policy

, 1140–1141

sensors and backup cameras

, 1142–1143

TSL

, 1143–1144

ESC. See Electronic stability control

Ethanol. See Alcohol

EuroNCAP

, 3, 550, 913, 1136, 1137

European Cyclists’ Federation (ECF)

, 984–985

European naturalistic Driving and Riding for Infrastructure & Vehicle safety and Environment (UDRIVE)

, 1077

European New Car Assessment Program (EuroNCAP)

, 3, 532, 550–551, 913, 1136–1137

European Transport Safety Council (ETSC)

, 430, 1144

Expectancy

, 212–215, 1119–1120, 1142

increasing

, 1014–1015

and reaction time

, 212–215

and target detection

, 166

and visibility

, 889–892

Experience

, 200, 275

Experimental design

, 531, 844

Extraversion

, 481

Eye movements

, 168–169

in driving

, 169–176

and fixations

, 168

and saccades

, 168

See also Visual search

Fatal Analysis Reporting System (FARS)

, 258, 296, 298, 487, 517–518, 539, 545, 546, 574, 647, 671, 714, 877, 962, 965, 1054

Fatigue

, 797–801, 821

and alertness maintaining task (AMT)

, 834–835

and circadian rhythm

, 810–812, 820–821, 827

and crashes

, 805, 807, 811, 817, 820

detection

, 815, 844, 912, 1154

and driving

, 797–847

and heart rate variability (HRV)

, 104, 726, 799, 806, 815, 836

and music

, 801, 833, 836

and rumble strips

, 827, 847, 1118

subjective

, 571–573, 799, 804–819, 812, 814, 824, 827, 835, 841, 843

symptoms of

, 800, 802, 805, 833

and vigilance

, 799, 802, 805, 824, 826, 844, 847

Federal Highway Administration (FHWA)

, 33, 240, 904, 914, 985–986, 1119, 1131

Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (FMCSA)

, 809

Federal Motor Vehicle Carrier Safety Administration (FMVCSA)

, 33

Fentanyl

, 639, 683

Field operational test (FOT)

, 71–72, 229

“15-second rule”

, 723–724, 768–769

Fovea

, 140, 153, 162, 164, 165, 166, 169

Frailty bias

, 339

Frustration-aggression model

, 464–465

Fuller’s TCI model

, 111–114

Gap judgment and perception

, 222–231, 941–946

Gears

, 90–91, 97, 101, 199–200, 270, 464–465

Gender

differences in brake reaction time

, 215–216

and identity

, 491–493

as risk factor

, 991

German In-Depth Accident Study (GIDAS)

, 346, 932–933, 936, 1052

Glare

, 148–151

Glaucoma

, 359

Global positioning system (GPS)

, 443–444

Goals of driver education (GDE)

, 305–307

Google Car

, 32, 1152–1153

Graduated driver licensing (GDL)

, 193, 198–199, 221, 275, 282–305, 356, 673, 740, 742, 1106

Grand Rapids Study

, 576–577, 578–579

Haddon’s Matrix

, 1093–1094

Hallucinogens

, 682–683

Halo effects

, 419, 432–433

Hand-held phones

, 757–760

Hands-free phones

, 757–760

Hashish

, 639, 660–674

Hazard perception

, 220–222, 273–275, 307–312, 373, 832

Head restraints

, 543–544

Head-up display (HUD)

, 371

Headway

cell phones effects on

, 746–747

comfortable

, 223, 224–227

estimation

, 227–229

judgment

, 222–231

and learning

, 224, 228–229

minimum

, 224–227

safe

, 224–227

Heart rate variability (HRV)

, 104, 725, 726, 799, 815, 836, 837

Helmet laws

, 1008–1009

Helmets

, 961–969, 1012–1013, 1022–1023

Heroin

, 639, 683

See also Narcotic analgesics

Highway hypnosis

, 1118

Hindsight bias

, 1043–1044

Honking

, 310, 465, 466, 471, 472, 474, 477, 493, 494, 495, 496, 499, 500, 820

Horizontal gaze nystagmus (HGN)

