Scarred and Exiled: Race and the Caribbean Immigrant in Toronto 1970–2004

Abstract

The racial diversity of the Caribbean stemmed directly from the historical processes of colonialism, imperialism, slavery, and indentureship. Since the early 17th century, slaves have been imported from Africa to work in the Caribbean. In the British West Indies, slavery was abolished in 1834 but these African slaves worked on the sugar estates until the apprenticeship was abolished on August 1, 1838. Even before 1838, planters frequently complained of labor shortages and appealed to Britain for the approval of imported labor. Thus, there were attempts by the planters in colonies, such as Trinidad, to introduce Chinese labor to the plantations. As early as 1806, there was the importation of 192 Chinese from Macao and Penang into Trinidad. However, this experiment soon failed. In 1834 and 1839, laborers from Portugal were imported into Trinidad. This soon ended as Portuguese workers could not withstand the rigorous conditions of the contract labor system.

Citation

Teelucksingh, J. (2006), "Scarred and Exiled: Race and the Caribbean Immigrant in Toronto 1970–2004", Hutchison, R. and Krase, J. (Ed.) Ethnic Landscapes in an Urban World (Research in Urban Sociology, Vol. 8), Emerald Group Publishing Limited, Leeds, pp. 121-161. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1047-0042(06)08006-8