What constitutes a level of analysis? Reflections on Yammarino's, “Levels of analysis and the US Constitution”

Abstract

Purpose

This paper aims to respond to Yammarino's article in this issue on level of analysis and the US Constitution.

Design/methodology/approach

This paper expands on two concepts central to levels of analysis: entity and causal process. Then additional alternative ways of conceptualizing, analyzing, and representing multi‐level organizations – beyond the organization chart – are described. A rationale for America's use of the Electoral College is sought.

Findings

The paper reveals connections among traditional notions of hierarchy (including the traditional organization chart) and contemporary social network concepts.

Practical implications

Leaders and other members of social and organizational systems should be mindful of their mental representations of hierarchy, of organizational or social groupings (e.g., US States), and of social distance. These representations can influence behaviors and perceptions, including perceived fairness of procedures.

Originality/value

The paper presents interesting information on connections among traditional notions of hierarchy and contemporary social network concepts.

Citation

Michela, J.L. (2008), "What constitutes a level of analysis? Reflections on Yammarino's, “Levels of analysis and the US Constitution”", International Journal of Organizational Analysis, Vol. 16 No. 3, pp. 198-202. https://doi.org/10.1108/19348830810937989