, 606–607

Human information processing. See Information processing

Hurt study

, 931–933

Hybrid electric vehicles (HEV)

, 912, 1022

Illumination

, 148–151, 349–350, 888

See also Luminance

Inattention

, 469, 712–713, 716, 882–884

of adult pedestrians

, 881–882

in crashes

, 937–939

distraction and

, 715

errors

, 469

Independent variables

, 43–44, 57

In-depth crash analysis

, 1154

In-depth study of crash causes

cars

, 931–932

motorcycles

, 932–933

pedestrians

, 875, 910–911

Indiana University Tri-Level Study of Accident Causes

, 1045–1050

Inexperience errors

, 469

Infant seats

, 541, 543

Information processing

approach

, 404–406

and attention

, 94–107, 191

automation

, 198–201

controlled processes

, 98–99, 190, 198–201

levels

, 191–194

limited capacity

, 95, 102, 404–405

load

, 194

models

, 94–107, 190

and speed

, 102, 104–105, 189–190, 193–196

Infotainment systems

, 1138

Inhalants

, 686–687

Injury

mechanism

, 514–515

pedestrian

, 862–864

severity

, 27, 420, 583, 931, 1006, 1022

Institute for Road Safety Research (SWOV)

, 33

Institute for Transport Economics (TOI)

, 33

Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE)

, 1128

Insurance Institute for Highway Safety (IIHS)

, 33, 259, 285, 294, 315, 319, 336, 429, 451, 515, 538–539, 544, 550, 551, 555, 558, 734, 785, 931, 970, 1023, 1142–1143

Intelligent Speed Adaptation. See ISA (intelligent speed adaptation/assistance)

Intelligent Speed Assistance. See ISA (intelligent speed adaptation/assistance)

Intelligent transportation systems (ITS)

, 6, 441, 734, 969, 1094, 1137–1138, 1140

International Standards Organization (ISO)

, 191–192, 234–235, 715

International Transport Forum

, 996–997

Intersection

, 274, 1138

design for older drivers

, 347, 356, 361–362, 375–376

safety index

, 904, 1018

Intervening variables

, 45–46, 402–404

In-vehicle crash avoidance warning (IVCAW)

, 102, 1089

In-vehicle data recorders (IVDRs)

, 301, 302–303, 778, 1056

In-vehicle icons or symbols

, 232, 242–246

In-vehicle information systems (IVIS)

, 734

In-Vehicle Safety Systems (IVSS)

, 32, 778

ISA (intelligent speed adaptation/assistance)

, 429, 437, 913, 1137, 1140, 1143–1145

IVCAW. See In-vehicle crash avoidance warning

Karolinska Sleepiness Scale (KSS)

, 808, 832

Ketamine

, 639, 681–682

See also Dissociative anesthetics

Lane change assistant (LCA)

, 1138

Lane keeping support (LKS)

, 1138, 1140

Legibility

, 148, 158, 1125–1127

Legislation

, 588–593, 687–688

Legitimacy

, 493–495, 1112–1113

License

, 332, 365

revocation

, 592, 1110–1112

suspension

, 612–613, 615, 616, 1110–1112

Licensing

, 282–305, 337–338, 952–955, 1110–1112

Life Skills Training (LST)

, 697

Limited-capacity model

, 101, 102

Low-mileage bias

, 339, 340–344

“Low vision” people

, 143

Luminance

, 888–889

See also Illumination

Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD)

, 639, 682

See also Hallucinogens

MAIS. See Maximal Injury Severity Scale

Marijuana

, 638, 639, 644, 660–675

See also Cannabinoids

Masculinity and femininity

, 491–493

Maximal Injury Severity Scale (MAIS)

, 10–12

Media

, 393, 396, 529, 530, 588, 598, 946, 1109, 1110, 1113, 1150

Memory

long-term (LTM)

, 88, 96, 105–106, 197, 663, 836

sensory storage (SS)

, 95, 105

short-term (STM)

, 88, 96, 105–106, 198, 361, 622, 641, 663, 665, 676, 677, 693, 745, 836

Mental fatigue

, 805

Mental load

, 104, 198–199, 747–748

mental task load measurement

, 102

performance on secondary task

, 103–104

physiological indicators of stress

, 104

subjective scales

, 104

subsidiary task paradigm

, 103

Mescaline

, 639, 682

mesopic acuity

, 149, 150–151

Meta-analysis

, 78–79, 300–301

Methadone

, 639, 646, 683, 684

Methamphetamine

, 639, 684–685

Methaqualone

, 639, 675–676

3,4-Methylenedioxy-methamphetamine (MDMA)

, 639, 684–685

Methylphenidate

, 639

Michigan Alcoholism Screening Test (MAST)

, 575–576

Mind-wondering

, 712–713

Minnesota multiphasic personality inventory (MMPI)

, 479, 575–576

Mislabeled conversation

, 749

Mobility

, 257–258, 331–332, 363–376

Model

of driver behavior

, 87, 108–109, 117

hierarchical

, 92–94, 108, 305–306

of human information processing

, 95, 693–694, 934, 1056, 1061–1062

integrative

, 122–123

motivational

, 89, 114–122, 407–408, 1045

risk homeostasis (Wilde’s)

, 117–122, 404

task difficulty model (Fuller’s)

, 111

Moderating variables

, 48

Monocular vision

, 159–161

“Moral hazard”

, 281

Morphine

, 639, 683–684

See also Narcotic analgesics

Mothers Against Drunk Driving (MADD)

, 564, 596–597, 613–614

Motion detection

, 142, 147–148, 154–156

Motorcycle Accident In-Depth Study (MAIDS)

, 931–940, 944, 945, 946, 958, 959, 970

Motorcycle Rider Behavior Questionnaire (MRBQ)

, 469, 938

Motorcycles

, 927, 930–931, 949

crash causes

, 931–934

and crash rate

, 947, 953

and fatality rate

, 928, 964, 966, 967

helmets

, 961–969

human causes of PTW crashes

, 934–946

licensing requirements

, 952–955

MC and rider conspicuity

, 958–961

rider safety

, 951–972

rider skills

, 943–944

riders at risk

, 946–951

and roadway improvements

, 969–972

speed and injury

, 929–930

training

, 952–955, 955–957

Motorization

, 862, 863–864

and accidents

, 22–24

and Smeed’s law

, 22–24

Movement times (MTs)

, 58–59, 205

Multiple Sleep Latency Test (MSLT)

, 819

Music

, 712, 725–726, 736, 763

NADS–National Advance Driving Simulator

Narcotic analgesics

, 683–684, 686, 690, 691, 695, 696

See also Codeine; Heroin; Morphine

NASA-TLX

, 104, 372, 747, 759

National Advance Driving Simulator

, 64

National Automotive Sampling System (NASS)

, 421, 896, 1052

National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA)

, 6, 33, 47, 69, 70, 277, 328, 336, 373, 401, 516, 539, 546, 549, 570, 579, 604, 608, 639, 648, 691, 719, 733, 734, 864, 961, 965, 1040, 1041, 1051, 1069, 1090, 1106, 1108, 1149

National Institute of Drug Abuse (U. S. ) (NIDA)

, 637, 639, 691–692

National Maximum Speed Limit (NMSL)

, 401, 418

National Occupant Protection Use Survey (NOPUS)

, 521, 734

National Road Safety Authority (Israel)

, 37, 384, 450, 454, 557, 632, 784, 793, 902, 920, 980, 1030, 1036, 1090, 1159, 1163, 1179

National Safety Council (U. S.)

, 15, 219, 226, 752

Naturalistic Driving Study (NDS)

, 72, 74–78, 715, 735, 756, 1041–1042, 1069

UDRIVE

, 75, 1077

U.S. “100-Car” study

, 1069–1072

U.S. SHRP2 naturalistic driving study

, 1072–1077

Navigation systems

, 101, 207, 246, 371–372, 429, 715, 721, 723–724, 730, 745, 768–769, 775, 1138

New Car Assessment Program (NCAP)

, 549–550, 1132, 1136–1137

NHTSA. See National Highway Traffic Safety Administration

Nicotine

, 639, 641, 659, 664

Night vision

, 148, 163–164, 373, 1138

Novice drivers

, 257–314

See also Young drivers

Nystagmus

, 162, 360, 606, 665, 678–679

Occupant protection

active restraints

, 515–543

child protection and restraints

, 535–543

crashworthiness

, 548–551

mechanism of injury

, 514–515

See also Air bags; Booster seats; Head restraints; Infant seats; Safety seats; Seat belts

Odds ratio (OR) and relative risk (RR)

, 79

Offenders, treatment of repeat

, 611–621

Older drivers

, 328–376, 522

and bias

, 339–344

and cognitive impairment

, 354–359

and crash causes

, 345–348

and crash involvement

, 337–344

and culpability

, 344–362

and demographic trends

, 329–331

and driving style

, 362

and environmental treatments

, 374–376

and injuries

, 332, 334–336, 339–340

and left turns

, 327, 362, 375

and licensing

, 337–339

and medical condition

, 359–362

and mobility

, 331–332

and safety and mobility

, 363–376

and training

, 367–369

and useful field of view

, 352, 354, 368

and vehicle design

, 369–374

and vision

, 348–354

Older rider

, 949–950

One-leg-stand

, 606–607

On-road drug detection and identification

, 688–696

OnStar^© system

, 371, 747

Opiates

, 643, 646, 651, 654, 655, 656, 657, 684

Opioids

, 638–639, 683–684

See also Narcotic analgesics

Opium

, 639, 683

Organizational approaches

, 426–430

policy and organizational changes

, 898–900, 1094–1105

Organization of Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD)

, 258, 259, 901, 1116

Passenger(s)

and distraction

, 717, 720–721, 737, 765–768

and graduated driver licensing

, 266, 275, 282–305, 500, 1106, 1109

restriction rules

, 296

and seat belts

, 515–519, 534–535, 538–539, 543–547, 551

Passing

, 287, 363, 407, 410, 413–414, 471, 497, 1121

Passive alcohol sensors

, 610–611

Passive restraints

, 543–548

Pedelecs

, 1023–1027

Pedestrian(s)

, 861

and age

, 865–869, 878–885

causes of crashes

, 864–898

conspicuity

, 885–887

crash and injury risk

, 862–864

and crash countermeasures

, 898–913, 1086–1088

and crash risk

, 865–869

crossing

, 869–873, 903, 910–911

crossing ahead sign

, 193

culture effects on pedestrian safety

, 897–898

distraction

, 882–884

driver-pedestrian communications

, 873–875

and fatalities

, 863–869, 877, 879, 885, 886, 887, 898–899

handicapped

, 874–875, 897

signals

, 870–871, 904, 907

and speed

, 869–873, 895–897

street crossing

, 869–873

visibility

, 885–887, 887–894

walking speed

, 871–873, 883, 907

Percent of time the eye is closed (PERCLOS)

, 805, 843

Perception

, 96, 493

Perception reaction time (PRT)

, 190, 202, 202–212

in complex situations

, 216–219

and expectancy

, 212–215

and hazard perception

, 220–222

Perceptual countermeasures

, 439–440

Perceptual modifications

, 440, 444–445, 1117–1118

Periodic Motor Vehicle Inspection (PMVI)

, 1132–1134

Permanent storage. See Memory—long-term (LTM)

Personality

, 459–501

and accident proneness

, 481–482

and aggression

, 462–465, 482–487

and aggressive driving

, 459–501

anger

, 482–487

and depression

, 479

and environment

, 495–496

and gender

, 491–493

and impulsivity

, 479

and locus of control

, 460, 479, 481

and observable behavior

, 480

and risk-taking

, 487–490

and sensation-seeking

, 490–491

and social maladjustment

, 460–462

and stress

, 488, 495–496

Phencyclidine (PCP)

, 639, 681–682, 690

See also Dissociative anesthetics

Point system

, 488, 1111

Policy and organizational approaches

, 426–430, 1005–1010

Positive guidance

, 1119–1120, 1132

Powered two wheelers (PTW)

, 927–972

See also Motorcycles

Psilocybin

, 639, 682

Public information (PI) campaigns

, 440–443, 595–599, 697–698, 1109–1110

Random breath testing (RBT)

, 607–611

Rationality–bounded and unbounded

, 108–109

Reaction time

, 44, 204–212, 713

brake reaction time

, 202–222

in complex situations

, 216–219

to different stimuli

, 217

distributions

, 59

and expectancy

, 212–215

individual differences in

, 209, 395–396

and stopping distance

, 202–204

and uncertainty

, 204–205, 207–208, 212–215, 217

See also Perception reaction time

Rear-end collisions

, 55–57, 112, 517

Rear visibility

, 1142–1143

Recidivism

, 611–621

Reckless driving

, 111, 270, 461, 547–548, 823

Recognition errors

, 270

Red light

, 475–478, 488, 500–501, 726, 741, 872–873, 957, 1094, 1123–1124, 1128–1129, 1147–1148

Redundancy

, 1119

Reliability

, 48–52

of crash data

, 25–27

Research methods

, 41–79

“Restriction of range” effect

, 146

Retina

, 139–140

Retinitis pigmentosis

, 162–163

Retroreflection

, 148, 158, 375, 890, 893–894, 903, 995, 1013, 1126

Rideshare/bikeshare programs

, 1009–1010

“Right of Way Violation” accident

, 941

Right turn on red (RTOR)

, 375–376

Risk allostasis theory (RAT)

, 111–114

Risk Awareness and Perception Training (RAPT)

, 312

Risk homeostasis theory

, 738

and speed

, 117–122, 404, 407–408, 444, 515

Risk perception

, 115, 258–259, 311, 881, 957

Risk-speed compensation model

, 117

Risk taking

, 487–490, 1045, 1047

Road assessment programs (RAPs)

, 1131–1132

Road markings

, 241–242

Road rage

, 465–472, 483

See also Aggressive driving

Road safety audits (RSA)

, 985–986, 1131

Road signs. See Signs

Roadway

design

, 438–439, 970

illumination

, 1127

modifications

, 1115–1132

Roundabouts

, 374–375, 904, 905, 1019–1021, 1116, 1122–1123, 1157

Rumble strips

, 417, 827, 847–848, 1118, 1157

Safe system approach

, 1005–1007, 1086–1089

Safety

, 6–9, 30, 402–404, 1086

culture

, 499

safety-critical-event

, 1004

safety index (SI)

, 392

safety-in-numbers

, 911, 1015–1016

safety performance indicators (SPIs)

, 1091–1093

Safety belts. See Seat belts

Safety seats

, 535–539

Scotopic acuity

, 149

Seat belts

, 391–392, 515

benefits of

, 119, 391–392, 526, 961

and child restraints

, 535–537

and crash statistics

, 524–526

effectiveness

, 516–519

effectiveness of child restraints

, 539–543

enforcement of

, 529–530

incentives

, 531

laws

, 527–529

in rear seats

, 534–535

reminders

, 531–534

use

, 519–522, 526–534

users and non-users of seat belts

, 522–523

Secondary task, performance on

, 103–104

Section control

, 437–438

Sedatives

, 675

Selective recruitment hypotheses

, 524, 525–526, 529

Self-driving vehicles

, 1150–1156

Self-explaining roads

, 233, 1120–1122

Self-organizing roads

, 1120–1122

Sensation-seeking

, 490–491

Sensation Seeking Scale (SSS)

, 490

Server training

, 601–602

Sex-Role Inventory

, 492

Share-the-road approach

, 1007–1008

Short-term license suspension

, 1111

Short-term memory (STM)

, 96

Short-term sensory storage (STSS)

, 95, 105

Significance

practical

, 54–55

statistical

, 54–55

Signs

comprehension

, 231–242

conspicuity

, 197, 729

design

, 233

familiarity

, 233, 239–240

international comparisons

, 233–234

perception

, 197, 199

recall

, 194–201

recognition

, 244

registration

, 199

standardization

, 231–232, 239–241

Simple reaction time

, 42, 204, 216

“Simpson’s Paradox”

, 21

Simulators

, 51, 57, 361

Situation Awareness (SA)

, 100, 104–107

Size-distance constancy

, 945

Sleep

, 799

apnea

, 828

deprivation

, 799, 809–810

individual differences in

, 818–819

management

, 828–830

scales

, 806–807

See also Fatigue

“Smeed’s Law”

, 22–24, 864

Snellen acuity

, 141, 143, 146

Sobriety checkpoints

, 564, 590, 608

Social maladjustment

, 460–462

Social marketing

, 599

Social pressure

, 738

Socioeconomic status

, 522, 950–951

Speed

, 393, 402–404

and calming

, 402, 417, 438–439, 905

cameras

, 400, 434, 438, 598, 1124

cell phones effects on

, 745

choice

, 393–401

corridors

, 437–438

countermeasures

, 425–446

and crashes

, 401–425

design speed

, 400–401, 426, 1007

enforcement

, 419

and fatality risk with crash impact

, 583–584

feedback indicators

, 442–443

and individual differences

, 395

and injuries

, 417–418

intelligent speed adaptation

, 444, 1130

limit

, 402, 425–426, 426–429

limit signs

, 196, 441

management

, 417, 445–446

and motivation

, 396–400

of motorcycles

, 946

perception

, 391, 399

power law

, 394, 404, 422, 430

PTW crashes

, 929–930, 946

reasonable speed

, 401

and risk-taking

, 487–490

and safety

, 391–446

severity

, 420–424

variance

, 425

Standardized Field Sobriety Test (SFST)

, 604–607, 689

Stanford Sleepiness Scale (SSS)

, 806–807, 808

“Stannard’s Law”

, 412

Stationary enforcement

, 433–434

Statistical methods

, 285–286, 397, 1009, 1063–1068

Stereopsis

, 159–161

Stimulants

compared to alcohol

, 684–685

and crashes

, 685–686

and driving

, 685–686

effects

, 685–686, 839–842

prevalence

, 643–644

See also Amphetamine; Cocaine

“Stop Ahead” sign

, 195–196

Stopping distance

, 59, 119, 203–204, 430–431, 892, 894, 1148

“STOP” signs

, 214, 354

Strain

, 405

Street hierarchy

, 1007–1008

Stress

, 104, 405, 495–496

Structural equation modeling (SEM)

, 397, 483–484

Students Against Drunk Driving (SADD)

, 596–597

Study design

, 52

between subjects

, 53–54

experimental

, 52–53

observational studies

, 52–53

within subjects

, 53–54

Subjective Workload Assessment Scale (SWAT)

, 104, 747

Subsidiary task paradigm

, 103

SUNflower pyramid

, 1091–1093

Supplementary Restraint System (SRS)

, 545

Surveys method

, 719–721

“Sustainable Safety” system approach

, 1006, 1087, 1089

Swedish Occupational Fatigue Inventory (SOFI)

, 799, 805

Task load, measuring

, 102–104

Taurine

, 839

Teen passengers

, 298–299

Teen pedestrian crashes

, 878–881

“Telematics”

, 719, 733

Temporal separation

, 905–908

Texas Transportation Institute

, 33

Text messaging

, 769–775

THC (Tetra Hydro Cannabinol). See Marijuana

Theory

of driver behavior

, 87–125

of human information processing

, 95, 193, 693, 934, 1045, 1056, 1062

of planned behavior (TPB)

, 738, 740–741, 770–771, 946, 1110

of reasoned behavior

, 109, 397

“Theory of Multiple Resources”

, 99

See also Model

Theta waves

, 815

Thorondike’s Law of Effect

, 592

Time-series analysis

, 286

Time-to-collision (TTC)

, 225

Tire pressure monitoring systems (TPMS)

, 969

Top-speed limiter (TSL)

, 1143–1144

Traffic calming techniques

, 1122

and pedestrian safety

, 419, 431, 439, 904–905, 1122–1123

Traffic conflicts approach

, 406–407, 410

Traffic Injury Research Foundation (TIRF)

, 33, 285

Traffic signal

duration

, 218–219, 475–476

management

, 1128–1129

Training

and older drivers

, 367–369

and pedestrians

, 894, 901, 902, 914

and young drivers

, 276–282

Tranquilizers

, 675

Transport Research Laboratory (TRL)

, 33

Tri-Level study of accident causes

, 1045–1050, 1057, 1073

Tunnel

, 68, 139, 666

vision

, 172, 175, 813

“Unbounded” rationality

, 108

“Uncertainty”

, 44

Unconscious processes

, 190, 201

Universal helmet laws

, 961, 962–967, 1012

University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute (UMTRI)

, 33, 50–51

Useful field of view (UFOV)

, 26, 157, 164, 165–168, 172, 352, 354, 368, 969

Validity

, 48–52

of crash data

, 25–27

of police assessment

, 1060–1062

of simulation and simulators

, 748–749

Vehicle design

for older drivers

, 369–374

and safety

, 70, 84, 514, 1132–1137

Victim Impact Panels (VIP)

, 612, 613–614

Vigilance

, 799

and distraction

, 605

and fatigue

, 799, 826

Violations (V)

, 122, 123, 467

and accidents

, 47, 110, 123, 257, 261, 266, 281–282, 290, 461, 486–487, 490–493, 697, 823, 941, 1060–1062, 1112

and impulsivity

, 479

and Reason’s theory of aberrant behaviors

, 122–123, 467

Visibility

enhancements

, 1023

pedestrian

, 885–887, 887–894

Vision

, 138, 348–354

color vision

, 154

and highway safety

, 1086, 1089

monocular

, 159–161

stereopsis

, 159–161

and visual search

, 137–176

“Vision Zero” approach

, 16, 952, 1099, 1100

Visual

acuity

, 138, 142–151

field

, 161–163, 353

search

, 168–176

system

, 138–142, 348–349, 889

See also Dynamic visual acuity

Walk-and-turn test

, 606–607

Walking

, 220, 221, 606, 745, 861, 862, 865, 867, 871–872, 882–883, 1008

Workload

, 77, 104, 198, 716

subjective

, 272, 747–748, 750, 765–766

World Health Organization (WHO)

, 11, 14, 17, 25, 31, 258, 259, 393–394, 428, 519, 529, 539, 567, 603, 715, 898, 901, 928, 1088, 1094, 1095, 1099, 1103–1104, 1132

Yellow light dilemma

, 216–217, 1128

Young drivers

, 221, 258, 337, 584–585

and accidents

, 258–265

and alcohol

, 584–585

and crash causation

, 269–275, 1054

education and training

, 276–282, 305–314

and experience

, 265–269

and fatigue

, 261, 271, 306

GDL

, 282–305

and gender/sex

, 259, 261, 266–269

inexperience and immaturity

, 261–269

and risk perception

, 258, 311

and skill

, 261, 265–266, 270, 276, 278, 306, 311–312

and zero tolerance (for alcohol)

, 591–592

See also Novice drivers

Young rider of PTW

, 946–949

“Zebra crossing”

, 908, 910, 939, 1000

“Zero tolerance” laws

, 687–688

for young and novice drivers

, 591-592

Zopiclone

, 652